The Conception of Popularity The Conception in the Enlightenment of Popularity and Romanticism [ l e Günter O ester

a Abstr It can hardly be disputed that the theme of popularity is central to the Enlightenment. Popularity is the sociality equivalent to the individual appeal: ‘Dare to know.’ Parallel to this runs the following imperative: ‘Dare to encourage your neighbour and your fellow man and woman to think on their own – even though they do not belong to the erudite ct elite.’ It is also undeniable that Romantic authors and philosophers polemically attempt-

] ed to tear down the popularity project of the Enlightenment, their main criticism being its tendency towards mediocrity. It is less well known that Romantic authors and philoso- phers themselves, around the turn of the nineteenth century, made popularity their cen- t tral concern. To quote Friedrich Schlegel in the journal Athenaeum: ‘The time of popularity r

has come.’ This article explores the Romantics’ alternative conception of popularity, with an especial reference to Johann Gottlieb Fichte and the Grimm brothers. To this end, it is sl

helpful to reconstruct the background of the Romantic attempt to create an independent a ur a Zieseler ted by La concept of popularity: the debate between and the German popular philosopher Christian Garve on the necessity, possibilities, and limits of popularity...... Keywords Kant, Garve, Fichte, F. Schlegel, Grimm.

By choosing to view the constellation of the Enlightenment and Romanticism exclusively as a binary opposition, the range of each term is narrowed down con- siderably, while the complex relationship between continuity and discontinuity is reduced. Conversely, by underexposing the difference between the Enlighten- ment and Romanticism, one important finding can be easily overlooked: the in- sight into the selectivity of a paradigm shift around 1800. However, the following consideration may help to elude this predicament be- tween either narrowing down the focus by overstressing the differences between the Enlightenment and Romanticism or diluting them by underexposure: In conjunction with the call for independent thought and autonomy, Romanti- cism can be seen as the sometimes problematic attempt at a second, more radical Enlightenment. From such a perspective, Romanticism addresses the immanent contradictions, exclusions and dogmas of the first Enlightenment and tries to

Günter Oesterle, Emeritus Professor of modern German literature, Justus-Liebig University Giessen Aarhus University Press, Romantik, 02, 2013, pages 37-52 37

96473_romantik 2_.indd 37 19/12/13 09.29 19/12/13 09.29 - 3 The 2 [was soon made [was Through this collective appeal, the tenet of appeal, the this tenet collective Through 1 Among other things,Among other the shrill of popular the conception polemics against It is equally undisputed that the tried authors Romantic It is equally and philosophers Such a view of the constellation of the Enlightenment and Romanticism dis- Romanticism and theof the of Enlightenment constellation view a Such be disputed that popularityIt can hardly themes is one of the of the central ity within popular philosophy has led to both non-academics and academics and non-academics both to led has withinity philosophy popular than rather as and sinister exotic avant-garde, as elitist, labelling Romanticism article an of statement on popular by last the is exemplified view This popular. in the Lexikon der Aufklärungphilosophy of the Enlightenment]. [Encyclopaedia - vorneh der einen “neuen J. G. Fichte, sehr bald von ‘wurde philosophy Popular It says: in die Philosophie einführte’ überholt und seinen Schülern men Ton” the Enlightenment – that man has a universal capacity for rational thought – is thought rational capacity for – thatthe man has a universal Enlightenment and public in universal engage to everyone use. It is the call for practical put to expert if they lack , even Everyone of human society. about thereasoning affairs of so - regardless everyone studies; undertaken prolonged not or have knowledge think, to learn, to to given eager unafraid as long as they are or class, cial status experiencesobservation new and open to sharing and to them with others. Enlightenment’s conception of popularity is a universal concept with utopian Enlightenment’s popularity concept of conception is a universal tendencies. with regard deconstruct to popularity of thispolemically conception preferably It is those authors and philosophers philosophy. its specification in popular to the Enlightenment’s reproach conception this mainly on. They article will focus Friedrich quote To mediocrity. of popularity foster a tendency to with having ‘Der Ahriman Schlegel: des Zeitalters ist die Mediokrität;dürftenNicolai und Garve bis es ’ Matthison in der Nullität und WielandPoesie. für haben. Voß zur Religion dahin gebracht [The Ahriman is mediocrity; of that made it age arguably Garve and Nicolai have Matthison in nullity]. and Wieland poetry. did the same for their Voß religion. deconstruct them or at least to expand and complete them, thereby naturally them, naturally thereby deconstruct expandand complete them to or at least and exclusions. dogmas, new contradictions, its own creating hermeneutic-harmonic thetraditional from tances itself model of a ‘dialogue at it pays Instead, responses. and deals withof the questions ages’ merely which only Not the knowledge. of to attention polemic energies destructive, equal least been had which the address authorsdid Romantic questions philosophers and solutions, they also their own and suggest the by Enlightenment left unanswered in on the and taboos of the aporias zeroed Enlightenment. , exclusions, positively the con- boundaries to in order beyond that of go determined era to were They a perspective Such manner. idiosyncratic in a highly tinue the Enlightenment and forms achievements with of Enlightenment respective their different on two aporias The enables the and precision. historical modern distance create to reader of popularity a case in point of the- con tendency to Romantic problem provides deconstruction,tinue, through the Enlightenment. the to individual appeal: Popularity is theEnlightenment. ‘sociality’ equivalent – and it goes know] to ’ [dare zu bedienen Verstandes deines eigenen Mut, dich ‘Habe man fellow your and colleague neighbour, your encourage to Dare follows: as think to on their own. and woman

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96473_romantik 2_.indd 38 38 journal for the study of romanticisms 19/12/13 09.29 39 9 - 799: ‘die Zeit 1 he goes on to on to he goes 8 Correspondingly, Correspondingly, 6 Friedrich Schlegel In contrast to this to In contrast 5 10

11 , F. Schlegel had already had already Schlegel In Athenaeum, F. 7 that Europa the803 edition of his magazine philosopher Fichte 1 wurde wieder einmal elitär ‘wurde philosophy this to summary, According 4

