DOCSLIB.ORG

Andrés Meynard Pontificia Universidad Católica De

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Andrés Meynard Pontificia Universidad Católica De 1 PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS MENCIÓN ECOLOGÍA TESIS DOCTORAL GRADO DE ESPECIALIZACIÓN ECOLÓGICA Y FILOGEOGRAFÍA COMPARADA ENTRE EL HERBÍVORO ESPECIALISTA SCURRIA SCURRA Y SUS DOS ALGAS HOSPEDEROS EN LA COSTA CHILENA POR ANDRÉS MEYNARD Junio 2014 2 PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS MENCIÓN ECOLOGÍA GRADO DE ESPECIALIZACIÓN ECOLÓGICA Y FILOGEOGRAFÍA COMPARADA ENTRE EL HERBÍVORO ESPECIALISTA SCURRIA SCURRA Y SUS DOS ALGAS HOSPEDEROS EN LA COSTA CHILENA Tesis presentada a la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile como parte de los requisitos para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas mención Ecología POR ANDRÉS MEYNARD Directores de Tesis: Sylvain Faugeron y Juan Correa M. Comisión de Tesis: Claudio Latorre David Véliz Evie Wieters Junio 2014 i Agradecimientos Quiero comenzar agradeciendo el financiamiento que hizo posible esta tesis de parte de la Comision Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT, Chile), y el Núcleo Milenio (Centro de Conservación Marina). A mi tutor Sylvain Faugeron por su transmisión de conocimiento y rigurosidad en el análisis científico de datos. Igualmente agradezco el conocimiento transmitido y los comentarios en el momento preciso por parte de mi co-tutor, Juan Correa Maldonado. A mis compañeros de laboratorio, Fernanda Araujo y Gabriel Montecinos por su ayuda y siempre transmitir buena onda.A Gioconda Peralta por su ayuda técnica en Biología Molecular y su buena disposición. Agradecido igualmente de todos aquellos que me ayudaron en el trabajo de laboratorio y sobre todo enel muestreo en terreno, sin lo cual no podría haber recolectado datos. Es decir, agradecido de mis amigos y colegas de laboratorio Juan Luis Allendes, Loretto Contreras- Porcia, Anibal Contreras-Porcia, Tatiana Manzur, Renato Borrás, Daniela Thomas, Paula Ayerdi, Jessica Beltrán, Verónica Flores, Daniella Mella, Santiago Andrade, Pedro Sepúlveda, y Florence Tellier. Agradecido igualmente por la ayuda teorica y consejosdel Dr. David Véliz de la U. de Chile, y de la Dra. Fernanda Pérez de la P. Universidad Católica de Chile. Gracias igualmente a mis padres y amigos por su apoyo. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Agradecimientos...................................................................................................................... iii Table of contents......................................................................................................................iv Index of figures....................................................................................................... ...............vii Index of tables..........................................................................................................................x Resumen...................................................................................................................................xii Abstract...................................................................................................................................xiv CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1 1 Theoretical background on ecological specialization: Why are there so few specialist herbivores in marine environments? ................................................................................... 2 1.1 The specialist-generalist continuum in marine environments: ....................................... 2 1.2 Section I. Key concepts to define degrees of ecological specialization: ........................... 4 1.3 Section II. Main hypotheses on the origin of herbivore specialization in marine communities: ............................................................................................................................... 18 1.4 Biological model and main hypotheses of this thesis: .................................................... 24 2 Referencias:................................................................................................................. 29 CHAPTER II: ABUNDANCE AND DEGREE OF SELECTIVITY OF A SPECIALIST MARINE HERBIVORE CORRELATED TO AVAILABILITY OF MICROHABITATS OF SPECIFIC SHAPE AND INCREASING SIZE WITHIN ITS TWO HOST KELPS 38 1 Introduction: ............................................................................................................... 39 2 Material and Methods: ............................................................................................... 44 2.1 Study sites and data collection ....................................................................................... 44 2.1.1 Host selectivity: standardized degree of utilization according to host availability and structural complexity (Component 2 of ecological versatility) ................................................... 45 2.1.2 Relative performance in different hosts (Component 3 of ecological versatility) ........... 46 iii 3 Results: ........................................................................................................................ 47 3.1 Regional picture of component 2 ................................................................................... 47 3.1.1 Component 2: standardized degree of utilization according to host availability ............. 49 3.1.2 Component 2: standardized degree of utilization according to host structural complexity 51 3.1.3 Component 3: Relative performance in different hosts .................................................. 