At Aboukir and Acre, by George Alfred Henty 2 CHAPTER XIII
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A Short History of Egypt – to About 1970
A Short History of Egypt – to about 1970 Foreword................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 1. Pre-Dynastic Times : Upper and Lower Egypt: The Unification. .. 3 Chapter 2. Chronology of the First Twelve Dynasties. ............................... 5 Chapter 3. The First and Second Dynasties (Archaic Egypt) ....................... 6 Chapter 4. The Third to the Sixth Dynasties (The Old Kingdom): The "Pyramid Age"..................................................................... 8 Chapter 5. The First Intermediate Period (Seventh to Tenth Dynasties)......10 Chapter 6. The Eleventh and Twelfth Dynasties (The Middle Kingdom).......11 Chapter 7. The Second Intermediate Period (about I780-1561 B.C.): The Hyksos. .............................................................................12 Chapter 8. The "New Kingdom" or "Empire" : Eighteenth to Twentieth Dynasties (c.1567-1085 B.C.)...............................................13 Chapter 9. The Decline of the Empire. ...................................................15 Chapter 10. Persian Rule (525-332 B.C.): Conquest by Alexander the Great. 17 Chapter 11. The Early Ptolemies: Alexandria. ...........................................18 Chapter 12. The Later Ptolemies: The Advent of Rome. .............................20 Chapter 13. Cleopatra...........................................................................21 Chapter 14. Egypt under the Roman, and then Byzantine, Empire: Christianity: The Coptic Church.............................................23 -
Fair Shares for All
FAIR SHARES FOR ALL JACOBIN EGALITARIANISM IN PRACT ICE JEAN-PIERRE GROSS This study explores the egalitarian policies pursued in the provinces during the radical phase of the French Revolution, but moves away from the habit of looking at such issues in terms of the Terror alone. It challenges revisionist readings of Jacobinism that dwell on its totalitarian potential or portray it as dangerously Utopian. The mainstream Jacobin agenda held out the promise of 'fair shares' and equal opportunities for all in a private-ownership market economy. It sought to achieve social justice without jeopardising human rights and tended thus to complement, rather than undermine, the liberal, individualist programme of the Revolution. The book stresses the relevance of the 'Enlightenment legacy', the close affinities between Girondins and Montagnards, the key role played by many lesser-known figures and the moral ascendancy of Robespierre. It reassesses the basic social and economic issues at stake in the Revolution, which cannot be adequately understood solely in terms of political discourse. Past and Present Publications Fair shares for all Past and Present Publications General Editor: JOANNA INNES, Somerville College, Oxford Past and Present Publications comprise books similar in character to the articles in the journal Past and Present. Whether the volumes in the series are collections of essays - some previously published, others new studies - or mono- graphs, they encompass a wide variety of scholarly and original works primarily concerned with social, economic and cultural changes, and their causes and consequences. They will appeal to both specialists and non-specialists and will endeavour to communicate the results of historical and allied research in readable and lively form. -
Nu 40118 Or Er 0 H0
TH E l LLUSTRlOUil O RDER O F H OEBPI’PA LEM A N D K N I G H T S O F T . O H N O F E R L E M S J J US A . P ET ER G ERA RD T H E F O UND E R , , A N D T H E TH RE E GRE AT G R A N D MASTE RS OF T H E I L L U S N J E T R I U S O R D E R O S T . O O O F J H F R U S A L E M . r a n d In s el ec tin g th e thre e g m asters of th e Hospitalers , who . for their ability to organize and c om m and in battle . to assau lt or defend a fortre ss or city , or rule and govern so mix ed a body of m en of so m any langu ages as c onstit u te d The Illustrious Knights of S t . J ohn , of Palestine , Rhodes , and M alta , from their organi za A 9 A D D . 1 7 8 . tion 1 1 0 0 . to , and p articularly th e thre e to whom in ou r j ud gment the honor belongs for m uc h of the glory whic h a t a t ac hes to th e Order of the Kni ghts of M alt . we c annot be far “ du wrong w hen we nam e Raym ond Puy , Phi lip Villi ers de L Isl e Adam , and John de la Vale tte . -
The French Invasion of Egypt and Its Legacy