[Such a procedure would be highly unnecessary with regard to Fichte’s work. Never Never unnecessary Fichte’s work. to be highly with regard would a procedure [Such presented Fichte as an important role model for popular philosophical writing. popular model for role as an important Fichte presented his intention ‘die Schriften declared des berühmten der so oftHaving Kant, über die ’ [to zu machen Umschrift seiner Darstellung verständlich klagt, durch Unvollkommenheit rewritethe - oftenhimself Kant, who texts thethe of deplores famous imperfec them intelligible], more make to tion of his descriptions, in order write ‘Über Philosophie’ in his essay [On Philosophy]: ’ [once again became elitist and anti-popular]. became elitist ’ [once again und antipopulär in thehe states ’ Form ‘für die literarische am meisten’ [currently interested most] ‘gegenwärtig was [in literary form] popularity. and hence in It seems obvious: DuringIt seems obvious: popularity Romanticism, as emotionally is at least during as it was the Enlightenment. and imperative charged Bei Fichte wäre ein solches Verfahren sehr überflüssig. Noch nie sind die Resultate nie sind Noch der tiefsten und sehr überflüssig. Verfahren ein solches wäre Bei Fichte Popularität fortgesetzten [worden]. Reflexion mit der ausgedrückt und Klarheit wie ins Unendliche großeseinziges dessen die WissenschaftlichkeitZiel der ist. Es interessant,. . mir Denker, ein dass hat, als irgendeiner seiner Gewalt mehr in Denken vielleicht Philosophie ist, das künstliche und der Mitteilung halte für die allgemeinste so begeistert diese auch sein kann. doch Ich seiner Vorgänger, und großen Sinne des Popularität für eine Annäherung im wahren zur Humanität der Philosophie um sein Geist auch es erinnert, leben, und so weit wo nur unter Menschen dass der Mensch Worts, greift, hierinsich soll. Er hat auch dahin wieder heimkehren seinen Willen mit eiserner am Ende doch in mit dem Leser, und seine neuesten Schriften durchgesetzt, Kraft Gespräche sind freundschaftliche Luther eines ’ Style dem treuherzigen, schlichten and virtuallyreflection been expressed infinite the of the profound results most have before . . . I find it intriguingwith popularity pur such whose sole major that a and clarity. thinker pose is the scientific nature of philosophy and whose mastery of abstract thinking probably probably thinking masterywhose and of abstract is thepose philosophy of nature scientific surpasses can nevertheless thatfor find enthusiasm of all of his predecessors the most humanity to approach I consider this common of messages. popularity be philosophy’s to men and that among us that in the live – reminding man can only truest sense of the word his mind far of how regardless their home to return company, he will always eventually, and his as well, his point in this regard make has been adamant to [Fichte] He reach. may with the thein reader trusting, Luther.] of friendly style plain texts are conversations latest obsolete by J. G. Fichte and his disciples who introduced a ‘new refined tone’ refined a ‘new into introduced disciples who and his J. G. Fichte by obsolete philosophy]. prejudice, Friedrich Schlegel formulates the following programmatic thought in thought programmatic Friedrich formulatesprejudice, the Schlegel following in himself and his brother the Athenaeum by published magazine writes: und die Philosophie unter die Men- ‘[I]st es die Bestimmung des Autors, die Poesie und für’s Leben und aus dem Leben zu bilden: so ist Popularität seine zu verbreiten schen Ziel’ [If it is the und sein höchstes author’serste Pflicht poetry create and to vocation them spread his fellow among to and in mind and with life life from philosophy aim]. men: then popularity duty and his highest is his first ’ [the’ Popularitätder popularitytime of ist gekommen come]. has 96473_romantik 2_.indd 39 19/12/13 09.29 - They were no were They 13 in communication, in the cir 12

journals), new ways and formats- of presenta alia journals), ways new 8th century, scholars started be criticised to scholars as pedantic. 8th century, 1 opular Philosophy and its Limits oncept of Concept of The Universal P - popular philoso of popularity by concept as conceived out the universal Sketching discussion of the the controversial to explosiveness with – predominantly regard phy Garve and Kant about the limits of popularitybetween within philosophy. Reconstructing of popularity this in which concept was the relentless, polemical way their- Ro extrapolate the – and to by authors Romantic and philosophers analysed mantic alternative. However, Romanticism only deserves to be called an attempt at a second En- a second at deservesattempt called an be only Romanticism to However, Thus, the structure of this article can be outlined as follows: . lightenment if it manages the Herculean task of popularisingthe an esoteric, Herculean manages if it avant- lightenment of thinking- autono and writing non-empirical way radical, as a more gardiste, of thinking. mous way longer supposed to educate themselves as specialists, but rather to practise ways ways practise to rather but as specialists, themselves educate supposed to longer economic theories, to ways urban and open communication. Parallel of elegant and of knowledge the circulation link and practise to in order created were of life of speaking and writing. of certain Ramdohr ways the know-how demands: ‘[D]ie sie haben, wo Gelehrten, Geister müssen Vereinigung-Punkte und die Künstler die schönen und zusammenkommen, und dabei laut sprechen und Hofleuten . . . besonders mit Welt- 2. 1 Even in its specific form within popular philosophy, the concept of popularity the concept form its specific in withinEven popular philosophy, one. This means thatduring it has become ef- is a universal the Enlightenment so untergeordneten’ [in des Lebens Kreise noch and left ‘in jedem auch its mark fective subordinate], matter how no life, of every sphere culation of knowledge, in the of thinking, habitus, in the writing, style culation of knowledge, and living. the liberate to was philosophy popular of achievement accentuating and first The of a business run and experts specialists by the ghetto from arts and philosophy this the led to Consequently, philosophy. scholarly by as it had been established philoso- moral to and metaphysics being shifted epistemology focus from empirical sciences and i.e. to aesthetics, and new anthropology, psychology, phy, experiences makes accessible popular philosophy Secondly, philosophy. worldly observation. socio-political merit for Its lasting methods have creating is to by in the artcultivated and multiple perspectives viewpoints of assuming multiple is and historiographical writing. essays, Its specific achievement conversations, art different of the i.e. of turning high of reasoning, and weighing the invention them parties. and that, scrutinised and of having A thisarguments many way by media (inter habitus, new new of writing as a tone and speaking (the as well so-called mediators tion and new the until then been reserved elite – they for which had only tone) conversational - become part model and tended to serveall came to knowl of common as a role the middle around emerged discipline, aesthetics, scholarly When a new edge. of the

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14 18 783, a it reaches 1 In this context, it is hard to In this to context, it is hard 21 alle Poesie soll volksmäßig that claims ‘alle Poesie Bürger Gottfried August 15 [e]in populärer Vortrag that Vortrag In his Logik, Immanuel Kant states [e]in populärer ‘ 19 sogleich alles unverschleiert, blank und bar, ohne blank und bar, alles unverschleiert, ‘sogleich when This is achieved

17 Popularität solle nicht sowohl die Gegenstände bezeichnen, welche welche die Gegenstände bezeichnen, The thesis sowohl ‘Popularitätnicht solle 20