57 4 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 59 5 References: .................................................................................................................. 63 CHAPTER III:COMPARATIVE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF A SPECIFIC BUT RECENT ASSOCIATION BETWEEN A SPECIALIST MARINE HERBIVORE AND ITS HOST KELP IN THE SOUTHEAST PACIFIC COAST: CONCORDANT SPATIAL GENETIC STRUCTURES AND SIMILAR DEMOGRAPHIC TRAJECTORIES SINCE THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM. .................................... 69 1 Introduction: ............................................................................................................... 70 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................. 77 2.1 Sampling for COI and AFLP genotyping ...................................................................... 77 2.2 DNA extraction and COI amplification ......................................................................... 78 2.3 AFLP genotyping ........................................................................................................... 78 2.4 Population genetic analyses: .......................................................................................... 80 2.5 Phylogeographic inferences: .......................................................................................... 82 2.6 Correlation of pairwise population genetic distances between S. scurra and L. spicata: 83 2.7 Searching for loci under selection in S. scurra: ............................................................. 83 3 RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 84 3.1 Identification of the true number of S. scurra populations and degree of similarity with Lessonia phylogeographic structure: ......................................................................................... 84 3.1.1 Genetic diversity of S. scurra revealed by the COI and AFLP’s: ................................... 84 3.1.2 Population genetic structure of S. scurra and its host L. spicata: ................................... 87 iv 3.2 Evaluation of contrasting demographic scenarios since the LGM in S. scurra populations .................................................................................................................................. 93 3.2.1 Reconstruction of the effective population sizes of S. scurra clusters using the COI: .... 93 3.2.2 Simulations of Biogeographic scenarios for S. scurra and L. spicata populations since the LGM: 95 3.3 Correlation of pairwise population genetic distances between S. scurra and L. spicata 101 3.4 Searching for loci under selection in S. scurra inhabiting L. spicata or D. antartica: . 103 4 DISCUSSION AND PERSPECTIVES: ....................................................................104 4.1 Common phylogeographic structure in S. scurra and its host kelp ............................ 104 4.2 Shared demographic history between S. scurra and its host kelp ............................... 108 4.3 Role of selection in the genetic structure of S. scurra .................................................. 110 4.4 Comparative phylogeography of S. scurra and L. spicata ........................................... 111 5 References: .................................................................................................................114 CHAPTER IV: FINAL DISCUSSION .............................................................................122 1 Some logistic issues and perspectives in the study of ubiquity and ecological versatility ...........................................................................................................................123 1.1 Concepts previously developed for terrestrial systems as criteria to evaluate the degree of specialization in the marine environment: ..........................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 06-Hist.Nat. 77/2-Espoz
    PATELOGASTRÓPODOS INTERMAREALES DE CHILERevista Y PERÚ Chilena de Historia Natural257 77: 257-283, 2004 Los patelogastrópodos intermareales de Chile y Perú Intertidal limpets of Chile and Perú CARMEN ESPOZ1,3, DAVID R. LINDBERG2, JUAN C. CASTILLA1 & W. BRIAN SIMISON2 1Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile 2Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA 3Dirección actual: Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santo Tomás, Ejército 146, Santiago, Chile; e-mail: [email protected] RESUMEN En este estudio se entrega un sistema de clasificación que refleja las relaciones de parentesco, inferidas a partir del análisis de la región 16S de ADN mitocondrial, de los patelogastrópodos que habitan en la zona intermareal a lo largo de la costa rocosa de Chile y Perú. Además, se incluye el análisis comparativo de estos patelogastrópodos en relación con la estructura, la morfología y los patrones de color de la concha, los dientes de la rádula y la anatomía corporal. Adicionalmente, se entrega información respecto de la distribución y ecología para todos los miembros de este grupo. Los resultados muestran que la fauna Lottiidae de Chile y Perú consiste en al menos nueve especies de patelogastrópodos intermareales. Esto es, ocho especies de patelogastrópodos agrupadas dentro del clado monofilético Scurria (S. variabilis, S. zebrina, S. viridula, S. plana, S. scurra, S. araucana, S. ceciliana y una especie no determinada) y un “taxón problemático” asignado preliminarmente dentro del género Lottia (‘Lottia’ orbignyi). El grupo está presente entre los 5º S y 54º S, registrándose en los niveles intermareales superior, medio e inferior, desde zonas expuestas a protegidas del oleaje.
