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Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter explains the purpose of this research, beginning with the research question and its place in existing knowledge regarding Korean migrant women (KMW) in the Australian labour market. Three issues inherent in the research question are raised and discussed, providing the background for the research and an overview of current conceptions relevant to KMW in Australia. The remainder of the chapter highlights the narrative analytical approach that the research adopts in order to examine the research question. It goes on to explain what is innovative and unique about the research and its significance. The final section provides an outline of the thesis structure. 1.1 Purpose of the Study This research seeks to identify, explore and test current conceptions of barriers to Korean migrant women’s access to the Australian labour market as presented in academic research and my hypothesis. In testing these identified barriers, this research aims to expose the determinative practices and effects of studying and describing migrants (particularly KMW) in the Australian labour market. The research critiques and supplements existing knowledge and studies in three ways. Firstly, it aims to reveal how white Australia dominates KMW through problematising them, regardless of their objective skills and qualifications, and despite espousing principles of access and equity, equal employment opportunity and anti-discrimination legislation. The focus is upon embedded discourses of domination that are reified in academic discussion, especially the apparently meritocratic and transparent human capital theory. Secondly, the research aims to provide some fill for the lacuna that exists with regard to studies of Asian migrants in the Australian labour market, a neglect which includes KMW. Thirdly, this research adopts a qualitative rather than quantitative approach to gathering and analysing 1 Chapter 1: Introduction data of KMW in Australia, to provide a rich and complex understanding of the experience of marginalisation instead of a simplistic statistical summary of labour market participation rates. The research is innovative in both subject and analysis. Qualitative analysis is performed here through narrative analysis: an examination of the life stories of KMW in Australia in relation to the academic discourses described above, testing for veracity, relevance, impact and alternatives. Narrative analysis offers the scope to hear the voice of the marginalised individual, otherwise generalised, summarised and silenced in quantitative studies (Boje 2001). While narrative analysis is an emerging technique in academic study, it is most likely to be applied to the narratives of those who can speak directly in the dominant language, the language of the research. In this research, life stories of KMW are recorded in Korean, translated into English and analysed using narrative analysis techniques. The labour market experiences of KMW are otherwise amongst the least likely to be studied through narrative analysis. This research is also new and unique in establishing the category of KMW while acknowledging the problematic of categorisation itself, in exploring individual and specific experiences of a shift from Korean cultures to Australian cultures and organisations, and in the nature of the division of the sample group into smaller groups for research purposes. This research thus analyses the narrated experiences of Korean migrant women in the Australian labour market through their life stories to test existing academic notions and assumptions of labour market barriers. Three key issues for consideration may be identified within this endeavour: first, the understandings and existing literature of the Australian labour market; second, the paucity of qualitative approaches to the analysis of KMW’s ‘experience’ of the Australian labour market; and third, the categorisation and associated phenomena of defining a ‘KMW’. Each of these issues is summarised and discussed below. 2 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.2 Issue 1: Existing Literature and Conceptions The first issue involves existing understandings and discourses of the Australian labour market, arising from theories of segmentation, human capital and organisations. Segmentation theory is the more established theory of a labour market divided according to gender and ethnicity, arguing that in Australia white men will dominate labour market opportunities, indigenous women will occupy the lowest rung of the ladder of opportunity, and others will rest in between (Collins 1978; Inglis & Stromback 1984; Chapman & Miller 1985; Castles et al. 1986; Lever-Tracy & Quinlan 1988; Peck 1989; Chapman & Iredale 1990). Under this theory, KMW will sit low on the ladder, based upon their lower valued gender, race and ethnicity. Human capital theory has evolved from segmentation theory to offer an alternative explanation for disadvantage in the labour market, focusing upon an evaluation of an individual’s apparently achievable skills or capital (Mincer 1974; Becker 1975; O’Loughlin & Watson 1997; Cobb-Clark & Chapman 1999; VandenHeuvel & Wooden 1999, 2000; Cobb-Clark 2000, 2001; Richardson et al. 2001, 2002). These skills include qualifications such as degrees, work experience, English language competence, and other qualities and attributes, such as age and physical fitness. Neither theory is entirely satisfactory, as segmentation theory offers little scope for individual agency nor human capital theory denies structurally embedded, covert discrimination practices. An emerging critique of the two theories considers the strengths and weaknesses of each and is the starting point for the development of a potential new model of the labour market. This critique considers the cultural, segmentation aspect of evaluating human capital theory, arguing that skills and qualifications are accorded value according to acceptance and similarity of individuals to the dominant culture. Despite this critique, discourses pertaining to segmentation and human capital theory continue to dominate perceptions and discussion of women migrants and thereby Korean migrant women. Organisational theory provides another and more recent lens through which to view, discuss and understand the labour market. This emerging field of study considers 3 Chapter 1: Introduction organisations as the core of social analysis, constituting ‘the most persistent and universal relations between individuals and … set[ting] the conditions for human action’ (Ahrne 1994: 2). The term ‘organisation’ is used to refer to a wide range of social entities, characterised by formal and explicit rules of entry, exit and behaviour, including workplaces, schools and clubs. Organisational theory presents an understanding of gatekeeping, belonging, dependence and exclusion from organisations as a key aspect of all human experience and much social control. This research finds particularly cogent the notion of affiliation, or acceptance, of individuals into the voluntary but competitive organisations of the Australian labour market. The notion of affiliation provides that organisations are cultural entities largely defined by who is granted affiliation, who is not, why and how; and, as cultural entities rather than (ideally) meritocratic vehicles of industry, informal and implicit rules of entry, exit and behaviour may also be identified (Ahrne 1994). Each organisation has its own culture, and the rules and behaviours of one are never identical to another. This focus upon individual human experience of culturally embedded and silently understood rules of affiliation is best explored through qualitative analysis. 1.3 Issue 2: The Paucity of Qualitative Studies A significant impact of the prevalence of human capital theory and discourse in current studies of the Australian labour market is that the majority of studies are quantitative, focusing upon apparently measurable indicators of qualifications and skill levels, and labour market participation rates. Often, these studies are based upon statistical collections, such as Census data. Such studies suggest a necessary link between the human capital and labour market participation and accommodate few other factors, such as individual circumstance, attitude and responsibilities. The result of this focus upon human capital theory is a paucity of qualitative studies that question the link between human capital and labour market participation and provide an understanding of the quality of individual experience in this context. Qualitative studies are helpful in revealing why particular individuals, such as KMW, may not participate in the labour market, without assuming, as segmentation theory does, that they are subject to racism 4 Chapter 1: Introduction and sexism in Australia, or as human capital theory does, that they simply do not possess the necessary skills. Qualitative studies allow other reasons for non-participation to be considered; statistical or quantitative studies reveal particular outcomes (participation rates) but not motivations, rationales and personal struggles which are essential aspects that lead to those outcomes. This study focuses upon revealing the experiences, including as much as possible the motivations, rationales and struggles, of KMW in the Australian labour market, and resists human capital reductionism. Qualitative analysis is best conducted through the words of those it seeks to understand and the most productive, emerging tool for this is narrative analysis.
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