[all kinds of poetic work ought to be popular], that be to is ‘den mehrsten aus al- ought work [all kinds of poetic 16 During the Enlightenment, popular philosophy gained greater gained currencyDuring popular philosophy the Enlightenment, Von der form its final in Garve’s793 – it obtains Von reasoning in his essay balanced verlangt über die logisch-begriffliche Deutlichkeit hinaus lebendige Bilder, Beispiele in con- Bilder, lebendige hinaus über die logisch-begriffliche Deutlichkeit verlangt a of logical and terminological’ [on top creto Deutlichkeit clarity, und also ästhetische and hence aesthetic examples concrete needs vivid images, popular disquisition clarity]. Verwirrung, in das Auge der Phantasie in das Auge springe the’ [everything Verwirrung, catches immediately and unconfused fashion]. reader’s simple bare, imagination in an unvarnished, 1 [On the popularity Garve of the and Kant’s disquisition]. Popularität des Vortrags in thisearlier article been stated (on has already what demonstrate letters two of popular philoso- the about achievement of abstraction) an intermediate level and authors held each that scholars the two of all, it is noteworthy First phy: - a slating public re occasioned by was exchange (the letter regard in high other [Critique Reason] of Kritik of Pure view and Kant’s Vernunft der reinen the call for glänzen können. Von dort aus geht dann der Stoff an Hof und Stadt, wird durchgeknetet Stadt, durchgeknetet wird und Hof an dort Stoff der dann geht aus Von können. glänzen and artists have für jedermannund zur Speise need to poets zubereitet’ [Scholars, with- cosmo foremost and first they grounda common . . . can convene where scintillate with and courtiers,politans and their theyfreely can speak and where there, the the of their courtmatters subject reach discussions From wit. the and kneaded and turned everybody]. they are where a palatable meal for into city, high-watermark in two letters exchanged between the rivals. Ten years later – in years the rivals. Ten between exchanged letters in two high-watermark overstate the that of the importance the fact Germanoverstate often popular philosophers and France. England towards the borders across looked Christian Garvethanks the and Immanuel Kant about to discussion between turnsdiscussion This - the Enlight thepopularityof limits within philosophy. and August In July an experimentalenment into playground. ‘Popular philosophy’ during the deepens and broadens during and broadens deepens the of Enlightenment philosophy’ age ‘Popular feasibility of a ‘Lebhaftigkeit on these reflecting the by ambitions der Darstellung’ of writing under a salient perspective way [vividness of depiction], i.e. a pointed dialogue between Erzählungund Dialog [distinction ’ zwischen ‘Unterscheidung a or and narration]. Such social gathering points existed in a plethora of variations. They ranged of variations. ranged gathering social They Such in a plethora points existed rural of and ex nobility - the circles to reading societies municipal reading from of their journalsscience popular via ideas thein changed emerging wake (mostly habits. general changing of aim similar a had which weeklies) morality English ‘dreams’ and ‘letters’, including freedom creative ‘Fictitious’ authorship provided of entertain union ‘anecdotes’ and thus of a happy the presented programme - ment and education. ’ [intelligible and pleasing to the’ [intelligible and pleasing to majority und behaglich of len Klassen anschaulich every class]. sein’ ’ [popularity ought not to to wie man sie behandelt’ [popularity not ought man behandelt, als die Art und Weise aims treated] they are in which the to the way but rather to objects treated, refer language. of an educated, common at the standard 96473_romantik 2_.indd 41 19/12/13 09.29 - 25 with a confession providing insight into into insight providing withconfession a 24 What makes those two letters genuine gems is gems genuine letters those two What makes 22 23 [I must also freely confess that I had not expected my text to be quickly and well well and quickly be text to expected my that not had I confess freely also must [I [I cannot completely deny . . . that the difficulties made [me] reluctant. I have to admit have . . . that the reluctant. I difficulties made [me] deny completely [I cannot the formidable sincerity with which the two scholars make references to the to state the references formidable make sincerity scholars with the which two in at thethey are time of writing, the they and including situation in which up to writing are with a journey). on (e.g. while his reluctance regard Garve confesses of Kant’s the nature and unintelligible to cumbersome text: Auch gestehe ich frei, dass ich auf eine geschwinde günstige Aufnahme Schrift günstige meiner zu An- gleich auf eine geschwinde dass ich frei, ich gestehe Auch der Materien, mehr als die ich der Vortrag war habe; denn zu diesem Zwecke gerechnet nicht fangs - gezwun Fasslichkeit der allgemeinen hatte, nicht durchgedacht hintereinander sorgfältig Jahre zwölf da wären, gewesen erforderlich Jahre einige noch als wozu worden, ausgearbeitet angemessen gen Geschäft ein so weitläufiges aus Furcht, vier bis fünf Monate brachte, zu Stande in etwa hingegen ich (da zunehmenden Jahre und meine selber zur Last werden endlich Zögerung, bei längerer mir, würde habe, im Kopf System das ganze jetzt noch der ich es mir, bin) möchten im sechzigsten jetzt schon ich machen unmöglich zuletzt vielleicht careful initially; I had given of the which since the subject matters received disquisition so that it could be com- been composed had not years than more twelve for to thought I instead additional years; several required have would – a task which understood monly endeavour fearing months, five a comprehensive to that such four it in just completed (see- age increasing long, and that if I hesitated too my become a burden eventually would writing the me from entire down prevent eventually old) may 60 years ing as I am already mind]. in my fresh is still as of now which system And Kant? He is the paragon of commitment: In his turn, is the those to paragon And Kant? He he responds - einer pünktlichen und gewissen deutliche Beweise geehrten ‘in ihrem Schreiben teilnehmenden Denkungsart’haften und einer menschlichen Redlichkeit [clear a punctual and conscientious integrity of proofs and a human, compassionate letter] revered of thinking in your way Ich will das nicht ganz von mir ableugnen . . . dass [ich] über den Schwierigkeiten . . . unwillig gewor . . . unwillig mir ableugnen über den Schwierigkeiten von [ich] . . . dass ganz will das nicht Ich sein, Wahrheiten, es müsse möglich glaubte, ich weil geworden; bin es zuweilen ich gestehe, den sei. Ich nicht des Nachdenkens Reformen sollen, denen welche in der Philosophie hervorbringen die wichtige zu machen verständlich sind, leichter ungewohnt ganz truths that be possible for to it had this the thatwas believed I because case; sometimes unac- entirely those not for intelligible more be made to reformingaimed at philosophy reflection.] to customed anonymous critic to reveal himself to the public). This makes the theof importance to himself makes public). This critic reveal to anonymous and clarity within However, transparency their understandable. argumentation is the authors’ aspect of those letters ap- admirable one particularly circumspect ‘Aber das ist auch judgements. and their their willingness own proach qualify to it opinion and this is my irrige eine meine Meynung vielleicht ’ [However, jetzt noch of formulate Garve on to his imperative writes going be mistaken], before may of popularity. the universality his life story as a scholar. his life