    [Show full text]
  • Asociación Scurria-Lessonia, Indicador De Integridad Ecológica En Praderas Explotadas De Huiro Negro Lessonia Berteroana (Ex L
    Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía Vol. 51, Nº2: 337-345, agosto 2016 DOI 10.4067/S0718-19572016000200011 ARTÍCULO Asociación Scurria-Lessonia, indicador de integridad ecológica en praderas explotadas de huiro negro Lessonia berteroana (ex L. nigrescens) en el norte de Chile Scurria-Lessonia association as an indicator of ecological integrity in exploited kelp beds of Lessonia berteroana (ex L. nigrescens) in northern Chile J.M. Alonso Vega1,2*, Cynthia M. Asorey1,2 y Nicole Piaget1 1Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Casilla 117, Coquimbo, Chile 2Programa de Doctorado en Biología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Católica del Norte, Casilla 117, Coquimbo, Chile. *[email protected] Abstract.- Scurria scurra is a patelogastropod inhabiting the stipes and holdfasts cavities of Lessonia nigrescens complex species forming a herbivore-kelp association highly specialized. It has been proposed that the exploitation of kelp beds of Lessonia berteroana in northern Chile is a disturbance that affects Scurria-Lessonia association such as ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) events. Considering the above, and the important ecological role that have kelps as foundation species, this study proposes the use of Scurria-Lessonia association as an ecological indicator to monitor the integrity of kelp beds of L. berteroana. To achieve this, the abundance and size structure of S. scurra in plants of L. berteroana was evaluated under 3 different types of conservation strategies of fishing resources: open access areas and management areas (with harvest), and marine protected areas (without harvest) in the Region of Atacama and Region of Coquimbo, Chile. In addition, we monitored the time of recovery post-harvest of Scurria-Lessonia association in an experimental site (Lagunillas, 30°S).
