DOCSLIB.ORG

Analyses of Genetic Diversity, Differentiation and Geographic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Analyses of Genetic Diversity, Differentiation and Geographic Article Analyses of Genetic Diversity, Differentiation and Geographic Origin of Natural Provenances and Land Races of Casuarina equisetifolia Based on EST-SSR Markers 1, 2, 1, 1 1 1 Yong Zhang y, Pan Hu y, Chonglu Zhong *, Yongcheng Wei , Jingxiang Meng , Zhen Li , Khongsak Pinyopusarerk 3 and David Bush 3,* 1 Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Longdong, Guangzhou 510520, China; [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (J.M.); [email protected] (Z.L.) 2 Experimental Centre of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 102300, China; [email protected] 3 CSIRO Australian Tree Seed Centre, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.Z.); [email protected] (D.B.) Co-first author. y Received: 13 February 2020; Accepted: 8 April 2020; Published: 10 April 2020 Abstract: Research Highlights: High variation of genetic diversity and differentiation among 27 seed sources within 14 natural provenances and 13 land race samples of Casuarina equisetifolia were found. High proportions of monoecious individuals may be present in some populations, as indicated by severe heterozytote deficiency and inbreeding found in many provenances and land races. The most probable origins of the land races were inferred according to the values of pairwise provenance differentiation and Nei’s genetic distances. Targeted introductions and testing of unrelated new accessions of C. equisetifolia from the Pacific and Philippines was proposed to identify Ralstonia-resistant genotypes. Background and Objectives: Casuarina equisetifolia was introduced to China a hundred years ago and has become a critically important tree species in coastal protection since the 1950s. Despite its importance, patterns of genetic variation, genetic relationships among natural provenances and probable origins of the land races remain unresolved. This has become a concern in China where Ralstonia solanacearum bacterial wilt has devastated plantations that are known to be from a narrow genetic base that urgently needs to be broadened. Materials and Methods: Fourteen natural provenances from Australia, Pacific islands and Southeast Asia, and 13 land race samples from parts of Asia and Africa outside the natural range were genotyped using 13 SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) markers to characterize their allelic variation and genetic relationship. Results: Significant genetic diversity and differentiation among 27 seed sources within 14 provenances and 13 land race samples of C. equisetifolia was indicated. Significant heterozygote deficiency and inbreeding was indicated for a number of provenances, perhaps indicating a high proportion of monoecious parents in these populations. The most probable origins of the land races of the introduced countries were suggested according to the values of pairwise provenance differentiation (FST) and Nei’s genetic distances. Conclusions: We found significant genetic diversity and genetic differentiation among seed sources of C. equisetifolia. While individual land races do not appear to lack diversity, we were able to infer the origins of some, allowing targeted introductions of unrelated material to be made. In the case of the Chinese land race, targeting and testing new accessions from the Pacific and the Philippines may be a good strategy to identify Ralstonia-resistant genotypes. Forests 2020, 11, 432; doi:10.3390/f11040432 www.mdpi.com/journal/forests Forests 2020, 11, 432 2 of 17 Keywords: provenance; land race; allelic diversity; genetic relationship; microsatellite marker; Forestsgeographic 2020, 11, x origin; FOR PEERRalstonia REVIEW solanacearum 2 of 20 1. Introduction 1. Introduction Casuarina equisetifolia ssp. equisetifolia (hereafter referred to as C. equisetifolia) belongs to the CasuarinaceaeCasuarinafamily equisetifolia and has ssp. a wideequisetifolia natural (hereafter occurrence, referred with the to mostas C. southerly equisetifolia part) belongs of the range to the in Casuarinaceaenorthern Australia, family throughoutand has a wide southern natural Thailand, occurrence Malaysia,, with the Indonesia, most southerly the Philippines, part of the Melanesia range in northernand Polynesia Australia, (Figure throughout1)[ 1]. C. equisetifolia southern Thailand,is a nitrogen-fixing