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Carew’s Report on the Voluntary Works in , 1611 A Transcription and Notes Ian Montgomery

Introduction of . At the same time in south Antrim Sir Arthur In the summer of 1611 George Carew travelled to in Chichester and other former soldiers gained control of the order to produce a report on the progress made to date on the former O’Neill lands of North Clandeboye. In other areas such Plantation of the western counties of Ulster. The manuscript of as the McCartan and Magennis lordships in the south and west this report is included in the Carew papers held in Lambeth of the abolition of the Gaelic system of land Palace Library, London, and a detailed transcription was tenure in favour of freehold facilitated the sale of estates to published in the nineteenth century in the Calendar of the English and Scottish settlers. The MacDonnells retained control Carew Manuscripts.1 As an addendum to the main survey of their lordship in the northern half of but Carew also produced a report on building works undertaken in adapted to changing circumstances and introduced English and Ulster which were not part of the formal plantation project. This lowland Scottish tenants.5 report, on the so called ‘voluntary works’, was not included in the printed Calendar. It is believed that this is the first time that In the McMahon lordship had been a complete transcription has been published. abolished in 1591 and the land divided into freehold estates. Most of these were held by members of the McMahon family, A scheme for the Plantation of the counties of , Cavan, but some areas had been acquired by English settlers. Following Donegal, , Londonderry and Tyrone was published Cahir O’Doherty’s rebellion in 1608, the estates of Brian Og in 1610. The land formerly held by the Gaelic lords who had McMahon were forfeited and given to Sir Thomas Ridgeway.6 gone in to exile in 1607, an event generally known as the ‘Flight Donegal was one of the Plantation counties and most of the land of the Earls’, was confiscated by the crown and allocated to new was divided between Scottish and English undertakers, servitors proprietors. The new owners included institutions such as the and a few Gaelic Irish lords. However, the of , established church, schools, Trinity College and (in the formerly in the possession of Sir Cahir O’Doherty, had been newly created County of Londonderry) the London livery granted to Sir Arthur Chichester in 1609 ahead of the main companies. Most of the land, however, was allocated to plantation settlement and was not subject to the same terms and individuals from England and . These new owners conditions.7 were required to undertake various building projects, particularly the construction of fortified houses, which were We do not know why Carew included the voluntary works with intended to form the nucleus of new settlements of people from his report on the Plantation. One possible reason may be that England and the Scottish lowlands. As well as these he was accompanied on his tour by Sir Arthur Chichester, the ‘undertakers’, land was also granted to former soldiers, known Lord Deputy, along with other senior members of the Irish as ‘servitors’, and to some Gaelic Irish lords.2 administration. Chichester (1563–1625) was a younger son of a Devon landowner who had served in the English army and By the spring of 1611 the government in London had become accompanied Sir Francis Drake on one of his expeditions. In concerned by the slow progress of the Plantation scheme and 1599 he arrived in Ireland as part of the Earl of Essex’s particularly the failure of the undertakers to fulfil their expedition and was subsequently made Governor of obligations. Consequently, Lord Carew (formerly known as Sir , a post which had previously been held by his George Carew) was sent to Ireland to report on the progress of brother Sir John Chichester, who had been killed in 1597. Sir the settlement, as part of a larger investigation into the Arthur played a prominent role in the Nine Years’ War in Ulster administration of Ireland.3 Carew (1555–1629) had served in gaining a reputation for ruthless efficiency. He became Lord Ireland as a soldier and administrator from the 1570s and held Deputy in 1604 but retained control of Carrickfergus which the post of President of Munster from 1600 until the accession became his main base in Ulster. As mentioned above, he of James I. He remained an influential figure at court and was acquired extensive estates in Ulster between 1603 and his death a friend of Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, James’s most in 1625. Along with the barony of Inishowen in north-east important minister. In later life Carew put together a major Donegal, his lands in south Antrim stretched from and collection of papers concerning the history of Ireland which is the Lagan Valley across to and north to Island of particular importance for the history of the Plantation. Carew Magee.8 arrived in Dublin in July 1611 and toured Ulster during August and early September before returning to Dublin. He was Although he was by 1611 probably the largest individual accompanied on this tour by Sir Arthur Chichester, the Lord landowner in Ulster, Chichester was constantly complaining Deputy of Ireland, and other members of the Dublin about his lack of money. He asked to be relieved of the Lord administration.4 Deputyship on several occasions, citing the cost of the office, before he was finally replaced in 1615. On his death his estate The ‘voluntary works’ which Carew records were, for the most was