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29 ’ [prevailing taste taste dieses Zeitalters’ [prevailing him, the to Geschmack ‘herrschende According - regard it can be said that and considerations in his reasoning In hindsight, Despite his confidence confidence his Despite popularitythat of areas gain in difficult will ground In his multi-tiered reply, Kant first acknowledges the legitimacy of a call for for of a call the legitimacy acknowledges Kant first reply, In his multi-tiered [D]as Schwere in specula- ‘[D]as Schwere support an endeavour: really such of the does not age] the present difficult ’ [to zu machen) leicht (nicht vorzustellen als leicht Dingen tiven them)]. simplify to (not way in a simple matters of speculative nature ing both theing both necessity and the virtually insurmountable a achieving difficulty of points of departure. new The many Kant does offer truly ‘popular’ philosophy, Kant’s endorse of Romanticism authors and philosophers diagnosis Zeitgeist that has in the of empirical knowledge area of judgement power general an increasing thought in speculative number of people interested in the low resulted already Kant’s Friedrich to returns Schlegel on Forster, In his essay lower. becoming even für je- ‘nicht proper] Philosophie’ [philosophy that statement ‘eigentliche sceptical everybody]. dermann for sei’ [is not philosophy, Kant, having weighed all options, still remains sceptical with regard with regard sceptical remains still options, all weighed Kant, having philosophy, of the ‘geschmackvolleren theto attention level ence]. popularity although he deems it to be absolutely unobtainable when it comes to it comes to when popularity unobtainable be absolutely it to he deems although the principlesunfolding of epistemology. ’ [for a certain ‘eine Zeitlang’ [for time]. state] Rohigkeit rough gewissen ’ [in a somewhat hopes that theHe afterwards author ‘explain’ popularise and himself may his a ‘vereinte and with the (through piece, in detail help of others piece by work Bemühung’ [common effort]) so that the ‘erste Betäubung effect] ’ [initial stunning Sprache, Begriffe ungewohnter ungewöhnlicheren und einer noch ganz ‘[die] eine Menge - unfamil of quite a plethora by ’ [engendered wird musstehervorbringen . . . verlieren (an argument will subside] . . . language unfamiliar more iar termsand an even [On ‘Über Unverständlichkeit’ essay his in to return Friedrichwould Schlegel unintelligibility]). of an entirely new system (which cannot avoid introducing new terminology) new to introducing avoid cannot (which system new of an entirely ‘als Ganzes’ the present system initially licence to be given Embedded in this mutual tone of considerate conversation, there neverthelessis conversation, thisin considerate Embedded of tone mutual wirklich es wenn Systems, Ihres Ganze das dass ‘ call plain and Garve’sunequivocal enthält, es Wahrheit müsse, und werden ausgedrückt soll, populärer werden brauchbar in demselben durchaus welche die neue Sprache, könne; und dass werden ausgedrückt auch die Ausdrücke in welchen so großenherrscht, verrät, der Zusammenhang Scharfsinn auch oft doch die in der Wissenschaft Reform worden, selbst vorgenommenen derselben gebracht sie als größer machen noch erscheinen den Gedanken anderer, von oder die Abweichung popular in a more be expressed to system of your the entirety sind’ [for wirklich be possible as long as it to ought use – which be put to should it really manner, perspicacious truth;contains however this of and that system, the language new reform the or the its terms context which in the used, often are scholarly makes than are]. of the they actually ideas appear larger expressed idiosyncrasy ’ [sand desert] of speculative thought, the Romantic philosophers set ‘Sandwüste the’ [sand desert] thought, set philosophers Romantic of speculative 96473_romantik 2_.indd 43 19/12/13 09.29 - In doing 36

For his part, For the 32 opularity opularity [extraordinary conclusions and conclusions [extraordinary 33 [On the[On Popularitätder Vortrags des Von das allmähliche Verfertigen des Verfertigen them, ‘das allmähliche For 35 793), Garve reflects on exceptions from popular from 793), Garve on exceptions reflects 1 34 nlightenment and the During the Late Enlightenment and the Presentation of a Romantic Alternative Criticism of the Conception of P ’ [separated] has been ‘getrennt’ [separated] if this Only invention connections of thought]. form subjective the des ersten merely Erfinders’ [from Form der bloß subjectiven ‘von ’ and ‘abgeschliffen ‘gesäubert’ [cleaned] the by originalit had been given inventor], [objective] ‘objektiv’ made and de-individualised been has it once i.e. [polished], way in a popular can be presented afterwards in a common effort, this invention [el- ’ Geschmeidigkeit ‘ more and [with’ practicality] more größerer‘zu Brauchbarkeit egance]. ’ [the gradual development of thought] – i.e. genetic speaking and writspeaking and - i.e. genetic – thought] of Gedankens’ [thedevelopment gradual theory, In terms of creative popularity. to ing becomes one of the possible roads mehr Eigenheit ‘unserer if we be obtained can only Garve that concedes innovation - ge wird kümmer[n]. Die Denkkraft um das Publikum wenig und daher sich nachgebe[n] Gedanken deut- unsere Bemühungen angetan und unsere wird: ihr Zwang wenn schwächt, and in turn our individuality to room more ’ [give ist eine Art zu machen, Zwang lich of thought:and the power little weakens care only about theCoercion audience. clarify It is to our effortsthis concession a kind of coercion]. are our thoughts the of in- that predicament the solve authors Romantic pounce upon in a bid to that on Lessing, Friedrich suggests In his essay Schlegel and popularity. novation in informing the Mitteilung’ [interest public] should be all ‘Interesse der öffentlichen of authors) fuels the in exclusive vanity case merely abandoned (since it in any of the of the of public interest. study matter itself, irrespective favour themselves the Herculean task of presenting the difficult nature of speculative the of speculative task of presenting nature difficult the Herculean themselves them). simplifying to (as opposed manner simple in a matters This separation of genesis and validity, of the ‘dark workshop of thinking’of and workshop theof ‘dark validity, and genesis of separation This the - Roman provokes presentation, and work theprofessional of result, polished the a dissociation authors, Romantic such To tics’ critical and polemic energy. aufhört, der Geist Innovation der and popularisationof innovation (‘Wenn kann die Popularisierung beginnen’ [popularisation the begins where spirit of innovation popularityof in- mere a good the to degraded is high how to witness bears ends]) veil. and a rhetorical strument, a vehicle ity and the ensuing efforts of reintegration necessary for his universal call for ity and the call necessaryreintegration ensuing efforts of for his universal An inventor is as follows: His argumentation met. popularity be eventually to individual point highly assume his own, to since he is forced be popular cannot Rather, needs he knowledge. the established of grain against that goes view of of ‘common sense’ arrive himself outside the position to to box in order ‘un- at ’ und Ideenverknüpfungen Folgerungen gewöhnliche popular philosopher Garve revisits the difference between the genesis and and genesis en- the the between the Garve philosopher popular difference revisits theory aspect of creative an of thought, system Kant had of a new suing validity essay his In letter. response his in addressed popularity ( of the disquisition]