Malaysia, tree Indonesia, of considerable the Philippines, social, economic Melanesia and andenvironmental Polynesia ( importanceFigure 1) [1] in. C tropical. equisetifolia and subtropical is a nitrogen regions-fixing of tree the world.of considerable Over two social, million economic hectares andof Casuarina environmentalplantation, importance most of in which tropical are andC. equisetifolia subtropical, have regions been of plantedthe world for. woodOver two production, million hcoastalectares shelterbelts, of Casuarina vegetation plantation, rehabilitation most of which and forare ornamentalC. equisetifolia purposes, have been around planted the world for wood [2]. It production,is an important coastal plantation shelterbelts, species vegetation in India rehabilitation where it has undergoneand for ornamental genetic improvement,purposes around and the an worldimportant [2]. It and is an a significantimportant plantation tree in the Pacific,species wherein India planting where it is has thought undergone to have genetic commenced improvement, around and2700 an years important before and present a significant time [3]. tree in the Pacific, where planting is thought to have commenced around 2700 years before present time [3]. Figure 1. Natural distribution of Casuarina equisetifolia. The range of subsp. equisetifolia is contained Figurewithin 1. the Natural dotted linedistribution [1]. of Casuarina equisetifolia. The range of subsp. equisetifolia is contained within the dotted line [1]. In southern China, C. equisetifolia plays a critically important role in coastal protection. An estimated 300,000In southern hectaresof China,Casuarina C. equisetifoliaplantations, plays predominantly a criticallyC. important equisetifolia ,role have in been coastal established protection over. An the estimatedpast 70 years 300,000 along coastlineshectares of fiveCasuarina provinces plantations, (Hainan, Guangxi, predominantly Guangdong, C. equisetifolia Fujian and, Zhijiang)have been [4]. establishedThe plantations over immediately the past 70 years adjacent along to thecoastlines coast are of typically five provinces not harvested (Hainan, but Guangxi, left intact Guangdong, more-or-less Fujianpermanently and Zhijiang) for environmental [4]. The plantations amelioration immediately and protection adjacent functions. to the coast Inland are oftypically the coastal not harvested protection butzones, left which intact are more typically-or-les abouts permanently 200 m wide, for aenvironmental second belt, that amelioration is periodically and harvested, protection is establishedfunctions. Inlandin some of regions. the coastal The protection two contiguous zones, planting which are belts typically are typically about established 200 m wide, using a second the same belt, planting that is periodicallystock at any harvested, given location. is established in some regions. The two contiguous planting belts are typically establishedAlmost using 90% the of the same plantations planting stock established at any overgiven the location. past 30 years are clonal [5]. However, the geneticAlmost base 90% of these of the plantations plantations is veryestablished narrow, over with the only past 22 3 clones0 years identified are clonal from [5]. However, plantations the of geneticcoastal baseCasuarina of theseshelterbelts plantations of is Guangdong, very narrow Hainan, with only and 22 Fujian clones provinces, identified many from ofplantations which were of coastalthemselves Casuarina closely shelterbelts related [6]. of This Guangdong, is of particular Hainan concern and Fujian given provinces, that the shelterbelt many of plantingswhich were are themselvesrequired to closely remain related resilient [6] to. This both is biotic of particular and abiotic concern stressors. given In that recent the years,shelterbelt disease, plantings especially are requiredbacterial to wilt remain caused resilient by Ralstonia to both solanacearum biotic and [abiotic7], and stressors insect pests. In [recent8] have years, been disease a serious, especially problem. bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum [7], and insect pests [8] have been a serious problem. They have caused extensive mortality, resulting in declining productivity in those plantations that are harvested and reduced protection from wind and erosion in littoral shelterbelts. The effects of climate change, resulting in stronger winds, together with the need to plant on degraded