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The Role of Korean Migrant Churches in Australia in Welfare Service Provision and Social Action

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The Role of Korean Migrant Churches in Australia in Welfare Service Provision and Social Action The Role of Korean Migrant Churches in Australia in Welfare Service Provision and Social Action A Thesis Submitted to Charles Sturt University as the Requirement for Doctor of Philosophy By Ki Soo Jang B.Th, M.Div. M.SS School of Theology Charles Sturt University August 2018 1 CONTENTS Contents 2 Abstract 4 Acknowledgements 6 List of Tables 7 Certificate of Authorship 14 I. Introduction 15 1. Purpose of Study 15 2. From the First peoples to Korean migrants 16 3. Korean churches and the delivery of Services 18 4. Korean Migrants’ religion in Australia 21 5. The Brief Role of the Korean Migrant Church 22 6. Historical views on Korean Migration to Australia 24 7. Asian Migration and Patterns 30 II. Socio-Cultural Backgrounds and The Significance of han among Korean Migrants in Australia 36 1. The social-cultural traditions and characters of Korean people 37 2. Historical overview of ‘Min-Jung’ 42 3. Meaning and significance of ‘han of Min-Jung’ 49 - Political han, 52 - Economic han, 58 - Social and cultural han 62 4. The Han of Korean Migrants in Australia 65 - Political perspectives on Korean migrant’s han 66 - Economic perspectives on Korean migrant’s han 68 2 - Social-cultural perspectives on Korean migrant’s han 69 III. Brief History and role of Korean migrant churches in Australia 73 1. Brief history of Korean migrant churches in Australia 73 2. The impact of Korean migrant churches in Australia 75 3. The role of Korean migrant churches in Australia 79 IV. Overview of church and welfare services and social action 84 V. Research Methodology 95 VI. Findings: background and experiences of respondents 110 VII. Demographic findings 117 VIII. Findings : problems and needs identified by ministers 128 IX. Findings: The church’s involvement in social services responding to needs 186 X. Findings: Ministers’ experiences and views in relation to the connections and co-operation with formal and informal social service agencies. 230 XI. Implications and Conclusions 240 Appendix 256 Bibliography 270 3 ABSTRACT This thesis examines the needs, roles and problems of the Korean migrant church in social services and social actions in Australia. This research also analyses how Korean migrant churches in Australia promote and encourage an understanding of the cultural gap between their mother culture and the new culture experienced by migrants in Australia. This study investigates the character of Korean migrant churches, methods used to preserve their Korean ethnic identity and ways of encouraging church members to integrate themselves as migrants in a new land and new society. This thesis clarifies the concept of the diaspora or migrants as the ‘Min-Jung’ in a new society and culture. This research is a study of Korean churches within the boundaries of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. Fifty Korean migrant churches out of a total of 106 in Sydney participated. The main source of data was obtained from Korean migrant church ministers in various Sydney areas, using a 22 page questionnaire followed by a personal interview. This was a comparative study in relation to the social needs of two groups: group one were Korean people immigrating to Australia between 1970 and 1999, and group two those arriving since 2000. The response of the churches to their varying and differing needs is examined. The data was analyzed in terms of five particular hypotheses: (1) the differences in the way churches provide social services in the Western regions compared with the northern/North regions of Sydney; (2) The way the personal social service activities offered vary with membership size; (3) the way the personal social service activities offered vary with the proportion of new migrants; (4) the reality that Korean churches in Sydney are more likely to support churches and missions in Korea and overseas than 4 they are to support churches, welfare service and missions in Australia; (5) the observation that Korean churches in Sydney are more likely to assist their church members to preserve a Korean ethnic identity than to promote cultural settlement in Australia. One of main findings of this research is that Korean migrant churches in Australia are also involved in the service of providing information and referral services in housing, job and family counselling services to Korean migrants. Korean churches and especially Korean church ministers are major service providers and gatekeepers for migrants in a new society who have significant service needs in their life. Critical limitations in migrant- specific activities by formal social service providers in Australia and Korean ethnic social service agencies in the Korean community makes it apparent that Korean migrant churches will need to continue their present role in providing services to Korean migrants. Another finding is that the services that Korean churches provide for Korean migrants are mostly personal services not related to the other formal service systems available in the wider Australian society. Importantly this research shows that Korean migrant churches are strongly and significantly active in preserving Korean identity. However it was found that there was little attention given to promoting cross-cultural interaction and multicultural settlement processes. The overall conclusion is that joint efforts in providing services by formal social service agencies and Korean migrant churches would lead to more effective and efficient services for the needs of Korean migrants. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Glory and thanks be to the Lord! I would like to express my gratitude to the people who have given their support, shown their passion and provided their encouragement to the completion of this thesis. A great level of thanksgiving is due to the Korean ministers who completed the interviews enabling this study to proceed. My enduring thanks to Professor Gerard Moore for his guidance and encouragement. I would like to show deep appreciation to Dr. Dean Drayton and Dr. Clive Pearson for their inspiration, supportive dialogue and friendly criticism over the years as shown in the research of this thesis. Particular thanks to the Association of Korean ministers in Sydney, as they provided substantial assistance for the drawing of the samples for my research. I am also very appreciative of the encouragement and support of my family: my wife Hye- Young; my sons Jireh and Kyung Rae; and Alice, my daughter in law; and my sisters and brothers. My deepest thanks are due to my parents and parents in law. I can never forget their love and prayers for me. Grand appreciation is expressed with joy and thanksgiving to my father, Rev. Man Yong Jang. 6 List of Tables Table 1.1 Korean’s religions in Australia (2001 Census, DIMIA) 22 Table 1.2 Characteristics of Korean immigrants (1999-2000) 25 Table 1.3 Geographic distribution of Korea-born people in Australia 28 Table 1.4 Number of Korea-born immigrants in Australia 29 Table 1.5 Asia-born settler arrivals 30 Table 1.6 Australian immigration waves 31 Table 1.7 Distribution of Asian population in 1976 and 2001 33 Table 1.8 Educational level of Asian migrants 34 Table 5.1 Age of participants 101 Table 5.2 The participants’ extent of residency in the Australia 101 Table 5.3 The participants’ length of ministry 102 Table 5.4 Participants’ ministry length with the present church 103 Table 5.5 Participants’ educational level 104 Table 5.6 Theological education in degree 104 Table 5.7 Latest educational degree 104 Table 6.1 Personal problems of ministers 111 Table 6.2 Experience in learning English in a formal institute 113 Table 6.3 Period of English language training 113 Table 6.4 Reasons given for no experiences of learning English 114 Table 6.5 Reading newspaper or watching TV regularly 115 Table 6.6 Experiences of reading Australian novels or history 115 Table 6.7 Reasons given for not reading any Australian novels or history 116 Table 7.1 Denomination of churches 117 Table 7.2 Geographic distribution of churches 118 Table 7.3 Suburbs of respondents’ churches 119 Table 7.4 Year of establishment of churches 120 Table 7.5 Theological background of respondents 120 7 Table 7.6 Proportion of church members (attendants) 122 Table 7.7 Proportion of children 123 Table 7.8 Proportion of women 123 Table 7.9 Proportion of men 123 Table 7.10 Proportion of people aged over 60s 124 Table 7.11 Proportion of members living in same suburb with church 124 Table 7.12 Proportion of newcomers since 2000 125 Table 7.13 Proportion of average educational background of church members 126 Table 7.14 Proportion of majority jobs of church members 127 Table 8.1 Problems identified by church members with respect to housing 130 Table 8.2 Location housing on arrival of newcomers 130 Table 8.3 Response of ministers in helping newcomers find a house 131 Table 8.4 Employment problem 132 Table 8.5 Problems in employment experienced as a migrant 133 Table 8.6 Employment trends of migrant in reality 134 Table 8.7 Factors influencing getting jobs 135 Table 8.8 The way Korean migrants find jobs 136 Table 8.9 The extent to which the church helps members in finding a job training program 137 Table 8.10 The extent to which church helps members find a job 138 Table 8.11 Extent to which parents help children with their education 139 Table 8.12 The ways parents help children in education 139 Table 8.13 Newcomer’s problems in education 140 Table 8.14 Levels of parents’ school participation 142 Table 8.15 Parents in school 142 Table 8.16 Issues of conflicts concerning what parents face with children’s education 143 Table 8.17 Do they have special health problems 144 8 Table 8.18 Health problems identified by ministers 144 Table 8.19 Discussion with members about their mental issues of their church members.
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