The French Invasion of Egypt and Its Legacy Objective As a result of this lesson, students will be able to: • Explain the motivation behind the French invasion of Egypt. • Evaluate the impact of the French invasion of Egypt Materials Student Handout: The French Invasion Key Questions • Which great French general led the invasion of Egypt in 1798? • Why did France invade Egypt? • Napoléon used Egypt as a base to invade which territory? • How long were the French forces in Egypt? • In what year did Napoléon leave the Middle East to return to France? • What are the main complaints/concerns expressed by General Dogua in the letter excerpt? • What is the title (in French and/or English) of the literary, scientific, artistic work passed down to us from the time of Napoléon’s invasion of Egypt? References Readings Burleigh, Nina. Mirage: Napoleon's Scientists and the Unveiling of Egypt. First Edition. New York: HarperCollins, 2007. Cole, Juan. Napoleon’s Egypt: Invading the Middle East. First Edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Goldschmidt, Arthur. Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004. Digital DVD Bibliotheca Alexandrina, in conjunction with the International School of Information Science. Description de L’Égypte. 2004. [Description of Egypt] Websites http://napoleonsegypt.blogspot.com/ (Blog based on Juan Cole’s book, Napoleon’s Egypt; includes primary sources from the French perspective.) http://www.bibalex.org/English/index.aspx (Website for the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, with information on the digital DVD and link to the library’s site where one can purchase the DVD.) http://www.napoleonexhibit.com/ (Website for “Napoléon, An Intimate Portrait” exhibit; link contains some information on the invasion of Egypt and on the Description.) Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. -
Timeline (PDF)
Timeline of the French Revolution 1789 1793 May 5 Estates General convened in Versailles Jan. 21 Execution of Louis XVI (and later, Marie Jun. 17 National Assembly Antoinette on Oct. 16) Jun. 20 Tennis Court Oath Feb. 1 France declares war on British and Dutch (and Jul. 11 Necker dismissed on Spain on Mar. 7) Jul. 13 Bourgeois militias in Paris Mar. 11 Counterrevolution starts in Vendée Jul. 14 Storming of the Bastille in Paris (official start of Apr. 6 Committee of Public Safety formed the French Revolution) Jun. 1-2 Mountain purges Girondins Jul. 16 Necker recalled Jul. 13 Marat assassinated Jul. 20 Great Fear begins in the countryside Jul. 27 Maximilien Robespierre joins CPS Aug. 4 Abolition of feudalism Aug. 10 Festival of Unity and Indivisibility Aug. 26 Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen Sept. 5 Terror the order of the day Oct. 5 Adoption of Revolutionary calendar 1791 1794 Jun. 20-21 Flight to Varennes Aug. 27 Declaration of Pillnitz Jun. 8 Festival of the Supreme Being Jul. 27 9 Thermidor: fall of Robespierre 1792 1795 Apr. 20 France declares war on Austria (and provokes Prussian declaration on Jun. 13) Apr. 5/Jul. 22 Treaties of Basel (Prussia and Spain resp.) Sept. 2-6 September massacres in Paris Oct. 5 Vendémiare uprising: “whiff of grapeshot” Sept. 20 Battle of Valmy Oct. 26 Directory established Sept. 21 Convention formally abolishes monarchy Sept. 22 Beginning of Year I (First Republic) 1797 Oct. 17 Treaty of Campoformio Nov. 21 Berlin Decree 1798 1807 Jul. 21 Battle of the Pyramids Aug. -
THE CONQUEST of ACRE De Expugnata Accone
1 THE CONQUEST OF ACRE De Expugnata Accone A Poetic Narrative of the Third Crusade Critical edition, translated with an introduction and notes by Tedd A. Wimperis Boston College Advanced Study Grant Summer 2009 2 Introduction In the year 1099 AD, the First Crusade, undertaken by European nobles and overseen by the Christian church, seized control of Jerusalem after a campaign of four years, setting up a Latin kingdom based in that city and establishing a Western presence in the Near East that would endure for two hundred years. After a series of clashes with Muslim armies, a second crusade was called that lasted from 1147-49. Then, in 1187, the delicate balance of powers erupted into conflict, and a unified Islamic force under the leadership of the legendary Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, swept through the Holy Land, cutting a swathe through the Crusader States until it brought Jerusalem itself to surrender. In the wake of this calamity, Europe fixed its intentions on reclaiming the land, and the Western powers again took up the Cross in what would be the Third Crusade. The crusade launched in 1189, and would thunder on until 1192, when the warring armies reached a stalemate and a treaty was signed between Saladin and King Richard I of England. But the very first engagement of the Third Crusade, and the longest-lasting, was the siege of Acre, a city on the coast of Palestine northwest of Jerusalem, important both militarily and as a center of trade. Acre was vigorously defended by the Muslim occupiers and fiercely fought for by the assembled might of the West for a grueling two years that saw thousands of casualties, famine, disease, and a brutal massacre. -