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded the Network and Metadata Provided in [41] and Compared the Clusters Found with Those Obtained
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/656504; this version posted December 24, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. functionInk: An ecient method to detect functional groups in multidimensional networks reveals the hidden structure of ecological communities December 24, 2019 Short Title Community detection in multidimensional ecological networks Alberto Pascual-García1, 2,* and Thomas Bell1 (1) Department of Life Sciences. Silwood Park Campus. Imperial College London, Ascot, United Kingdom (2) Current address: Institute of Integrative Biology. ETH-Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (*) Correspondence: [email protected]. Abstract 1. Complex networks have been useful to link experimental data with mechanistic models, and have become widely used across many scientic disciplines. Recently, the increasing amount and complexity of data, particularly in biology, has prompted the development of multidimensional networks, where dimensions reect the multiple qualitative properties of nodes, links, or both. As a consequence, traditional quantities computed in single dimensional networks should be adapted to incorporate this new information. A particularly important problem is the detection of communities, namely sets of nodes sharing certain properties, which reduces the complexity of the networks, hence facilitating its interpretation. 2. In this work, we propose an operative denition of function for the nodes in multidimensional networks, and we exploit this denition to show that it is possible to detect two types of communities: i) modules, which are communities more densely connected within their members than with nodes belonging to other communities, and ii) guilds, which are sets of nodes connected with the same neighbours, even if they are not connected themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Shell's Field Guide C.20.1 150 FB.Pdf
    1 C.20.1 Human beings have an innate connection and fascination with the ocean & wildlife, but still we know more about the moon than our Oceans. so it’s a our effort to introduce a small part of second largest phylum “Mollusca”, with illustration of about 600 species / verities Which will quit useful for those, who are passionate and involved with exploring shells. This database made from our personal collection made by us in last 15 years. Also we have introduce website “www.conchology.co.in” where one can find more introduction related to our col- lection, general knowledge of sea life & phylum “Mollusca”. Mehul D. Patel & Hiral M. Patel At.Talodh, Near Water Tank Po.Bilimora - 396321 Dist - Navsari, Gujarat, India [email protected] www.conchology.co.in 2 Table of Contents Hints to Understand illustration 4 Reference Books 5 Mollusca Classification Details 6 Hypothetical view of Gastropoda & Bivalvia 7 Habitat 8 Shell collecting tips 9 Shell Identification Plates 12 Habitat : Sea Class : Bivalvia 12 Class : Cephalopoda 30 Class : Gastropoda 31 Class : Polyplacophora 147 Class : Scaphopoda 147 Habitat : Land Class : Gastropoda 148 Habitat :Freshwater Class : Bivalvia 157 Class : Gastropoda 158 3 Hints to Understand illustration Scientific Name Author Common Name Reference Book Page Serial No. No. 5 as Details shown Average Size Species No. For Internal Ref. Habitat : Sea Image of species From personal Land collection (Not in Scale) Freshwater Page No.8 4 Reference Books Book Name Short Format Used Example Book Front Look p-Plate No.-Species Indian Seashells, by Dr.Apte p-29-16 No.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Geographic Variation in Diversity of Wave Exposed Rocky
    Revista Chilena de Historia Natural ISSN: 0716-078X [email protected] Sociedad de Biología de Chile Chile R. BROITMAN, BERNARDO; VÉLIZ, FREDY; MANZUR, TATIANA; WIETERS, EVIE A.; RANDALL FINKE, G.; FORNES, PAULINA A.; VALDIVIA, NELSON; NAVARRETE, SERGIO A. Geographic variation in diversity of wave exposed rocky intertidal communities along central Chile Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, vol. 84, núm. 1, 2011, pp. 143-154 Sociedad de Biología de Chile Santiago, Chile Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=369944297011 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative INTERTIDAL BIODIVERSITY IN CENTRAL CHILE 143 REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 84: 143-154, 2011 © Sociedad de Biología de Chile RESEARCH ARTICLE Geographic variation in diversity of wave exposed rocky intertidal communities along central Chile Variación geográfica de la biodiversidad en hábitats intermareales rocosos de Chile central BERNARDO R. BROITMAN1, 2, *, FREDY VÉLIZ2, TATIANA MANZUR2, EVIE A. WIETERS2, G. RANDALL FINKE2, PAULINA A. FORNES1, NELSON VALDIVIA1 & SERGIO A. NAVARRETE2 1 Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile 2 Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas & Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Along the coast of central Chile, geographic trends of diversity have been inferred from literature compilations and museum collections based on species range limits for some taxonomic groups.