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- 37 According to Fichte, Fichte, to According 45 to note: ‘Die Popularität note: to 40 Forster’s work is marked by by is marked Forster’s work 39 It is hard to overstate the importance overstate to It is hard 42 - in soci role-model as a leading presented is scholar The 44 He did so by liberating the listeners and readers from their sub- from and readers the listeners liberating did so by He 41 43

ins Rad the of history]). der Zeit’ [changing course 38

Academics have asserted on the the of Fichte’s importance disquisitions have Academics In his essay on Forster, Friedrich Schlegel revisits Kant’s Friedrich revisits observasceptical Schlegel - on Forster, In his essay Fichte’s disquisition ‘Über die Bestimmung des Gelehrten’ the ‘ÜberBestimmung die imagi- caught Fichte’sdisquisition ety. His analytical diagnosis His analytical design of the enables him to present action-changing ety. or accumulating knowledge of merely the instead with to future, a view options of ‘Eingreifen speaks (Fichte perspective it and putting it into re-organising at best gewaltig [Vocation of the scholar] for Schlegel’s concept of a ‘ge concept Schlegel’s of the for scholar] Bestimmung des Gelehrten [Vocation sellschaftlichen Schriftstellers ’ [social author]. tion that difficult at the was of thought popularisation systems of speculative gives Schlegel the it to fine arts. apply to the Simultaneously, and proceeds time, of popularityterms in the spin to power of fine arts and productive a positive theas labour. of division of result he regards which philosophy, speculative and a decidedly of what as an example Forster this Georg position, he presents From - the contends that, microl unlike Schlegel look like. ‘social’ popular author may mocks Schleiermacher rather or characterises (which ogy of popular philosophy philosophy]) as ‘Anmerkungsphilosophie[annotative ’ [ist] ganz eigentlich Prinzip der Autorschaft eigentlich ’ [In essence, popularity[ist] ganz is the principle of authorship]. the far-sighted and globally-oriented author’s termsfor find concrete ability to the far-sighted and virtue. Thus, Friedrich experience urbanity, vision, entity and detail, and reasons legal and forward-looking has valid Schlegel so, i.e. by capturing the matter in a most individual manner, the in author may capturing themanner, individual so, i.e. by in a most matter Certainwriting of recipient. styles his potential turn lend themselves captivate the example essay: ‘Der Essay for inspiration– reciprocal such to well particularly für jeden des Autors innerer ein auch und des Lesers und Galvanismus ist wechselseitiger ein machen, Motion soll Er – Zuckung. und Lähmung zwischen Wechsel systematischer allein; - gal befördern die Agilität is a reciprocal ankämpfen, ’ [The essay Gicht die geistige gegen every for an inner galvanism as as well the author and the reader, between vanism is – It twitching. and paralysis between change a systematic on their person own; agility]. battle to of ossification to encourage mind, the motion, cause meant to Tendenz unseres Zeitalters,unseres alle Friedrich diagnosesAs a consequence, a ‘Tendenz Schlegel into thought all scholarly cast to Wissenschaften’ [tendency of our age zu essayiren essays]. ordinate position and ‘constructing’ them as future, forward-looking recipients position and ‘constructing’ recipients ordinate them forward-looking as future, with the author. footing on an equal and ground-breaking It was and listeners. readers nation of his contemporary had hitherto what of as static since it transmuted been conceived formative new, producing of capable transformation knowledge dynamic into knowledge future-orientedideas. of Fichte’s contribution to the conceptualisation of Romantic popularity. For For of Fichte’s contribution popularity. of Romantic the to conceptualisation of the the asymmetrical communication structure pitfalls has removed Fichte the expert from transfer with top-down its linear popularity, in inherent usually theto layman. 96473_romantik 2_.indd 45 19/12/13 09.29 - 50 ma- - success a is Loreley . This conviction is clearly clearly is conviction This lux. fiat [root of their lives]. Since these of their lives]. [root 46 Clemens Brentano’s Clemens 51 it takes an equally new, visionary listener new, an equally it takes 47 This is the source of the Romantic concept of the This is the concept Romantic source 48 [the continues: point of the He scholar’s completion]. 49 and reader which theconstructs authorwhich priori’‘a reader and Fichte - (re which style a and – and intentionally. willingly be created cannot of all effort) essentially gardless ihr ergrif ‘in den von realisation description of how - an elaborate provides Fichte the up in - indi ’ [wells . . . hervorbricht besessenen Menschen und als Eigentum fenen possesses]. and viduals it captures ideas are entirely new and futuristic, they cannot possibly be accounted for by by for be accounted and futuristic, possibly new they cannot entirely ideas are experience and observed accordingly; ticularly in the genres of the in the song, the genres fairyticularly tale and the With saga. its reflections texts, the of existing ’ [imagination and re-imagination] on theAn- und Umbilden ‘ from images impressive novel, Mythology’ create to seeks of a ‘New conception legendaryand topics. myths traditional This is not a description of simple intuition. Only at the conclusion of a complex at the of a complex intuition. Only conclusion a description of simple This is not deduction can the incremental licence and themethodical, commandment of an be formulated. It is the populari image evidential aim of every call for Romantic - polemics and in poetry in par – in philosophy, images evidential such create ty to Wenn der Philosoph eine Idee in allen ihren einzelnen Bestandteilen einzelnen in allen ihren Schritt der Philosoph eine Idee für Schritt . . . so zerlegt Wenn das zum Beschlusse noch Mitteilung. . . . Gelingt es ihm nun etwa der methodischen den Weg er geht - durch Blitz ein wie es der fassen, zu Lichtstrahl absolutenseiner in Ganze einzigen einen in Einheit oder Leser ergreife, dass er ausrufen und abgesondert Hörer hinstelle,leuchte und jeden verständigen ein: so ist es mit einem Male dies die Darstellung der so ist es, jetzt sehe ich müsse: ja, wahrhaftig, den oder die Darstellung desselben durch unmittelbaren Anschaulichkeit, in ihrer Idee aufgegebenen step, by Witz [By dissecting an idea step direkten, den oder positiven durch Witz: und hier zwar the path information.the of methodical . . . If then,- philosopher follows upon conclud of he succeeds in capturing ray that idea in its absolute entity as in a single ing his work, it apart listener every intelligent setting and moving lightning, illuminating it like light, cry sense: then, to thisand reader it all makes has been idea out: indeed, this is it, now yes wit]. wit: or positive direct or through that is, through in its immediate clarity, presented scholars ought to create and ‘construct’ and create - to ‘ge thoughts ought forward-looking and scholars new ’ seines Lebens the inner ‘Wurzel from netically’ of popularity, the‘der Gelehrte ‘point’ in den of popularity, übergeht in Fichte’s words, at which, des artist], ‘[der] Punkt der Vollendung ’ [the a liberal becomes Künstler scholar freien Gelehrten’ ful, popular attempt to relocate the Siren myth from Greek mythology to the to mythology Greek from the myth relocate Siren to ful, popular attempt Grimm’s popularityof the concept Brothers theBy token, same legend. Rhine Fichte’s, these do images unlike Obviously, images. use of evidential also makes the theirto ‘simplicitas pathos, closeness spring from but rather high not from fairy the poetic this perspective, jestatis biblical texts. From reserved for ’ usually neitherit need does uncontroversial; its existence necessary, tale is self-evident, others convince to in order rhetoric nor is it necessary be defended, employ to to evidence: its provides existence Its value. its of Grimm’s the to the fairy Brothers prologue from tales: ‘Wir a quote witnessed by Mei- entgegengesetzte gegen rühmen oder gar nicht Sinne diese Märchen in gleichem wollen