NASAT 2011 Round 11 Tossups 1
NASAT 2011 Round 11 Tossups 1. This empire was defeated by the Hotaki dynasty at the Battle of Gulnabad. One ruler of this empire was Nader Shah, who went on to establish the Afsharid dynasty. The army of this dynasty was reformed and improved with help from the Englishman Robert Shirley. This empire was founded with help from the red-headdress wearing Qizilbash, and its founder was defeated by Selim the Great of the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Chaldiran. This dynasty had its roots as a religious movement of the Sufi order and they made the Twelver movement the official state religion. For 10 points, name this Muslim dynasty of Iran from 1501 to 1726 that was started by Shah Ismail I. ANSWER: Safavid dynasty 064-11-30-11102 2. In one short story by this author, Schoner is driven crazy by his commander’s throat and strangles the Captain. In another of his works, the protagonist follows Lilly's advice and abandons his family for Italy, where he connects with Nan by playing the flute. This author of “The Prussian Officer” wrote a novel in which the protagonist gets romantically involved with Miriam Leivers and Clara Dawes and must deal with the death of his mother, Gertrude Morel. He wrote a novel in which Ivy Bolton is the nurse to a partially paralyzed nobleman, whose wife sleeps with the gamekeeper Oliver Mellors. For 10 points, name this author of Aaron's Rod, Sons and Lovers, and Lady Chatterley’s Lover. ANSWER: D. H. Lawrence [or David Herbert Richards Lawrence] 094-11-30-11103 3. -
The History of Napoleon Buonaparte
THE HISTORY OF NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE JOHN GIBSON LOCKHART CHAPTER I BIRTH AND PARENTAGE OF NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE—HIS EDUCATION AT BRIENNE AND AT PARIS—HIS CHARACTER AT THIS PERIOD—HIS POLITICAL PREDILECTIONS—HE ENTERS THE ARMY AS SECOND LIEUTENANT OF ARTILLERY—HIS FIRST MILITARY SERVICE IN CORSICA IN 1793. Napoleon Buonaparte was born at Ajaccio on the 15th of August, 1769. The family had been of some distinction, during the middle ages, in Italy; whence his branch of it removed to Corsica, in the troubled times of the Guelphs and Gibellines. They were always considered as belonging to the gentry of the island. Charles, the father of Napoleon, an advocate of considerable reputation, married his mother, Letitia Ramolini, a young woman eminent for beauty and for strength of mind, during the civil war— when the Corsicans, under Paoli, were struggling to avoid the domination of the French. The advocate had espoused the popular side in that contest, and his lovely and high-spirited wife used to attend him through the toils and dangers of his mountain campaigns. Upon the termination of the war, he would have exiled himself along with Paoli; but his relations dissuaded him from this step, and he was afterwards reconciled to the conquering party, and protected and patronised by the French governor of Corsica, the Count de Marbœuff. It is said that Letitia had attended mass on the morning of the 15th of August; and, being seized suddenly on her return, gave birth to the future hero of his age, on a temporary couch covered with tapestry, representing the heroes of the Iliad. -
H-France Review Volume 4 (2004) Page 248
H-France Review Volume 4 (2004) Page 248 H-France Review Vol. 4 (July 2004), No. 69 Rosemary Brindle, Trans. and Ed., Guns in the Desert: General Jean-Pierre Doguereau’s Journal of Napoleon’s Egyptian Expedition. Westport, Conn. and London: Praeger, 2002. xv + 200 pp. Maps, figures, notes, bibliography, and index. $79.95 U.S. (cl). ISBN 0-313-32512-X. Review by Maya Jasanoff, University of Michigan. Few episodes better portray Napoleon Bonaparte’s career in all its ambition, bravura, and farce than the 1798-1801 invasion and occupation of Egypt. Few, too, are as poorly served by scholarship. Compared with the reams of archival documents, memoirs, images, maps, military analyses, and works of history and fiction that together chronicle every step of Napoleon’s better-known exploits in central Europe or Russia, the campaign in Egypt and Palestine of 1798-99 has generated considerably less attention. It was, of course, a failure--on that much, surely its historians would agree--and some might say fiasco. Napoleon’s 36,000-strong Armée d’Orient landed in Alexandria on July 1, 1798, and took Cairo in the space of three weeks. But their rapid success was illusory. On August 1, Admiral Nelson demolished the French fleet at Aboukir Bay, leaving the Armée d’Orient effectively marooned. In Upper Egypt, meanwhile, French forces were harassed by the Mameluke commander Murad Bey; and in other parts of the country, the would-be occupiers were faced by popular uprisings, notably in Cairo in October, 1798. Perhaps to save face, Napoleon marched north into Palestine in the winter of 1799 and captured the port city of Jaffa in grisly style: thousands of Arabs were massacred, hundreds of French troops struck down by the plague. -
