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Higher Education in Asian Countries and the Role of International Organizations in Its Development : a Comparative Study Amjad Ali

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Higher Education in Asian Countries and the Role of International Organizations in Its Development : a Comparative Study Amjad Ali Higher education in asian countries and the role of international organizations in its development : a comparative study Amjad Ali To cite this version: Amjad Ali. Higher education in asian countries and the role of international organizations in its development : a comparative study. Education. Université de Bourgogne, 2011. English. NNT : 2011DIJOL014. tel-00665905 HAL Id: tel-00665905 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665905 Submitted on 3 Feb 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Higher education in Asian countries and the role of international organizations in its development: a comparative study by Amjad ALI 10 October 2011 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Ph.D. in Education Sciences at Institute of Research in the Sociology and Economics of Education (IREDU) University of Burgundy Research supervisor: Thierry CHEVAILLIER, professor of Education Sciences, University of Burgundy Jury Members Professor Georges HADDAD, Director of Education Research and Foresight (ED/ERF), Education Sector, UNESCO (Paris) Dr. Bernard HUGONNIER, Deputy Director of the Directorate for Education Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, OCDE (Paris) M. Alain MINGAT, Director of Research at CNRS, IREDU, University of Burgundy, Dijon France Professor Gilles ROUET, professor of Education Sciences at University of Reims- Champagne-Ardenne ii UNIVERSITÉ DE BOURGOGNE Institut de Recherche sur l'Education: Sociologie et Economie de l'Education (IREDU) THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l‟Université de Bourgogne Discipline : Science de l‟éducation Par Amjad ALI Le 10 Octobre 2011 L'enseignement supérieur dans les pays asiatiques et le rôle des organisations internationales dans son développement: une étude comparative Directeur de thèse Thierry CHEVAILLIER, professeur de sciences de l‟éducation, Université de Bourgogne Membres du jury Professeur Georges HADDAD, Directeur de la Recherche et de la Prospective en Education, UNESCO M. Bernard HUGONNIER, Directeur-adjoint, Direction de l‟éducation, OCDE. M. Alain MINGAT, Directeur de recherche au CNRS, IREDU, Université de Bourgogne Professeur Gilles ROUET, Professeur de sciences de l‟éducation à l‟Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne ii Dedicated to my parents Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................... I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................................... XI ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................................. XII ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 1 PRESENTATION OF THE RESEARCH ............................................................................................................... 8 1.1 RATIONAL ........................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 SETTING THE STAGE FOR RESEARCH .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.2.1 Purpose of the study .............................................................................................................................. 9 1.2.2 Why these three organization? .............................................................................................................. 9 1.2.3 Why study Asia? ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.4 Why do from 1990 to onward? ............................................................................................................ 10 1.2.5 Selection of the countries for the study ............................................................................................... 10 1.2.6 Research questions .............................................................................................................................. 11 1.2.7 Hypotheses for the study ..................................................................................................................... 11 1.3 MODEL AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................... 13 1.3.1 Model design ....................................................................................................................................... 13 1.3.2 Data and evidence ............................................................................................................................... 14 1.3.3 Data and difficulties: a true story ........................................................................................................ 14 1.3.4 Source of data and evidence ................................................................................................................ 15 1.3.5 Scope of the study ................................................................................................................................ 16 1.4 SETTING PARAMETERS ......................................................................................................................................... 16 1.4.1 Limitations of the study ....................................................................................................................... 16 1.4.2 Delimitations set to the study .............................................................................................................. 16 1.4.3 Presumptions ....................................................................................................................................... 17 2 REVIEW OF THE RESEARCH LITERATURE ..................................................................................................... 19 2.1 THE SUPPORTING EVIDENCE .................................................................................................................................. 20 2.2 IGOS’ IMPORTANCE IN THE SOCIETY ....................................................................................................................... 21 2.3 HIGHER EDUCATION: AN EMERGING SECTOR AND A FIELD OF STUDY .............................................................................. 23 ii 3 CONCEPTUAL WORK ................................................................................................................................... 27 3.1 DEFINING INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ............................................................................................................. 27 3.2 HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION: IGOS .................................................................................................. 29 3.3 CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ................................................................................................. 30 3.3.1 Classification on the basis of nature .................................................................................................... 31 3.3.1.1 Inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), ................................................................................................. 31 3.3.1.2 International non-governmental organizations (NGOs)............................................................................. 31 3.3.1.3 Multinational enterprises (MNE) ............................................................................................................... 31 3.3.2 Classification on the basis of membership ........................................................................................... 32 3.3.2.1 Umbrella organizations .............................................................................................................................. 32 3.3.2.2 Universal organizations .............................................................................................................................. 32 3.3.2.3 Intercontinental organizations ................................................................................................................... 32 3.3.2.4 Regional organizations ............................................................................................................................... 32 3.3.3 Classification on the basis of titles ....................................................................................................... 32 3.3.3.1 General terminologies ..............................................................................................................................
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