    [Show full text]
  • 48 Supporting Information. Arboleda-Baena, CM
    839 Supporting Information. Arboleda-Baena, C.M; Freilich, M. A; Pareja, C.B; Logares, R; De la 840 Iglesia, R; Navarrete, S.A. Microbial communities network structure across strong environmental 841 gradients: How do they compare to macroorganisms?. Ecology 842 Appendix S4 843 Table S1. Strict habitat specialists to a specific intertidal zone, the p-value is shown. A) 844 macroorganisms species and B) microorganisms OTUs. Only significant value are presented. 845 A. Macroorganisms pvalu Intertidal Species Phyllum Class Order Family e Zone acanthopleura echinata 0.001 Low Mollusca Polyplacophora Chitonida Chitonidae chaetopleura peruviana 0.002 Low Mollusca Polyplacophora Chitonida Chaetopleuridae chiton granosus 0.001 Middle Mollusca Polyplacophora Chitonida Chitonidae chiton latus 0.024 Low Mollusca Polyplacophora Chitonida Chitonidae tonicia chilensis 0.001 Low Mollusca Polyplacophora Chitonida Chitonidae tonicia elegans 0.006 Low Mollusca Polyplacophora Chitonida Chitonidae fissurella costata 0.002 Low Mollusca Gastropoda Lepetellida Fissurellidae fissurella crassa 0.001 Middle Mollusca Gastropoda Lepetellida Fissurellidae fissurella limbata 0.001 Low Mollusca Gastropoda Lepetellida Fissurellidae fissurella maxima 0.049 Low Mollusca Gastropoda Lepetellida Fissurellidae fissurella puhlcra 0.048 Middle Mollusca Gastropoda Lepetellida Fissurellidae scurria araucana 0.001 Middle Mollusca Gastropoda Patellogastropoda Lottiidae scurria ceciliana 0.001 Middle Mollusca Gastropoda Patellogastropoda Lottiidae scurria variabilis 0.001 Middle
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Ecosystem Engineering by the Alien Ascidian Pyura Praeputialis on a Mid-Intertidal Rocky Shore
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 268: 119–130, 2004 Published March 9 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Marine ecosystem engineering by the alien ascidian Pyura praeputialis on a mid-intertidal rocky shore Juan Carlos Castilla1,*, Nelson A. Lagos1, 2, Mauricio Cerda1 1Center For Advanced Studies in Ecology & Biodiversity (CASEB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile 2Present address: Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santo Tomás, Manuel Rodríguez 97, Santiago, Chile ABSTRACT: Engineer species transform ecosystems due to their own growth, constitute an integral part of altered environments, and provide new habitats for other species, thus affecting biodiversity and the ecosystem. On rocky shores inside Antofagasta Bay (Northern Chile), the alien ascidian Pyura praeputialis, an engineer species, creates broad belts and dense 3-dimensional matrices that modify the intertidal habitat structure. In all, 116 species of macro-invertebrates and algae inhabit this habitat, compared with the 66 species inhabiting adjacent intertidal rocky shores which lack P. praeputialis. Of the 145 species recorded at the seascape scale (encompassing both mid-intertidal habitat), 55% were found exclusively in intertidal P. praeputialis matrices. Along the coastal gradi- ent, patterns in β-diversity emerge due to the addition of a new set of species to the community inhab- iting the P. praeputialis matrices and, to a lesser extent, from spatial turnover. We found differences in the shape of the species frequency distribution between the communities inhabiting the engi- neered and non-engineered mid-intertidal habitats. However, within the same habitat type, there was no difference in the species frequency distribution between functional groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Pareja, CB; Logares, R
    657 Supporting Information. Arboleda-Baena, C.M; Freilich, M. A; Pareja, C.B; Logares, R; De la 658 Iglesia, R; Navarrete, S.A. Microbial communities network structure across strong environmental 659 gradients: How do they compare to macroorganisms?. Ecology 660 Appendix S1 661 Table S1. Description of intertidal zone surveys of macroorganisms along sites in central Chile. 662 The majority of surveys took place in 2003 (321 surveys). Additional sampling took place in 2004 663 (124 surveys), 1999 (43 surveys), and 1998 (85 surveys). The surveys included 102 high intertidal, 664 267 mid intertidal, and 247 low intertidal quadrats. The study site for microbial zonation was 665 ECIMN, 33º 50’ S, 71º 63’ W. TOTAL SOUTH WEST SURVEYS YEAR LAT LONG SITE BY YEAR 1998 33.50 71.63 ECIMN 1998 33.50 71.63 ECIMN 1998 33.50 71.63 ECIMN 85 1998 33.51 71.63 LCRUC 1998 33.51 71.63 LCRUC 1998 33.51 71.63 LCRUC 1999 33.50 71.63 ECIMN 1999 33.51 71.63 LCRUC 43 2003 33.42 71.70 PTRLN 2003 33.43 71.71 PTRLS 2003 33.45 71.68 TABO 2003 33.49 71.64 SAL 321 2003 33.50 71.63 ECIMN 2003 33.51 71.63 LCRUC 2003 33.55 71.61 CART 2003 33.56 71.62 PELA 2003 33.59 71.62 SAN 2004 33.45 71.68 TABO 2004 33.50 71.63 ECIMN 2004 33.50 71.63 ECIMN 124 2004 33.51 71.63 LCRUC 2004 33.55 71.61 CART 2004 33.55 71.61 CART 666 34 667 Appendix S1 668 Table S2.