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96473_romantik 2_.indd 46 46 journal for the study of romanticisms 19/12/13 09.29 47 This is based Rumpelstilzchen 53 The connection 54 In the case of the brothers Jacob and Jacob In the theof case brothers 52

nung verteidigen: ihr bloßes Dasein reicht hier, sie zu schützen. Wer so mannigfach und so mannigfach Wer schützen. sie zu hier, Dasein reicht ihr bloßes nung verteidigen: in sich seine Notwendigkeit und belehrterfreut, neuem bewegt hat, trägt von immer wieder betaut Leben alles die gekommen, Quelle the [By ’ ewigen jener aus istund gewiss same them glorify intend to against these alone defend fairy do not tales, let we token, Things protected. sufficiently they their are existence by opposed opinions: mere the heart move and men of joy, spread ways many so in and again and time which spring necessity and surely inherent from their own educate their minds have that thenourishes source same all life]. on a highly speculative (and as we now have come to learn to come untenable) historically have now (and as we speculative on a highly der Berührungen verlorengegangener fruitful poetically supposition of ‘geheimer, yet points of contact Herkunft long-lost mythischen ’ [arcane, mit der eigenen Märchen the fairyorigin]. tales and one’s mythological between own between the the Brunhilde the song of the and from tale of Nibelungen between myth nevertheless, historical the basis whatsoever; formi- any Sleeping Beauty lacks natural is derived from of man and nature awakening dable depiction of the slow and complex a highly was images evidential Romantic for The quest philosophy. writing and interplay between by an elaborate was marked It artificial endeavour. mo- means to use of inter-medial an exhaustive as by as well tradition, the oral of the example, tale the image final thebilise For imagination. at rage the fury, of utter thechannel affect to an attempt is [Rumpelstiltskin] manner: of one’s schematic one cipher in a haptic, the identity into revelation the a deep hole into ground, and stomps Rumpelstiltskin Besides itself with rage, apart, pull- with suddenly far it thenstanding its legs spread in half by itself tears part but lore, is not of the image traditional leg. This evidential ing up its other Grimm. the by Brothers the employed of therather result style summarise: popularity Romantic is constructed the of predominance from To the of an witty evidence in public opinion, from interest over interest scholarly visions of the new fu- embrace to ready a recipient from intellectual perspective, theof and histori- theof knowledge of dynamics aware is who recipient a ture, in communication horizons. of popularitycal change conception The Romantic - ‘und so ist Popu Müller states Adam of intentional conveyance. kind any refuses Vorsatz, und ohne irgendeinen larität als der notwendige, anderes Sinne nichts im echten wissenschaftlichenaller künstlerischenund - Wirksamkeit Bewe Geistder innewohnende ’ [in its truest sense, popularity else gung und des Fortschreitens nothing is therefore which and progress spirit intent-free of movement completely but the necessary, popu- targeting tone polemical The artistic and work]. scholarly all to inherent is - miss in this to observation: hoch is hard ‘Bei dem misslingenden, lar philosophers der Egoismus flache der begünstigt als gerade der Autoren nichts wird Herablassen mütigen Deshalb habe alles Wissen eine persönliche und Scheinwissen. ihr Scheinleben Zeitgenossen, gemütlich, aus Hause nur von sei es – Mark und Gestalt,Fleisch Leben, ein unabhängiges und ergreifen wachsen selbst schon das heißt künstlerisch: von und es wird das heißt, kräftig, und befruchten’ [With condescension, the authors haughty benefit their failing, Wilhelm Grimm, a certainty images. such evidential derived from 96473_romantik 2_.indd 47 19/12/13 09.29

- 56 ’ Verallgemeinerung As noted by Knigge in Knigge by noted As 60 [to level out all kinds of education kinds out all level [to 58 This nearly fanatic acridity fanatic becomes all too This nearly 63 Two quotes epitomise this epitomise attitude: ‘Das ist es eben, quotes Two 62 The mercilessness, relentlessness, and acridity The mercilessness, of Romanticism its methodical tendency ‘alle einzelnen Bildungsarten its methodical abzuschleifen