coastal and inland sites with saline, alkaline, waterlogged and drought-susceptible soils also require a highly Forests 2020, 11, 432 3 of 17 They have caused extensive mortality, resulting in declining productivity in those plantations that are harvested and reduced protection from wind and erosion in littoral shelterbelts. The effects of climate change, resulting in stronger winds, together with the need to plant on degraded coastal and inland sites with saline, alkaline, waterlogged and drought-susceptible soils also require a highly resilient breed of tree with sufficient diversity to provide adaptation to these stressors. Clearly, the widely-used set of 22 clones is less than ideal in this regard. There is now
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Large Scale Multiplication of Casuarina Junghuhniana Miq
    Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B 10 (2020) 98-105 doi: 10.17265/2161-6264/2020.02.005 D DAVID PUBLISHING Large Scale Multiplication of Casuarina junghuhniana Miq. Clonal Plants through Mini-cutting Technique Chezhian Palanisamy, Seenivasan Ramanathan, Selvakrishnan Palanisamy and Suresh Kumar Ganesan Department of Plantation, Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited, Kagithapurm, Karur, Tamil Nadu 639 136, India Abstract: The modern concept of meeting the customer’s requirements in better products at low costs in a sustainable manner is possible only through innovative methods. The nodal cutting technique is the most widely used method for large scale propagation of Casuarina, Eucalyptus and other pulpwood species in India. Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited (TNPL) has started large scale multiplication of Casuarina junghuhniana Miq. using mini-cutting technique from indoor clonal mini hedges raised in sand beds. When compared to stem/nodal cuttings, indoor clonal mini hedges raised in sand beds improve the rooting potential, quality of root systems and are time- and cost-saving. The productivity of cuttings is increased five times in indoor clonal hedge orchard than conventional stem/nodal cutting. The rooting percentage also improved to 90% without rooting hormone whereas the same is only 50% in stem cutting. The plant developed through mini-cutting technique has more lateral root system which helps the plants/trees to withstand during heavy winds. Replacing such stump derived stock plants by intensively managing indoor sand bed clonal mini hedges resulted in a noticeable enhancement of cutting capacity for adventitious rooting as well as the overall quality of the plants produced in much shorter period with easier and cheaper maintenance.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Guidelines for Reforestation at Ex-Coal-Mining Areas
    Technical Guidelines for Reforestation at Ex-Coal-Mining Areas - Based on the outcomes of experimental reforestation activities at ex-coal-mining areas in South Kalimantan, Indonesia - Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center (JIFPRO) March 2015 Technical Guidelines for Reforestation at Ex-Coal-Mining Areas - Based on the outcomes of experimental reforestation activities at ex-coal-mining areas in South Kalimantan, Indonesia - Eiichiro Nakama, Seiichi Ohta, Yasuo Ohsumi, Tokunori Mori and Satohiko Sasaki Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center Fakhrur Razie, Hamdani Fauzi and Mahrus Aryadi Lambung Mangkurat University, Indonesia Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center March 2015 Foreword During the past decades, deforestation and forest degradation continues especially in developing countries. According to the report of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO), approximately 13 million hectors of global forests have been lost annually due to forest land conversion to other land uses, forest fires and natural disasters, while reforestation and natural regeneration account for an increase of approx. 7.8 million hectors of forest cover. This means the net loss of global forest is estimated at 5.2 million hectors. Adverse impacts of forest conversion to farmland can be minimized as far as the land is properly used and managed in a sustainable manner. However, in some cases, problem soils are exposed and abandoned as degraded land. Deforestation by mining is a big issue these years. Problem soils such as strong acid soils and/or too much heavy metal soils appear at the ex-mining areas. In some cases it is too difficult to reforestate.
