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Die Presse Und Ihre Journalistinnen in Der Zeit Des Betreuer: Univ.-Prof

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Die Presse Und Ihre Journalistinnen in Der Zeit Des Betreuer: Univ.-Prof Eingereicht von: Jasmin Baumgartinger Angefertigt am: Institut für Neuere Geschichte und Zeitgeschichte Die Presse und ihre JournalistInnen in der Zeit des Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Marcus Nationalsozialismus in Österreich (1938-1945) Gräser Datum: Linz, März 2016 Eine Studie zur österreichischen Pressegeschichte mit Fokus auf das Bundesland Oberösterreich Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Master of Arts im Masterstudium Politische Bildung EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG Ich, Jasmin Baumgartinger, erkläre an Eides statt, dass ich die vorliegende Masterarbeit selbstständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt bzw. die wörtlich oder sinngemäß entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die vorliegende Masterarbeit ist mit dem elektronisch übermittelten Textdokument identisch. Linz, März 2016 Jasmin Baumgartinger Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ....................................................................................................................... 1 2. Forschungsstand ............................................................................................................ 5 3. Erste Einschränkungen der Pressefreiheit während der Dollfuß-/Schuschniggregierung (1933-1938) .................................................................................................................... 7 3.1Vorzensur und die ersten Maßnahmen gegenüber Zeitungen, sowie den JournalistInnen .................................................................................................................. 8 4. Die Presselandschaft in Österreich nach dem „Anschluss“ 1938 ...................................14 4.1Die zwei Einstellungswellen des Anschluss-Jahres 1938 .............................................15 4.1.1 Maßnahmen gegenüber jüdischen JournalistInnen ...............................................18 4.1.2 Einstellungen der Tageszeitungen ........................................................................19 4.2 Strategien der Presselenkung im nationalsozialistischen Österreich .................24 4.2.1. Presselenkung auf ökonomischer, rechtlich-institutioneller und inhaltlicher Ebene .......................25 4.2.2 Die vier Anordnungen Max Amanns .....................................................................26 4.2.3. Das Schriftleitergesetz .........................................................................................29 4.2.3.1 Die Nichtaufnahme in den Reichsverband der deutschen Presse bedeutete Berufsverbot .................35 4.2.3.2 Geschlechterverhältnisse in der Berufsliste der JournalistInnen ........................36 4.2.3.3 Wie konnte man der „Säuberung“ entgehen? ....................................................41 4.2.4 Steuerungsmaßnahmen und Institutionen ............................................................42 4.2.4.1 Der Reichsverband der deutschen Presse, die Reichskulturkammer, die Reichspressekammer, das Reichspropagandaamt und das Gaupresseamt ..................42 4.2.4.2 Nachrichtendienste, Presseanweisungen und Pressekonferenzen ....................44 5. Die oberösterreichische Presselandschaft vor dem „Anschluss“ ....................................46 5.1 Die Berichterstattungen der Zeitungen zur Tagespolitik kurz vor dem Anschluss in Oberösterreich ..................................................................................................................50 5.2 Berichterstattungen der oberösterreichischen Tageszeitungen zur Volksbefragung ....57 5.3 Die Berichterstattung der oberösterreichischen Presse zum Zeitpunkt des Anschlusses mit Fokus auf die drei dominantesten Strömungen ...........................................................60 6. Oberösterreichs Presselandschaft nach der Annexion...................................................67 6.1 Besetzung der oberösterreichischen Zeitungsredaktionen ..........................................71 6.2 Personelle „Säuberungen“ ..........................................................................................71 6.3 Reichsdeutsche Presseverordnungen .........................................................................72 6.4 Einstellung, Gleichschaltung, Enteignungen und Einverleibungen ..............................75 6.5 Die Probleme der oberösterreichischen Presse während des Krieges .....................76 6.6 Das Schriftleitergesetz und seine Auswirkungen auf die oberösterreichischen JournalistInnen .................................................................................................................77 6.7 Totalitäre Kommunikationskontrolle und ihre Strukturlosigkeit .....................................80 7. Exempel: Die drei dominantesten Tageszeitungen in Oberösterreich von 1938-1945 im Fokus ............................................................................................................................83 8. Zusammenfassung und Resümee .................................................................................90 9. Quellenverzeichnis ........................................................................................................95 9.1 Verordnungen ........................................................................................................... 