61 57 59 55 ’ [particular moderation] by insisting on the insisting middle course by ’ [particularMäßigkeit moderation] Starting from here, the of popularity here, the alternativeStarting to conception from of the This article could be concluded at this point. In that case, however, we would would we This article at this could be concluded point. In that case, however, ’ [of the der Wege der absoluten Entgegengesetztheit ‘von speaks Schlegel when obvious - Tenden verschiedene ursprünglich zwei diametric ‘Es giebt opposition of directions]: Enlightenment becomes all too obvious – with obvious its ‘tötenden all too becomes Enlightenment [Poetry and truth],[Poetry Johann und Wahrheit of Dichtung volume ance. In his seventh the mediocrity translated Goethe of the popular philosophers, von Wolfgang - Ac perspective: and non-pejorative a neutral to Romantics, much-maligned by support to of the was a popular philosophers him, the to achievement cording ‘besondere the as all opinions right way. toward on tolerance and pass up the opportunity to discuss the controversial and problematic nature of nature problematic and pass up the opportunity discuss the to controversial dogmatism. a short of popularitythe as its new Hence, concept Romantic as well alternative of both concep- centre addendum. The habitual and socio-political tions of popularity on toler examining stances can be located by their respective wovon man nicht wissen will in diesem artigen Zeitalter, wo der Mensch und die Tugend und die Tugend der Mensch wo wissen will in diesem artigen Zeitalter, man nicht wovon sind, dass die gefallen Conversationston und alles in einen so glatten und geschmeidigen no-one darf sein what precisely is unhöflich [This und ’ unwahr selbstlieber Wahrheit man and virtue in which and everything age have about in thiscares well-behaved that tone the truth conversational itself and elegant a smooth in such been clad be untrue rather may and impolite]. [On human relations], ‘Über [On human relations], mit Menschen of his Über den Umgang the chapter last Schriftsteller zwischen und Leser’ [On the between relationship das Verhältnis and the a certain also included author composure and the this reader], tolerance ­ the ‘Unsitt in terms toward writing veer of tolerance as long as they did not styles, ’ Boshaften ‘ ’ [harmful]’ [immoral], and ‘Unsinnigen lichen ’ [malicious], ‘Schädlichen [nonsensical]. nothing but the shallow egotism of their contemporaries, their pseudo-lives and their theirof pseudo-lives contemporaries, egotism thebut nothing shallow a personal have to ought all knowledge is why That their pseudo-knowledge. in its nature, that to be jovial needs it only flesh and bone – of its own, guise, a life and fertilising that and become captivating is artistic: it will grow and is, strong, itself].all by und auf den mittleren Durchschnitt zu bringen ’ Durchschnitt den mittleren und auf - to tendency with its stylistic the – and by same token, theto medium average] : entitled Der Patriot weekly’ a ‘moral from quote is – to which mediocrity, wards hoch zu niedrig, zu und Ungelehrten die für Gelehrten die für noch schlecht zu ‘Weder und unbegreiflich, sondern for ’ [neitherverständlich jedermann worthless low too and but intelligible non-scholars, for unfathomable or sophisticated nor too scholars everyone]. for [destructive generalisation], i.e. with its erosion of the i.e. with individual in the its erosion name generalisation], [destructive of objectivity, - re which of popular philosophy tolerance at this random aimed precisely are bad] from ’ [good ‘Gutes strictly Schlechtes und ’ [to fuses ‘streng separate] zu scheiden be it in opinion or in style.

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65 It is only only is It 64

against this background that we can understand why Schlegel tends to transfer transfer tends to Schlegel why can understand that we this background against guten‘dem Prinzipbösen und theZoroastrian battleand the [the’ between evil good ‘Ahriman’to the mediocrityprinciple] of as embodied in the of era. that figure zen im Menschen, die aufs Endliche und Unendliche, also nicht bloß eine Verschiedenheit des bloß eine Verschiedenheit also nicht Unendliche, und aufs die Endliche zen im Menschen, der Wege, sondern absolute Entgegengesetztheit und Laster, Tugend von Nuancen Grades, tendencies different basic, two are ’ [There freisteht zu wandeln Menschen die es jedem –the infinite that theothertowards finite and the – one towards in mankind terms in of different the degree or merely virtue of nuances the not is, and sin, take]. to free is diametrica but theof opposition everyone directions The dogmatic implications of thisThe dogmaticbe obvious. polemics should implications 96473_romantik 2_.indd 49 19/12/13 09.29

. 1 111 . 11 872), 1 (Berlin und 788 (Berlin 989), 4 1 1 40. Cf. Christoph 747- 1 1 , 1 - (Stutt 796], ed. Kurt Wölfel 1 792). 989), 63, 65, and 1 1 - Populärphiloso ed., 796), in Wölfel, 1 902), 62. 793 and 1 1 , ed. Ernst 806, in Kritische Friedrich-Schlegel-Ausgabe 1 803),. (Darmstadt:803),. - Wissenschaftliche Buchgesell 1 783, Briefwechsel in Kant’s , vol. 995), 326. 1 . 796- 1 47. 1 1 1 963), 228. Henceforth abbreviated as K.A.963), 228. Henceforth abbreviated 1 3 July 3 July 1 968), 1 ), 557. 1 799), 2. vols. (reprint, Dortmund:799), 2. vols. Bernhard Sorg, 1 97 1 8. Jahrhunderts (Stuttgart: Metzler 1 039. . 1 1 974), 34. 974), 1 ningh, oningh, Sch F. 8 (München: 987), 730. 1 1 Athenaeum, 406. 922), 33 . 973), 54. 1 7. 1 11 1 3. 1 967), 500. Notes Christian Garve Immanuel Kant, to Werner Schneiders, ‘Popularphilosophie’, in Lexikon der Aufklärung. ‘Popularphilosophie’, Schneiders, , ed. Europa und Werner Deutschland Beck, C. H. (München: Schneiders Werner Friedrich Schlegel, ‘Ueber die Philosophie: An Dorothea’, in Athenaeum: Eine Zeitschrift August von Friedrich‘Ueber die Philosophie: An Dorothea’, Schlegel, ( Wilhelm und Friedrich Schlegel Philosophische Lehrjahre, FriedrichPhilosophische Schlegel, Ibid., 7 Ibid., und Ästhetik in Moralphilosophie Doris des Handelns: Ordnung Die Ästhetische Bachmann-Medick, des der Popularphilosophie Die Botschaft der Tugend: Die Aufklärung Martens, moralischen Die Botschaft der Tugend: der deutschen im Spiegel Wolfgang (Stuttgart: Metzler, Wochenschriften Wien: (München, , ed. Günter and Hiltrud Häntzschel Werke Sämtliche Bürger, Gottfried August C. Hanser, Kritische, Ästhetische und Philoso- Kritische, Ästhetische Müller, in Adam ‘Popularität und Mystizismus’, Müller, Adam Luchterland, Siebert und Berlin: (Neuwied and Werner Schroeder Schriftenphische , ed. Walter vol. der Philosophie, ed. J. Ritter, in Historisches Wörterbuch Ästhetisch’, ‘Aesthetik, Ritter, Joachim in Friedrich Unterhaltung’, Geselligen der Schönen Friedrich Ramdohr, ‘Kunst Wilhelm von der Sitten Künste, und der Schönen Natur, zur Kenntnis der Schönen Ramdohr, Studien Wilhelm von (Hannover, Dänemark auf einer Reise nach der Staatsverfassung (Berlin: L. Heimann, L. Heimann, (Berlin: 5 , vol. Werke in Sämmtliche Aufklärung’, ist Immanuel Kant, ‘Was ( der Popularität des Vortrages Christian Garve, Von Ibid., 4 Ibid., Philosophie für die Welt: Die Popularphilosophie der deutschen Spätaufklärung der deutschen Die Popularphilosophie Philosophie für die Welt: im ZeitalterBöhr, Kants 2003). (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frohmann-Holzboog, - Logik, in Gesammelte Schriften to Der Königlich-Preus 9 (Berlin: , vol. Immanuel Kant, Foreword Akademie der Wissenschaftensischen zu Berlin, Europa: Eine ZeitschriftEuropa: , ed. Friedrich ( Schlegel gart: Metzler, gart: Metzler, Popularphilosophische Christian to epilogue Garve, Popularphilosophische see Kurt Wölfel’s of ‘sociality’, the concept For Schriften und Gesellschaftliche Gegenstände Ästhetische [ über Literarische, (Basel, Stuttgart: Schwabe, (Basel, Stuttgart: Schwabe, 1 Ibid., 407. Ibid., Populärphilosophische Schriften Populärphilosophische ed., , 4 Wölfel, schaft, Behler, vol. vol. Behler, phische Schriftenphische ,

1 7 8 Ibid., 9 5 6 2 3 4 0 Ibid.