    [Show full text]
  • Casuarina Improvement for Securing Rural Livelihoods
    Casuarina Improvement for Securing Rural Livelihoods Proceedings of the Fifth International Casuarina Workshop Chennai, India, 03 – 07 February 2014 Editors A. Nicodemus K. Pinyopusarerk C. L. Zhong C. Franche Casuarina Improvement for Securing Rural Livelihoods Proceedings of the Fifth International Casuarina Workshop Chennai, India, 03 – 07 February 2014 IUFRO Working Party 2.08.02 Improvement and Culture of Nitrogen-fixing Trees Editors A. Nicodemus K. Pinyopusarerk C. L. Zhong C. Franche Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Coimbatore, India International Organizing Committee N. Krishna Kumar, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, India K. Pinyopusarerk, CSIRO Australian Tree Seed Centre, Australia A. Kalinganire, World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF-WCA/Sahel, Mali C. Franche, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France C.L. Zhong, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, China A. Nicodemus, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, India Front cover: Photo credit: A. Nicodemus Back cover: Photo credit: A. Nicodemus, P. Vipin and A. Pauldasan ISBN 978-93-82387-12-1 © Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, 2016. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission in writing from the publisher. This publication may be cited as Nicodemus, A., Pinyopusarerk, K., Zhong, C.L., Franche, C. (Editors). 2016. Casuarina improvement for securing rural livelihoods. Proceedings of Fifth International Casuarina Workshop, Chennai, India. 3-7 February 2014. Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Copenhagen Tel
    Tree species for fire-prone areas Schmidt, Lars Published in: Development Briefs. Technical Publication date: 2008 Document version Early version, also known as pre-print Citation for published version (APA): Schmidt, L. (2008). Tree species for fire-prone areas. Development Briefs. Technical, (3). Download date: 24. sep.. 2021 DEVELOPMENT BRIEFS TECHNICAL N O . 3 · JU ne 2 0 0 8 Tree species for fire-prone areas 1. Introduction than during the dry season, where many trees Fire is a threat to ecosystems rich in dry bio- are deciduous and dormant. Wind makes fire mass, and the hazard of fire increases in tropi- spread faster but also takes away heat so that cal forests. Firstly, forests are being cut down adult trees may not be caught by fire. by man, leaving a large amount of dry material behind. Secondly, fire is used actively to clear 3. Physiological and other adaptations to fire land for agriculture. Thirdly, opening forests Resistance to fire often takes the form of mor- allows seasonal dry micro-climate even in hu- phological adaptations to shield or guard sen- mid rain forests. Fourthly, accidental fires are sitive tissue from high temperature by some becoming more frequent in connection with type of insulation. Examples of this is found in human activities, both as escaped fires from morphological structures of thick protecting clearings and fires started for hunting or to bark on stems, and clusters of needles of, for improve grazing. example, Pinus merkusii grass-stage seedlings. In eucalypts high oil content in all parts of the How destructive fire is depends on its intensity.
    [Show full text]
  • Multipurpose Tree Species for Snzall-Farm Use
    MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES FOR SNZALL-FARM USE of an itional workshop ovember 2-5, 1987 aya, Thailand. The Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development is a private, nonprofit U.S. organization working in agricultural development around the world. It was established in 1985 through the merging of the Agricultural Development Council (A/D/C), the International Agricultural Development Service (IADS), and the Winrock International Livestock Research and Training Center. Winrock International's mission is to help increase the agricultural productivity, improve the nutrition, and advance the well-being of men, women, and children throughout the world. Its main areas of emphasis are human resources, renewable resources, food policy, animal agriculture and farming systems, and agricultural research and extension. Winrock International's headquarters are located in Morrilton, Arkansas, with regional offices in Arlington, Virginia and Bangkok, Thailand. Winrock International co-sponsored this workshop under the Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development (F/FRED) Project, for which it serves as prime contractor. Funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development, F/FRED is designed to help scientists address the needs of small-scale farmers in the developing world for fuelwood and other tree products. It provides a network through which scientists exchange research plans, methods, and results. Research and development activities center on the production and use of multipurpose trees that meet the several household needs of small farmers. The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) is a public corporation created by the Parliament of Canada in 1970 to support research designed to adapt science and technology to the needs of developing countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Secondary Metabolites and Nutrient Balance in Casuarinas: an Insight Into Protein Competition Model (PCM)