105 9.2 Abbildungsverzeichnis............................................................................................... 106 9.3 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................. 109 10. Anhang ....................................................................................................................... 110 10.1Interview mit dem Herausgeber und Geschäftsführer der Oberösterreichischen Nachrichten: Rudolf Andreas Cuturi am 9. Dezember 2015 ............................................ 110 1. Einleitung Die Medien1: Die wohl mächtigsten Meinungsbildner werden häufig als die „vierte Gewalt“ im Staat bezeichnet. Denn neben der nach westeuropäischem Demokratieverständnis vorhandenen Gewaltenteilung: Der Exekutive, der Legislative und der Judikative besitzen die Medien als inoffizielle „vierte Gewalt“ bedeutende Funktionen und großen Einfluss auf das politischen System. Erwartet wird, dass die Medien die Bevölkerung informieren, durch korrekte Berichterstattung und Diskussion zur Meinungsbildung beitragen, um dadurch Partizipation möglich zu machen. Sie regen zur öffentlichen Debatte an, bilden, formen Kritik, polarisieren, mobilisieren die Öffentlichkeit, steuern mit Themensetzung und prägen Meinungen ganzer Bevölkerungsschichten. Als am 3. August 1783 in Österreich die erste täglich erscheinende Tageszeitung das „Wienerblättchen“ auftaucht, konnte die Bevölkerung noch kaum erahnen, welch wichtigen Faktor Zeitungen im gesellschaftlichen, politischen, kulturellen und wirtschaftlichen Leben Österreichs, jemals spielen würden. Bereits vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wussten die Machthaber mithilfe von Tageszeitungen die Bevölkerung zu beeinflussen und zu steuern. Nach der Zerschlagung des freien Pressewesens im Jahre 1938 wurden die Zeitungen gleichsam wie die JournalistInnen zu Propagandazwecken missbraucht. Dabei war es das Ziel der Nationalsozialisten, die freie Meinung und das individualistische Denken innerhalb der Bevölkerung zu zerschlagen, sowie kritisches Hinterfragen und Zweifeln einzudämmen. Ein zentrales Anliegen des totalitären Regimes war eine möglichst rasche Kontrolle der öffentlichen Meinung. Die Presse, in Form von Zeitungen und Zeitschriften, war neben dem aufstrebenden Rundfunk und den vereinzelten Fernsehberichterstattungen, das wichtigste Informationsmedium während des Zweiten Weltkrieges. 1 Unter dem Terminus „Medien“ werden in der Publizistikwissenschaft „jene technischen Mittel [verstanden], die zur Verbreitung von Aussagen an ein potentiell unbegrenztes Publikum geeignet sind (also Presse, Hörfunk, Film, Fernsehen)“ (Wilke 2000, 1). Seite 1 von 123 Basis jeder journalistischen Tätigkeit ist die Information. Diese zu sammeln, niederzuschreiben und dem Leser schnellstmöglich zugänglich zu machen, ist das Anliegen und die Aufgabe eines jeden Journalisten und einer jeden Journalistin. Was in den Nachrichtenagenturen einlangt ist das eine, welche Themen es tatsächlich in die Berichterstattung schaffen, das andere. Fakt ist, dass die Auswahl von Berichten und deren Ausformulierung eine starke meinungsbildende Funktion haben. Die freie Entscheidungsfähigkeit der JournalistInnen wurde schon im Ständestaat Österreich eingeschränkt und nach 1938 gänzlich zunichte gemacht. JournalistInnen waren nur das Instrument, das das NS-Regime benutzte, um ihre Informationen ehest möglichst unters Volk zu bringen. Dies funktionierte am besten mit regimetreuen, von der Propagandamaschinerie ausgebildeten und ausgewählten JournalistInnen. Das zentrale Anliegen der Nationalsozialisten: die Berichtauffassung der Bevölkerung zu eigenen Zwecken zu beeinflussen und zu lenken. Dadurch wird klar, weshalb die Kontrolle des Staates über den Informationsfluss an die Bevölkerung zu den ersten Maßnahmen eines totalitären Regimes gehört. „Die Tageszeitung ist nicht nur Chronist des Zeitgeschehens, sondern wirkt gestaltend am Entwicklungsprozeß von Staat und Gesellschaft mit“ (Ivan/Lang/Pürer 1983, 7). Lange vor dem Hörfunk, Film- und Fernsehen herrschte die Presse weitgehend als alleiniger Meinungsbildner. Zwar muss sie sich heutzutage gegen ihre großen Konkurrenten dem Internet, dem Fernsehen und dem Radio behaupten, tut das dabei wie früher ohne eigener, direkter Gewalt
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