22 4 5 Ibid. 6 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 20 7 Schlegel, 8 Schlegel, 9 2

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96473_romantik 2_.indd 50 50 journal for the study of romanticisms 1 19/12/13 09.29 5 . 11 - ), 1 92 - (Stutt 1 1 - 794 (Stutt 1 f. 1 3 1 ), 1 . 98 1 1 (Leipzig: F. Meiner, Meiner, 805 (Leipzig: F. 1 8, 343]. 1 805] (reprint, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1 936). Populärphilosophische Schriften Populärphilosophische ed., , 783, in Wölfel, 1 1 850’, in Hedwig Pompe and Jens Ruchatz, eds., Popular eds., and Jens Ruchatz, Pompe in Hedwig 850’, 1 959), 42f. 1 6. 750 – 750 1 1 982), 1 8. 1 8. 962), 469. , no. 3 1 1 1 - 4 (Stuttgart: Bänden, ed. Fritz From Medicus, vol. in sechs Werke 805, in Ausgewählte 36. 1 060]. 059]. 1

. 1 1 5, no. 244. 963), 22 . 1 8. [ f. 1 1 1 63. 1 1 . 111 1 1 804 – 8 ( 8, 220, no. 3 8, 2 1 800) , 1 1 1 1

( 1 Friedrich Schleiermacher, ‘Garves letzte von ihm selbst herausgegebene Schriften’, in Athenaeum Schriften’, herausgegebene ihm selbst von ‘GarvesFriedrich letzte Schleiermacher, 3. Bericht über die Verhandlungen der Sächsischen Sächsischen der in Bericht Verhandlungen über die – Aufsatz’, Machiavelli ‘Über Fichtes Freyer, Hans Akademie der Wissenschaften Hirzel, (Leipzig: S. K.A. (Köln: DuMont Verlag, 2005), 52. isierung DuMont Verlag, und Popularität (Köln: Vorlesungen in Fünf des Gelehrten’, ‘Über die Bestimmung Fichte, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, ‘Über die Bestimmung des Gelehrten’, 27. des Gelehrten’, ‘Über die Bestimmung Fichte, 3 Ibid., Johann Gottlieb Fichte, ‘Über das Wesen des Gelehrten und seine Erscheinungen im Gebiete der im Gebiete des Gelehrten und seine Erscheinungen ‘Über das Wesen Fichte, Johann Gottlieb im Sommerhalbjahre zu Erlangen gehalten in Vorlesungen Freiheit’, gart: Verlag Freies Geistesleben, Geistesleben, Freies gart: Verlag gart: Reclam Bibliothek, Ibid., 35 Ibid., K.A. K.A. 2, 97. Schriften Populärphilosophische ed., , 34 Garve,Immanuel Kant to in Wölfel, Immanuel Kant to Christian Garve, 7 August Christian Immanuel Kant to Garve,7 August K.A. 2, 3 One of the crucial most Garve’s criticism points of Romanticist on popular regarding stance era [cf. K.A. is his affirmation own of his philosophy Grundzüge des Gegenwärtigen Zeitalters in Vorlesungen, Gehalten im zu Berlin, Zeitalters in Vorlesungen, Gegenwärtigen des Grundzüge Fichte, Johann Gottlieb Jahre Ibid., 339 and annotations. Ibid., 338. Ibid., 339. Ibid., 34Ibid., , ed. Heinz Rölleke, vol. vol. Rölleke, , ed. Heinz letzter Hand . Ausgabe Brüder Grimm, Kinder – und Hausmärchen K.A. II, K.A. Johann Christoph Greiling, TheorieJohann Christoph Greiling, der Popularität [ K.A. 2, XXVII. Printmedi Programme - Popularität”. Dainat, ‘ “Meine Göttin article Holger by Cf. the relevant aler Inklusion in Deutschland Ibid., 352 [ Ibid., mann-Holzboog, (Paderborn: Schöningh, Cf. Heinrich Bosse, Autorschaft (Paderborn: Schöningh, ist Werkherrschaft 336f. 338. Ibid., 33 Ibid., 2000),

1 1 1 39 45 38 44 48 49 46 33 32 23 Ibid. 24 4 47 50 3 27 28 29 30 52 5 36 37 35 42 43 34 40 25 26 96473_romantik 2_.indd 51 19/12/13 09.29 0 (München: 0 (München: 1 40f. 1 553. 1 065. 1 957 ), 249. 1 988), 25–39. 1 23. 1 , 54.Europa 964), 430f. 1 Populärphilosophische SchriftenPopulärphilosophische , 8, 524. 1 Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik in Historisches 6 , ed. Gert Wörterbuch Gert Ueding, vol. Ueding, ‘Popularphilosophie’, 2003), Verlag, Max Niemeyer (Tübingen: Autobiographische SchriftenAutobiographische , in , vol. und Wahrheit Dichtung Goethe, Johann Wolfgang K.A. 2, 268, no. Kritische, Ästhetische und Philosopische Shriften und Philosopische Kritische, Ästhetische a critical Müller, , 500. For from quotations Both ‘. . . aus der an- ed., Müller, in Eberhard ‘Herablassung’, commentary see Hermann Bausinger, Jahrhundert. zum 18. Dietrich zum Geburtstag Studien Geyer - (Tübin Gelehrsamkeit’:muthigen Tübinger Attempto-Verlag, gen: Cf. the most recent methodical considerations regarding thenecessity and the - of evi limits regarding considerations methodical Cf. the recent most - & Neu Königshausen (Würzburg: Idealismus im Deutschen Das Unbewußte Vöhnicke, dence in Elke mann, 2005). Gesammelt und Hausmärchen, der ‘Kinder- das Wir Sind: Zur Poetik Das Buch, Cf. Jens E. Sennewald, 2004), & Neumann, Brüder Grimm’ die Königshausen durch (Würzburg: (Bremen: Carl Schünemann Schünemann Carl (Bremen: mit Menschen Über den Umgang Knigge, von Freiherr Adolph Verlag, C. Bertelsmann Verlag, C. Bertelsmann Verlag, Ibid., 525. Ibid., 524.Ibid., K.A. K.A. 2, 286.

1 59 6 60 58 55 53 54 63 64 65 Schlegel, 62 56 57 Garve,

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