    Journal of Advanced Laboratory Research in Biology E-ISSN: 0976-7614 Volume 5, Issue 4, October 2014 PP 107-111 https://e-journal.sospublication.co.in Research Article Secondary metabolites and nutrient balance in casuarinas: An insight into Protein Competition Model (PCM) Natchiappan Senthilkumar*, Sourimuthu Murugesan, Devaraj Suresh Babu Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Forest Campus, R.S. Puram, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract: The total phenolics, total condensed tannins (TCT), nitrogen (N) and total protein (TP) in needles of Casuarina equisetifolia and Casuarina junghuhniana were studied to understand the carbon-nutrient balance (CNB) and the growth-differentiation balance (GDB) hypotheses. The carbon-nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis postulates that phenolic levels in plants are determined by the balance between carbon and nutrient availability1. The growth- differentiation balance (GDB) hypothesis2 considers factors that limit growth and differentiation. The production of phenolics dominates when factors other than photosynthate supply are suboptimal for growth (e.g., under nutrient limitation). Resource-based theories assume that the synthesis of defensive compounds is constrained by the external availability of resources and internal trade-offs in resource allocation between growth and defense. It is stated that growth processes dominate over the production of defensive compounds and that more carbon is left for defensive compounds only when plant growth is restricted by a lack of mineral nutrient (emphasized by the CNB hypothesis) or by any factor (according to the GDB hypothesis). Jones and Hartley3 presented a protein competition model (PCM) for predicting total phenolics allocation and content in leaves of higher plants. Protein competition model (PCM) stated that “protein and phenolics synthesis compete for the common, limiting resource phenylalanine,” so nitrogen (N) rather than C is the limiting resource for synthesis of phenolics.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing Plant Tolerance Indicator to Air Pollution, Case Study in Krakatau Industrial Estate Cilegon City, Indonesia
    DEVELOPING PLANT TOLERANCE INDICATOR TO AIR POLLUTION, CASE STUDY IN KRAKATAU INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CILEGON CITY, INDONESIA ABSTRACT Plant tolerance against air pollutants from industrial estate can be assessed based on the change of physiological parameters calculated according to APTI (Air Pollution Tolerance Index by Singh). However, based on previous research, APTI formulation was less accurate, the results obtained between macroscopic and physiological observations are not always sync. Additional physiological parameters, i.e. total carbohydrates as main product of photosynthesis process was need to be examined. Therefore, purpose of this study were to Desi Anjana Dwiputri examine the physiological parameters that indicate the level of tolerance of plants sensitivity Department of Landscape Architecture, to air pollution and to analyze the level of tolerance of tree species to air pollution in industrial Graduate School, Bogor Agricultural estate. The method used in this research were survey method, along with macroscopic University, Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia. parameters (leaf area, leaf number, and leaf hue), microscopic parameters (stomatal density, Email : [email protected] leaf and palisade thickness) and physiological parameters (ascorbic acid content, total chlorophyll, leaf pH, water content, and total carbohydrate) observation of tree species which Nizar Nasrullah exposed to pollution and non-pollution (control). The results of this research showed that Department of Landscape Architecture, total carbohydrate as an additional parameter affected the level of tolerance by 49.2% and Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural thus modified the APTI formulation and changed the classification range of plants tolerance. University, Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Results showed that the tolerant plants were Polyalthia longifolia Sonn., Polyalthia fragrans Indonesia (Dalzell) Hook.
