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Selection of Casuarina Junghuhnianaclones in Thailand Casuarinas for Green Economy and Environmental Sustainability Proceedings of the Sixth International Casuarina Workshop Krabi, Thailand, 21-25 October 2019 IUFRO Working Party 2.08.02 Improvement and Culture of Nitrogen-Fixing Trees IUFRO Taskforce Forest Biomass Network Editors Maliwan Haruthaithanasan Khongsak Pinyopusarerk Abel Nicodemus David Bush Lex Thomson Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute Kasetsart University Bangkok, Thailand 2020 International Organizing Committee Chongrak Wachrinrat, Kasetsart University, Thailand Khongsak Pinyopusarerk, CSIRO Australian Tree Seed Centre, Australia Abel Nicodemus, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, India Claudine Franche, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France Chonglu Zhong, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, China David Bush, CSIRO Australian Tree Seed Centre, Australia Viktor Bruckman, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria Maliwan Haruthaithanasan, Kasetsart University, Thailand First published in Thailand in 2020 by Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University © Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, 2020. This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900, Thailand, [email protected]. Haruthaithanasan M., Pinyopusarerk K., Nicodemus A., Bush D. and Thomson L. (eds.) 2020. Casuarinas for green economy and environmental sustainability. Proceedings of the Sixth International Casuarina Workshop held at Krabi, Thailand, 21-25 October 2019. Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University: Bangkok. 306 pp. ISBN 978-616-278-583-2 Design and typesetting by Uthaiwan Kanto, UKT Publishing Co. Ltd., Chachoengsao, Thailand Printing by BPK Printing Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand Front cover: Casuarina equisetifolia trees on a beach in South Thailand (K. Pinyopusarerk) Back cover: An 18-month-old Casuarina hybrid clonal plantation in Tamil Nadu, South India (A. Nicodemus) Foreword The substantial socio-economic importance of casuarinas (several members of the family Casuarinaceae) has ensured ongoing international interest in research and development of this group of nitrogen fixing trees. Plantings are invariably associated with agricultural systems and there are more than two million hectares planted in the tropics and sub-tropics, offering stability to fragile sandy coastal ecosystems and offering services of protection, soil organic matter, poles, fuelwood and commercial wood fibre. Following the previous five international casuarina meetings, the most recent one in Chennai, India in 2014, Kasetsart University is pleased to host the Sixth International Casuarina Workshop in Krabi province, Thailand during 21-25 October 2019 in collaboration with the IUFRO Working Party–Improvement and Culture of Nitrogen Fixing Trees, and the IUFRO Taskforce–Forest Biomass Network. The theme of this sixth workshop, Casuarinas for Green Economy and Environmental Sustainability, reflects in the current relevance of casuarina trees in the world. A total of 79 participants from ten countries attended the Workshop and delivered 43 oral presentations under six sessions. Outputs from the Sixth International Casuarina Workshop are synthesized in these proceedings. I hope this publication is valuable for all stakeholders involved in casuarina research and development. Dr Chongrak Wachrinrat President Kasetsart University i Preface Extensive plantings of casuarinas have been developed throughout the tropics, including highlands, humid and semi-arid zones, by smallholders and Governments and increasingly by private forestry corporations. The continued successful development of casuarina forests and agroforests is dependent on research and development to provide improved and diverse germplasm, including for improved agroforestry systems, integrated pest and disease management, understanding of their tolerance to physiological stresses and climate change, and their wood properties including for pulpwood, in biorefineries and as biofuels. International meetings of casuarina scientists are vital to develop a strong network of researchers in order to share ideas, information, germplasm and new technologies. Previous and highly successful international casuarina meetings have been held in Canberra, Australia in 1981; Cairo, Egypt in 1990; Danang, Vietnam in 1996; Hainan, China in 2010 and Chennai, India in 2014. These proceedings report on the sixth international casuarina workshop held at Krabi, Thailand during 21-25 October 2019. In line with the theme of the Workshop, ‘Casuarinas for green economy and environmental sustainability’ the papers and discussions during the meeting were focused on assessing the impact of casuarina planting in meeting the industrial biomass raw material demand and improving edaphic and climatic conditions. In particular the additional benefits derived due to the research and development work carried out so far and increasing the accessibility of such new findings to all those involved in casuarina planting were reviewed. The workshop was supported by Kasetsart University and the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), with crucial organizational support provided by the Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute (KAPI). Key international partners were the CSIRO (Australia) and IRD (France), and key national partners in Thailand were the Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, Royal Forest Department, and Forest Industry Organization. Regional and international collaborations were proposed to share the expertise and germplasm from countries that have already made substantial genetic and economic gains through long-term research programmes with those that are beginning or in early stages of improving the species. Strategies for conservation of available genetic resources in the natural range and broadening of the genetic base and overcoming the biotic and climate change induced threats in the cultivated stands were proposed for long term securing of casuarina utilization. Maliwan Haruthaithanasan Khongsak Pinyopusarerk Abel Nicodemus David Bush Lex Thomson ii Contents Foreword............................................................................................................... i Preface................................................................................................................... ii Summary of discussions and recommendations......................................... 1 Status reports Four decades of international research and development in casuarinas............................. 7 K. Pinyopusarerk Contributions of casuarina planting to India’s green economy and environmental sustainability...................................................................................................................................... 14 A. Nicodemus, V. Sivakumar, S. Murugesan, M. Gera Past and current casuarina research and development in China........................................... 21 C. Zhong, Y. Zhang, Y. Wei, J. Meng, Q. Jiang, D. Bush, K. Pinyopusarerk, D. Bogusz, C. Franche Casuarinaceae genetic resources in the Pacific Islands: enhancing their contributions to the green economy...................................................................................................................... 31 L.A.J. Thomson, G. Gâteblé Silviculture, Plantation, Agroforestry Effect of thinning on growth and yield of naturally regenerated Casuarina equisetifolia on tsunami-affected sites in Thailand......................................................................................... 43 J. Wongprom, D. Duangnamon Reclamation of limestone mine spoil through casuarina plantation................................... 50 P. Devaraj , A. Ponnanpalam, K. Rajendran Enhancing climate resilience in coastal areas of Bangladesh using plantations of Casuarina equisetifolia L. .............................................................................................................. 56 M.K. Hossain, M.A. Hossain Varietal comparison of wheat and paddy under Casuarina equisetifolia based agroforestry system on sodic wasteland of India...................................................................... 68 C. Sirohi, K.S. Bangarwa, R.S. Dhillon, K.S. Ahlawat Casuarina coastal shelterbelt – a protection forest for countering natural calamities..... 77 P. Devaraj Seasonal dynamics and spatial distribution pattern of seed rain in a monocultural Casuarina equisetifolia coastal protection forest..................................................................... 80 B. Yang, Y. Wang, Q. Hao Allelopathy of Casuarina equisetifolia on Hainan Island, China............................................ 91 P. Chen, R. Huang, H. Wang, H. Li, X. Wang, L. Li Coppice management in Casuarina junghuhniana – preliminary results........................... 99 T. Phudphong, E. Tanavat, K. Haruthaithanasan, M. Haruthaithanasan, K. Pinyopusarerk Genetics, Breeding, Tree improvement Increasing productivity of casuarina plantations in India through genetically improved seeds and clones............................................................................................................................... 105 A. Nicodemus, A. Mayavel, D. Bush,
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