OARDC HCS 0641.Pdf (13.64Mb)
Ohio Grape-Wine Short Course 1994 Proceedings Horticulture Department Series 641 The Ohio State University Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Wooster, Ohio '- ~------_.--P-____________________________________ _. • T · H · E OHIO SD\1E UNIVERSITY ~-----------------~ Horticulture Department Series #641 April 1995 Proceedings of the 22"d OHIO GRAPE-WINE SHORT COURSE February 20 - February 22, 1994 - Cleveland, Ohio Edited by Roland Riesen Sponsored by Department of Horticulture- The Ohio State University In cooperation with Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Ohio Cooperative Extension Service Ohio Grape Industries Committee • Ohio Wine Producers Association With the contribution of Bonnie Franks Margaret Latta Lloyd Lemmermann Judy Stetson This page intentionally blank. PREFACE More than 150 persons attended the 1994 Ohio Grape-Wine Short Course, which was held at the Holiday Inn, Middleburg Heights, OH on February 20-February 22. Those attending were from 15 states, not including Ohio, and represented many areas of the grape and wine industry. This course was sponsored by the Department of Horticulture, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio Cooperative Extension Service, Ohio Wine Producers Association and Ohio Grape Industries Committee . • All publications of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center are available to all potential clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, creed, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, -
Fares Bozeid Moujaes
1 Fares Bozeid Moujaes At the time of the emara lfred woke up in the early hours of the day, as was customary for him. He Awore his dark gray striped suit and white shirt that bore his initials, and he sat on the porch on his caned wooden seat. He faced the garden and the Mamluk- style fountain, his back to the household through the entrance door, open as always. He sat there, as did the farm owners in his dear Louisiana on their rocking chairs on a hot day, passing the time and talking to the passersby. His wife, Najibeh, prepared coffee for him, a whole pot, which she placed in front of him with the small, cone-shaped cup that held small measures, enough for just one sip, or shaffeh as it is called. Of shaffehs he will have many, whether freshly brewed or cold, as he will sit there all day only moving to the dining table, the sufra, when called for lunch, which Najibeh dexterously prepares for her large family. Alfred never set foot in Najibeh’s kitchen, not that he couldn’t brew his own coffee, but she wouldn’t allow it. “Men should be served,” she would say and motion him off to his throne whenever he came close to suggesting he help himself. In the house, she laid down the law, to the extent that Alfred more than once suggested, “She should wear the pants.” Strong she was, yet she never deviated from the age-old social intricacies that reflected the conservative and patriarchal tendencies so prevalent in the Middle East. -
AAKASH PATEL Contents
History AAKASH PATEL Contents Preface. 1 1. Dawn of Civilization. 2 Mesopotamia . 2 Ancient Egypt . 3 Indus River Valley . 5 2. Ancient Europe . 6 Persian Wars . 6 Greek City-States. 8 Rome: From Romulus to Constantine . 9 3. Asian Dynasties. 23 Ancient India. 23 Chinese Dynasties . 24 Early Korea . 27 4. The Sundering of Europe . 29 The Fall of Rome. 29 Building a Holy Roman Empire . 31 Islamic Caliphates . 33 5. Medieval Times . 35 England: A New Monarchy . 35 France: The Capetians. 42 Germany: Holy Roman Empire. 44 Scandinavia: Kalmar Union. 45 Crusades . 46 Khans & Conquerors . 50 6. African Empires . 53 West Africa . 53 South Africa. 54 7. Renaissance & Reformation. 56 Italian Renaissance . 56 Tudor England . 58 Reformation. 61 Habsburg Empires . 63 French Wars of Religion. 65 Age of Discovery. 66 8. Early Modern Asia . 70 Tsars of Russia . 70 Japan: Rise of the Shogun. 72 Dynastic Korea . 73 Mughals of India. 73 Ottomans of Turkey. 74 9. European Monarchy . 76 Thirty Years' War . 76 Stuart England and the Protectorate . 78 France: Louis, Louis, and Louis . 81 10. Colonies of the New World . 84 Pilgrims and Plymouth . 84 Thirteen American Colonies . 85 Golden Age of Piracy . 88 11. Expansionism in Europe. 89 Ascension of the Romanovs. 89 Rise of Prussia . 91 Seven Years' War . 92 Enlightenment . 93 Hanoverian Succession. 94 12. American Independence . 96 Colonies in the 18th Century . ..