    [Show full text]
  • Pithecellobium Dulce Sweet and Thorny Pterocarpus Indicus the Majestic NFixing Tree Robinia Pseudoacacia: Temperate Legume Tree with Worldwide Potential
    21/10/2011 meister11.htm Home "" """"> ar .cn .de .en .es .fr .id .it .ph .po .ru .sw Nitrogen Fixing Trees Highlights (Winrock, 1990-1997, 100 p.) (introduction...) Acacia koa - Hawaii's most valued native tree Acacia leucophloea - shade and fodder for livestock in arid environments Alnus acuminata: valuable timber tree for tropical highlands Albizia saman: pasture improvement, shade, timber and more Casuarina junghuhniana: a highly adaptable tropical casuarina Enterolobium cyclocarpum: the ear pod tree for fasture, fodder and wood Erythrina variegata: more than a pretty tree Inga edulis: a tree for acid soils in the humid tropics Pithecellobium dulce - sweet and thorny Pterocarpus indicus - the majestic n-fixing tree Robinia pseudoacacia: temperate legume tree with worldwide potential Acacia nilotica - pioneer for dry lands D:/cd3wddvd/NoExe/Master/dvd001/…/meister11.htm 1/135 21/10/2011 meister11.htm Acacia saligna - for dryland fodder and soil stabilization Acacia senegal: gum tree with promise for agroforestry Acacia seyal - multipurpose tree of the Sahara desert Acacia tortilis: fodder tree for desert sands Alnus nepalensis: a multipurpose tree for the tropical highlands Casuarina equisetifolia: an old-timer with a new future Casuarina glauca: a hardy tree with many attributes Chamaecytisus palmensis: hardy, productive fodder shrub Dalbergia latifolia: the high-valued Indian rosewood Dalbergia melanoxylon: valuable wood from a neglected tree Erythrina edulis: multipurpose tree for the tropical highlands Erythrina sandwicensis - unique
    [Show full text]
  • Fertility and Effective Population Size in Seedling Seed Orchards of Casuarina Equisetifolia and C
    Varghese et al.·Silvae Genetica (2004) 53-4, 164-168 Fertility and Effective Population Size in Seedling Seed Orchards of Casuarina equisetifolia and C. junghuhniana By M. VARGHESE1,2, D. LINDGREN1 and A. NICODEMUS2 (Received 1st July 2004) Abstract PUSARERK, 1996), after early evaluation and elimination of infe- Two seedling seed orchards each of C. equisetifolia and C. rior trees. junghuhniana established by thinning provenance trials in Casuarina is wind pollinated with variation in sex expres- coastal and inland locations in South India were evaluated for sion in different populations. Most populations are predomi- sex expression and fertility variation at four years. More than nantly dioecious with few monoecious individuals. Differences 80% of the trees in C. equisetifolia orchards were fertile in both between ramets of the same clone (LUECHANIMITCHIT and sites with a similar pattern of more (almost 2 times) female LUANGVIRIYASAENG, 1996; WARRIER et al., 2001) as well as signif- trees and equal proportion of monoecious and non-flowering icant region and provenance effects (LUECHANIMITCHIT, 2002; trees. In C. junghuhniana, the coastal orchard had twice the NAGARAJAN et al., 2001) in sex expression are reported in proportion of fertile trees as that of the inland. C. equisetifolia. Sexes are separate in C. junghuhniana, with- Orchards established in coastal environment had less fertili- out monoecious trees (PINYOPUSARERK and BOLAND, 1990). ty variation and hence maintained lower coancestry values in both species. Coastal site has more trees contributing effective- As per the breeding programme, provenance trials were con- ly to seed production than inland locations and the orchards verted to seedling seed orchards at four years.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Wood Yield Selection Index in a Clonal Trial of Korean Pine (Pinus Koraiensis) in Northeastern China
    sustainability Article Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Wood Yield Selection Index in a Clonal Trial of Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) in Northeastern China David Kombi Kaviriri 1,2 , Huanzhen Liu 1,* and Xiyang Zhao 1,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; [email protected] 2 Department of Natural Resources Management, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Kinshasa, P.O. Box 117, Kinshasa XI 023, Congo * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.-Z.L.); [email protected] (X.-Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-0451-8219-2225 (H.-Z.L.) Abstract: In order to determine suitable traits for selecting high-wood-yield Korean pine materials, eleven morphological characteristics (tree height, basal diameter, diameter at breast height, diameter at 3 meter height, stem straightness degree, crown breadth, crown height, branch angle, branch number per node, bark thickness, and stem volume) were investigated in a 38-year-old Korean pine clonal trial at Naozhi orchard. A statistical approach combining variance and regression analysis was used to extract appropriate traits for selecting elite clones. Results of variance analysis showed significant difference in variance sources in most of the traits, except for the stem straightness degree, which had a p-value of 0.94. Moderate to high coefficients of variation and clonal repeatability ranged from 10.73% to 35.45% and from 0.06% to 0.78%, respectively. Strong significant correlations on the Citation: Kombi Kaviriri, D.; Liu, H.; phenotypic and genotypic levels were observed between the straightness traits and tree volume, Zhao, X. Estimation of Genetic but crown breadth was weakly correlated to the volume.