    [Show full text]
  • Intertidal Mollusks of Iquique, Chile
    INTERTIDAL MOLLUSKS OF IQUIQUE, CHILE By LOUIE MARINCOVICH, JR. NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM LOS ANGELES COUNTY SCIENCE BULLETIN 16 FEBRUARY 20, 1973 I:r INTERTIDAL MOLLUSKS OF IQUIQUE, CHILE 70*' 10' 7<T 11 -l°! -£°" 20„ IQUIQUE ANTOFAGASTA Location of Iquique in northern Chile INTERTIDAL MOLLUSKS OF IQUIQUE, CHILE By LOUIE MARINCOVICH, JR. NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM LOS ANGELES COUNTY SCIENCE BULLETIN 16 FEBRUARY 20, 1973 PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY The professional publications of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County include two series, Contributions and Bulletins. In the past, articles, monographs and catalogs in the fields of history and science have appeared under various headings-Co/i- tributions, Science Series, History Leaflet Series and unnumbered catalogs of exhibitions and collections. To simplify and to standardize matters, all professional publications of the History and Science Division of the Museum will now be issued at irregular intervals either as Contributions, or as Bulletins. The former will contain short, technical papers which may be occasionally gathered in volumes, octavo in size. The latter will contain longer, separate monographs and catalogs, usually quarto in size, although this will depend on the needs of the presentation. Papers in each series are to be numbered consecutively. These papers are original articles and studies based on the collections and work of the Museum, presenting newly acquired information and understanding in the fields of Anthro­ pology, Botany, Geology, History, Mineralogy, Paleontology, Technology and Zoology. GILES W. MEAD, Director Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County VIRGINIA D. MILLER Editor All communications concerning science manuscripts, exchange of science publications, and the purchase of science publications should be sent to the Editor, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential for Omnivory and Apparent Intraguild Predation in Rocky Intertidal Herbivore Assemblages from Northern Chile
    Vol. 361: 35–45, 2008 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published June 9 doi: 10.3354/meps07421 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Potential for omnivory and apparent intraguild predation in rocky intertidal herbivore assemblages from northern Chile Patricio A. Camus1, 2,*, Karen Daroch1, L. Felipe Opazo1 1Departamento de Ecología Costera, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Ssma. Concepción, PO Box 297, Concepción, Chile 2Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile ABSTRACT: We assessed the ingestion of animal items by 29 herbivore species of the most common invertebrates on rocky intertidal shores of northern Chile (21 to 30° S). Data were obtained from 4 communities sampled seasonally from winter 2004 to spring 2005. Gastric contents of 2671 individu- als were categorized into 143 food items, 42.7% of them corresponding to animal prey. All herbivores were polyphagous generalists, showing a moderate to high dietary overlap and suggesting the poten- tial for exploitation competition. Diet width and the proportion of animal items ingested per species were positively related with body mass, revealing a high potential for true omnivory among larger herbivores. Barnacles were the dominant prey item, followed by a suite of common intertidal animals, including herbivore species. The consumption of herbivores was defined as apparent intraguild (IG) predation, a framework that we used by analogy to describe pairwise interactions at a regional and community level. We recorded 29 IG predator–IG prey interactions, all of them asymmetrical (no re- ciprocal predation), and directed exclusively towards heterospecific IG prey, which in most cases were juvenile individuals that were taxonomically unrelated.
