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Mura ■ Stran 266 Mura in Njena Preteklost Dean Damjanović, Nataša Kiš, Miran Krivec, Andrej Magdič, Eva Sapač, Suzana Vešligaj

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Mura ■ Stran 266 Mura in Njena Preteklost Dean Damjanović, Nataša Kiš, Miran Krivec, Andrej Magdič, Eva Sapač, Suzana Vešligaj februar, marec, april 2016, 6, 7, 8 /78. letnik cena v redni prodaji 15,00 EUR naročniki 12,60 EUR upokojenci 10,50 EUR dijaki in študenti 9,00 EUR www.proteus.si ■ Mura ■ stran 266 Mura in njena preteklost Dean Damjanović, Nataša Kiš, Miran Krivec, Andrej Magdič, Eva Sapač, Suzana Vešligaj Reke so bile pred izgradnjo železnice in sodobne cestne mreže pomembne prometnice. Po rekah in ob njih je potekal predvsem promet, ki je povezoval oddaljene kraje. Ob njih so ljudje potovali, ko so iskali primeren prostor za svoja domovanja ali poskušali pridobiti bogastvo v trgovanju z oddaljenimi kraji. Vlogo pomembne prometnice, ki je povezovala alpski prostor s Panonsko nižino, je imela v preteklosti tudi reka Mura. Začetki poselitve rodovitne ravnine ob Muri segajo v 4. tisočletje pred našim štetjem, v čas, ki ga imenujemo bakrena doba. Takrat so se vzdolž reke Mure iz Panonske nižine začeli priseljevati prvi poljedelci in živinorejci. Ena od vasic teh prvih prebivalcev Pomurja je bila odkrita na rečni terasi tik nad sotočjem Mure in njenega desnega pritoka Murice na Šafar- skem. Danes se na tem mestu nahaja manjši arheološki park z rekonstruiranim zaselkom, kjer obiskovalci lahko podoživljajo način življenja v prazgodovini. Vsebina 243 306 281 245 Muri v poklon 316 Kobilice v pokrajini ob reki Muri Simona Kaligarič, Gordana Beltram Stanislav Gomboc, Matjaž Bedjanič 247 Mura 322 Metulji ob reki Muri Simona Kaligarič, Gordana Beltram Stanislav Gomboc, Barbara Zakšek, Nika Kogovšek, Matjaž Jež 258 Reka Mura v očeh geologa Nina Rman, Mitja Janža, Dejan Šram, 331 Edinstveni svet hroščev ob reki Muri Kim Mezga, Katja Koren, Miloš Markič, Al Vrezec, Špela Ambrožič, Andrej Kapla Miha Jeršek 339 Ribe in piškurji v porečju Mure v Sloveniji 266 Mura in njena preteklost Metka Povž Dean Damjanović, Nataša Kiš, Miran Kri- vec, Andrej Magdič, Eva Sapač, 346 Dvoživke ob reki Muri Suzana Vešligaj Maja Cipot, Aleksandra Lešnik, Katja Poboljšaj 274 Vrstno bogati in naravovarstveno pomembni, a močno ogroženi poplavni 352 Plazilci ob Muri gozdovi ob Muri Staša Tome Aleksander Marinšek, Andraž Čarni, Lado Kutnar, Špela Planinšek 357 Mura - mednarodno pomembno območje za ptice 281 Rastline ob Muri Gregor Domanjko Branko Bakan, Mitja Kaligarič 363 Netopirji v pokrajini ob reki Muri 290 Glive ob reki Muri in njihov Monika Podgorelec naravovarstveni pomen Luka Šparl, Polona Sušnik 370 Nove knjige 70 geoloških zanimivosti Slovenije 297 Kopenski in sladkovodni polži in školjke Jernej Pavšič v Muri in ob njej Rajko Slapnik 374 Povzetki prispevkov v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku 306 Kačji pastirji ob reki Muri Matjaž Bedjanič ■ 244 Kolofon Proteus 78/6, 7 • Februar, marec 2016 Proteus Izhaja od leta 1933 februar, marec, april 2016, 6, 7, 8 /78. letnik cena v redni prodaji 10,00 EUR naročniki 8,40 EUR upokojenci 7,00 EUR Mesečnik za poljudno naravoslovje dijaki in študenti 6,00 EUR www.proteus.si Izdajatelj in založnik: Prirodoslovno društvo Slovenije Odgovorni urednik: Lektor: dr. Tomaž Sajovic prof. dr. Radovan Komel Oblikovanje: Eda Pavletič Glavni urednik: dr. Tomaž Sajovic Angleški prevod: Andreja Šalamon Verbič