    [Show full text]
  • Taimeselts Fagales Süstemaatika Ja Levik Maailmas
    Tartu Ülikool Loodus- ja tehnoloogiateaduskond Ökoloogia ja Maateaduste Instituut Botaanika osakond Hanna Hirve TAIMESELTS FAGALES SÜSTEMAATIKA JA LEVIK MAAILMAS Bakalaureusetöö Juhendaja: professor Urmas Kõljalg Tartu 2014 Sisukord Sisukord ............................................................................................................................ 2 Sissejuhatus ...................................................................................................................... 4 1. Taimeseltsist Fagales üldiselt ................................................................................... 5 2. Takson Betulaceae ................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Iseloomustus ja levik ......................................................................................... 7 2.2 Morfoloogilised tunnused .................................................................................. 8 2.3 Fülogenees ......................................................................................................... 9 2.4 Tähtsus ............................................................................................................... 9 3. Takson Casuarinaceae ............................................................................................ 10 3.1 Iseloomustus ja levik ....................................................................................... 10 3.2 Morfoloogilised tunnused ...............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Particular Silhouette of Human-Influenced Coconut Trees in Hindu Bali, Indonesia
    A Particular Silhouette of Human-Influenced Coconut Trees in Hindu Bali, Indonesia: An ethnobotanical field note Rie Miyaura, Tomoko Ohno, Hisayuki Maenaka, Ketut Sumiartha, and Hirofumi Yamaguchi Research Abstract In Hindu Bali, coconut trees near human settlements ex- Ethnological studies in Bali have focused on the island’s hibit a particular silhouette. To understand the relationship religion and rituals (Bateson & Mead 1942, Belo 1953, between human activity and the landscape created by Covarrubias 1937, Fujioka 1968, Geertz 1973), and some plant usage, we analyzed the extent of the cut-leaved co- researchers have written in detail about the offerings used (Brinkgreve 1997, Brinkgreve & Stuart-Fox 1992, Eise- conut canopies and consumption pattern of coconut leaf- man 1989, Hooykaas 1973, Ottino 2000, Ramseyer 1977, lets for religious purposes on Bali Island. Cut-leaved coco- Stuart-Fox 1974, Yoshida 1999). However, dynamic re- nut canopies were identified in 78% of the 18 sites inves- lationships among different peoples, religions, cultures, tigated, and 22% of coconut trees had cut leaves. Coco- plant use, and the environment as a field of ethnobiology nut leaflets, young and old, were gathered from live trees are still not well-studied. and frequently used for many offerings such as canang, penjor, and sanggah cucuk for Dewi Sri as part of plant In the ancient Near-East, Arabia, Greece, Egypt, and Chi- decorations made with various colorful flowers and orna- na, palm trees are considered “the tree of life,” symboliz- mental tree leaves. Balinese people still make traditional ing regeneration and return to perfection (Cooper 1978). offerings with intact plant materials, although recently co- Palm trees are believed to form the central axis for the conut leaflets are increasingly sold in markets in urban flow of energy between supernatural realms and the hu- areas.
    [Show full text]