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonal Variability in the Population Structure of a Habitat-Forming Kelp
    1 Original Research to Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2 3 4 5 6 Seasonal variability in the population structure of a habitat-forming 7 kelp and a conspicuous gastropod grazer: do blue-rayed limpets 8 (Patella pellucida) exert top-down pressure on Laminaria digitata 9 populations? 10 11 12 Hannah F.R. Herewarda,b,c, Andrew Foggoa, Sarah L. Hinckleya, Joanna 13 Greenwoodc,d and Dan A. Smaleb* 14 15 a Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, 16 Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK 17 b Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, 18 Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK 19 c A Rocha UK, 18-19 Avenue Road, Southall, London, UB1 3BL, UK 20 d Lee Abbey Devon, Lynton, North Devon, EX35 6JJ, UK 21 22 23 24 *corresponding author: [email protected] +44(0)1752 426489 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Abstract 37 38 Kelp forests dominate wave-exposed rocky reefs along mid-to-high latitude coastlines. The 39 distribution and structure of kelp forests is determined by a range of physical and biological 40 processes operating across varying spatial and temporal scales. Many kelp forest systems 41 are strongly influenced by herbivory, and overgrazing by urchins, in particular, is a 42 recognised driver of kelp forest distribution and structure. The ecological significance of 43 herbivory by kelp-associated limpets, however, has received far less attention. We quantified 44 seasonal population dynamics of Laminaria digitata and the blue-rayed limpet Patella 45 pellucida on two rocky shores in North Devon, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Epibiont Communities on Stranded Kelp Rafts of Durvillaea Antarctica (Fucales, Phaeophyceae)—Do Positive Interactions Facilitate Range Extensions?
    DOI: 10.1111/jbi.13375 RESEARCH PAPER Epibiont communities on stranded kelp rafts of Durvillaea antarctica (Fucales, Phaeophyceae)—Do positive interactions facilitate range extensions? Boris A. Lopez 1,2 | Erasmo C. Macaya3,4,5 | Marcelo M. Rivadeneira1,6,7 | Fadia Tala1,8 | Florence Tellier9,10 | Martin Thiel1,4,6 1Departamento de Biologıa Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Abstract Catolica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile Aim: This study examines how rafting on floating bull kelps can shape the biogeo- 2Departamento de Acuicultura y Recursos graphic patterns of raft-associated species, and analyses the spatio-temporal variabil- Agroalimentarios, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile ity of taxonomic richness and co-occurrences of epibionts on beach-cast rafts of 3Departamento de Oceanografıa, Durvillaea antarctica along a latitudinal gradient. Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, ~ Chile Location: Southeast Pacific, along 1,700 km of coastline. 4Millennium Nucleus Ecology and Methods: We examined the epibionts on stranded individuals of D. antarctica on 33 Sustainable Management of Oceanic Island beaches along the continental coast of Chile (28° S–42° S) within four biogeographic (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile – 5Centro FONDAP de Investigaciones en districts during the winter and summer of two years (2014/2015 2015/2016). Tax- Dinamica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas onomic richness and co-occurrences of epibionts within a holdfast were examined. Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile Known geographic ranges and rafting ranges were compared to determine possible 6Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile range expansions via rafting dispersal. 7Departamento de Biologıa, Universidad de Results: Sessile species were the most frequent epibionts. Taxonomic richness var- La Serena, La Serena, Chile ied among biogeographic zones and seasons, and was higher between 33° S and 8Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo ° ° ° Tecnologico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de 42 S than between 28 S and 33 S, particularly in summer compared to winter.
    [Show full text]