Uredniški odbor: Priprava slikovnega gradiva: Marjan Richter Janja Benedik Tisk: Trajanus d.o.o. ■ prof. dr. Milan Brumen dr. Igor Dakskobler Svet revije Proteus: Mura asist. dr. Andrej Godec prof. dr. Nina Gunde - Cimerman akad. prof. dr. Matija Gogala prof. dr. Lučka Kajfež - Bogataj dr. Matevž Novak prof. dr. Tamara Lah - Turnšek Naslovnica: prof. dr. Gorazd Planinšič prof. dr. Tomaž Pisanski Muriša je med našimi najlepšimi prof. dr. Mihael Jožef Toman doc. dr. Peter Skoberne prof. dr. Kazimir Tarman mrtvicami, Foto: Matjaž Bedjanič. prof. dr. Zvonka Zupanič Slavec dr. Petra Draškovič Proteus izdaja Prirodoslovno društvo Slovenije. Na leto izide 10 številk, letnik ima 480 strani. Naklada: 2.500 izvodov. Naslov izdajatelja in uredništva: Prirodoslovno društvo Slovenije, Poljanska 6, p.p. 1573, 1001 Ljubljana, telefon: (01) 252 19 14, faks (01) 421 21 21. Cena posamezne številke v prosti prodaji je 5,00 EUR, za naročnike 4,20 EUR, za upokojence 3,50 EUR, za dijake in študente 3,00 EUR. Celoletna naročnina je 42,00 EUR, za upokojence 35,00 EUR, za študente 30,00 EUR. 9,5 % DDV in poštnina sta vključena v ceno. Poslovni račun: SI56 0201 0001 5830 269, davčna številka: 18379222. Proteus sofinancira: Agencija RS za raziskovalno dejavnost. http://www.proteus.si [email protected] © Prirodoslovno društvo Slovenije, 2015. Vse pravice pridržane. Razmnoževanje ali reproduciranje celote ali posameznih delov brez pisnega dovoljenja izdajatelja ni dovoljeno. Mura • Uvodnik 245 Muri v poklon V uvodnem članku obsežne številke Proteusa, ki je namenjena reki Muri in območju ob njej, so predstavljene osnovne geografske in biološke značilnosti Mure ter naravovarstveni pomen reke in njenega poplavnega območja. Na kratko je predstavljena zgodovina posegov v strugo reke, s katerimi so značilni naravno razvejeni, meandrirajoči in stalno spreminjajoči tok ni- žinske reke že zgodaj želeli krotiti. Delovanje reke in človeka je oblikovalo značilno pokraji- no, mozaični preplet poplavnih gozdov, rečnih rokavov, mrtvic in kmetijskih zemljišč, ki so danes dom izjemne biotske raznovrstnosti. Ohranjeni naravni pojavi in značilnosti z velikim številom živalskih in rastlinskih vrst so tudi razlog, da je celotno območje prepoznano kot naravovarstveno izjemno pomembno na mednarodni ravni in zato določeno kot območje Nature 2000 ter del načrtovanega čezmejnega biosfernega območja Drava–Mura–Donava v okviru Unescove svetovne mreže biosfernih območij. Foto: Google Earth. ■ 246 Uvodnik • Mura Proteus 78/6, 7 • Februar, marec 2016 O izvoru imena Mure si strokovnjaki niso enotni. Po mnenju nekaterih naj bi bilo izpelja- no iz latinske besede murus, ki pomeni zid, okop, obramba. Pomeni torej prepreko, mejo. Danes si želimo, da nas Mura ne bi delila, ampak združevala, da bi premagali meje nepo- znavanja, porušili zidove ravnodušnosti in presegli okope razvoja, ki želi zgolj več, več, več: več od zemlje, več od gozdov, predvsem pa več od vode, ki teče »neizkoriščena«. Želimo so- delovati pri oblikovanju drugačnega »več«. To drugačno »več« je okolje, v katerem se dobro počutimo, zdravo živimo in v njem radi bivamo. Narava, zaradi katere lahko s trajnostno naravnanimi dejavnostmi ljudje bolje živijo in jo ohranjeno predajo potomcem. Želimo so- oblikovati družbo, ki se zaveda, da je svet Mure čudovit, poseben, da nas uči o preteklosti in nas vodi v prihodnost ter ga zato varuje. Simona Kaligarič, Gordana Beltram Foto: Google Earth. Mura 247 Mura Simona Kaligarič, Gordana Beltram V začetku osemdesetih let je bilo pri nas mogo- lo. Pomurje je bilo »Panonski svet«, ki je vendar če kupiti zemljevid, na katerem je bila Slovenija povsem raven, Mura pa neka daljna reka, ki teče prikazana na simpatični način, z ljudmi, ki so po megličasti pokrajini otroštva Miška Kranjca. s početjem ponazarjali kakšno značilnost kra- Sredi osemdesetih let so se začele resne pripra- jev ali območij. Zemljevid je bil bolj živih barv, ve za izgradnjo elektrarn na Muri. Takrat so se kot je to bilo običajno, vendar je za ponazori- domačini, ljubitelji Mure in narave in naravovar- tev osnovnih zemljepisnih značilnosti uporabljal stveniki, povezali v močno koalicijo za ohrani- prave barve – za vode modro, za nižine zeleno, tev Mure takšne, kot so jo poznali. Da so krog za griče in hribe pa rjavo. Slovenske gorice so somišljenikov razširili preko meja Pomurja, so bile prikazane kot majhni, svetlo rjavi hribčki, reko, ki je oblikovala njihovo pokrajino, vtisni- s kakšno trto tu in tam. Na vzhodni strani je la pečat prekmurski duši in je zaradi bogastva njihova rjava barva prešla v zeleno, ki jo je hi- vrst in življenjskih prostorov pravi biser, Slove- tro presekal modri trak, reka Mura. Vzhodno niji morali najprej predstaviti. Geslo, ki so si ga od nje je bila barva na zemljevidu samo zelena. izbrali - »Mura je v moji deželi« -, je še danes Blagih gričkov Goričkega ali venca Lendavskih goric pri Lendavi na tem zemljevidu pač ni bi- Murska Šuma. Foto: Samo Jenčič (Arhiv ZRSVN). ■ 248 Mura Proteus 78/6, 7 • Februar, marec 2016 zelo povedno. Po tridesetih letih je ponovno čas, mejnem odseku do Šratovec pri Radencih da Muro predstavimo in odkrijemo vsem, ki jih znaša 1,42 stotinke, od Šratovec do Gibine narava zanima, jo imajo radi in jo želijo tudi 1,15 in od Gibine do sotočja s Krko le še ohraniti. 0,84 stotinke. V zgornjem delu toka je Mura značilna vi- Življenjepis reke sokogorska hudourniška reka, ki teče pre- težno po ozkih dolinah. Pri avstrijskem Mura izvira v Nizkih Turah v Avstriji, v Gradcu priteče v ravnico, ki jo je oblikovala deželi Solnograški, na nadmorski višini sama z nanosi proda in peska v zadnji lede- približno 1.900 metrov. V Legradu, na hr- ni dobi. Hudourniški tok se v Graški kotlini vaško–madžarski meji, se po približno 465 umiri, reka se postopoma spremeni v počasi kilometrih toka izliva v Dravo. V Slovenijo tekočo nižinsko reko. Njen naravni tok je priteče pri Špilju (Ceršaku). Od tu skoraj do sprva razvejen, nato postane vse bolj viju- Radencev je na približno 34 kilometrih toka gav, meandrirajoč. Naravnemu toku reke in mejna reka z Avstrijo, nato teče približno njegovim številnim spremembam sledimo iz 28 kilometrov samo po ozemlju Slovenije prikazov na starih kartah. Z Jožefinske vo- (ta del je tako imenovana »notranja Mura«), jaške karte (1763-1787), še bolje pa iz Fran- od Gibine navzdol pa teče na 33 kilometrov ciscejskega katastra lahko razberemo ne le dolgem mejnem odseku med Slovenijo in potek struge in rokavov, temveč tudi razvoj Hrvaško. Od Dekanovec do izliva v Dra- poselitve in rabo zemlje v poplavni ravnici. vo vijuga med Hrvaško in Madžarsko, meja Na to je najbolj vplivala prav reka s popla- med obema državama le ponekod ujame da- vami, odnašanjem prsti in prestavljanjem našnji tok reke. toka. Struga na starih kartah je razvejena, Celotno vodno območje, s katerega se vode vijugava in veliko širša, kot je današnja, stekajo v Muro, meri dobrih 14.000 kvadra- vzdolž toka pa se široko v poplavno ravni- tnih kilometrov.
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