heavily encumbered with debt. Carew’s report records the part, situated outside of the area of the official Plantation. investment that Chichester and his tenants were making in Counties Antrim and Down were not subject to widespread Ulster, particularly his development of Belfast and forfeiture of land by the crown. However, after 1603 large areas Carrickfergus. Although Chichester was head of the English transferred from the control of the Gaelic Irish lords to English administration in Ireland, he was not the originator of the and Scottish owners. This was followed by large scale scheme for the Plantation and had expressed his reservations immigration of people from England and the Scottish lowlands. about the plans before it was adopted. His preference was for a In north Down two Scottish gentlemen, Sir James Hamilton and scheme which allowed most of the former Gaelic Irish Sir Hugh Montgomery, acquired large estates from Con O’Neill population to stay in place with some land granted to servitors

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DIRECTORY OF IRISH FAMILY HISTORY RESEARCH with experience of conditions in Ireland. It is noticeable that Information on the people mentioned in the report comes from most of the voluntary works recorded in the report were carried a variety of sources. Relatively few of the early planters have out by servitors, many with connections to Chichester himself.9 entries in the Dictionary of Irish Biography so a wide range of secondary sources has been used including: Raymond , It is unlikely that Carew visited all the sites which he mentions. Colonial Ulster: The Settlement of East Ulster 1600–1641 (Cork, His itinerary shows that he reached on the 1 August, 1985); Michael Perceval-Maxwell, The Scottish Migration to before moving on to Dromore, Stranmillis (presumably Moses Ulster in the Reign of James I (Belfast, 1973); George Hill, An Hill’s house), Carrickfergus, Massereene, Clough and Dunluce Historical Account of the Plantation in Ulster at the Castle. He then went via Coleraine and Limavady to Commencement of the Seventeenth Century, 1608–1620 (Belfast, where he spent three days before travelling through counties 1877); Samuel McSkimin, The History and Antiquities of the Donegal, Fermanagh, Tyrone and Armagh.10 Information County of the Town of Carrickfergus (Belfast, 1909) and R. J. concerning areas that he did not visit presumably came second Hunter, Ulster Transformed: Essays on Plantation and Print hand. The overall impression left by the report, especially in Culture, c. 1590–1641, edited by John Morrill (Belfast, 2012). Antrim and Down, is of activity and progress, led for the most part by servitors, most of whom were connected with Glossary Chichester. This is in contrast to the situation in the escheated The following is a list of obscure or technical terms which are counties, as recorded by Carew, were many of the new used in the report. undertakers were failing to fulfil their obligations and the plantation scheme appeared to be faltering. Bawn – a walled enclosure, usually containing a fortified house. Bulwark – a fortification, usually made of earth and faced with Note on the text stone. The original report on the voluntary works is to be found in the Cagework – timber-framed building. Carew Papers held in Lambeth Palace Library, London.11 The Coneys – rabbits. Public Record Office of holds a photographic Curtain – i.e. a curtain wall surrounding a house or castle. copy of the report along with a typescript transcription, Flankers – circular or rectangular towers placed at the corners probably made by the antiquarian Samuel Shannon Millin.12 of bawns or other fortified buildings. PRONI also holds a typescript transcription of the complete Footpace – a raised platform. report made by the historian R. J. Hunter. The section of Garrons – small Irish horses or ponies. Hunter’s transcription relating to counties Monaghan and Loops – open spaces in a wall for firing through. Donegal was published in the Ulster Journal of Archaeology in The Pale – area of Ireland centred on Dublin under the effective 1975.13 A transcription of the sections of the report dealing with control of the English administration. counties Antrim and Down was published, in a rather disjointed Quoins – corner stones of buildings. fashion, in Benn’s History of the Town of Belfast in 1877.14 As Shannon Millin pointed out, this transcription is somewhat Transcription defective, and he provided a corrected version of the section dealing with Belfast.15 A report of the voluntary works done by servitors and other gentlemen of quality upon lands given them by His Majesty or The following transcription makes use of Millin and Hunter’s purchased by themselves within the three other counties of texts (both of which contain minor lacunae) and has been Down [Downe], Antrim [Antryme] and Monaghan [Monahan], checked against the copy of the original manuscript in PRONI. and buildings made in Inishowen [Enishowine] by such I have modernised spelling and scribal contractions in order to freeholders as Sir Arthur Chichester the now Lord Deputy has make the text more readable. For place-names I have used the placed there. standard spelling while given the original version in brackets. This includes instances where the name of the location has The County of Down changed e.g. Lough Neagh for ‘Lough Chichester’ as well as At Dromore [Drommor—Envagh], the ancient seat of the variant spellings e.g. Stranmillis for ‘Strondmellis’. Bishop of that see, we found a house of lime and stone newly repaired and covered with shingle, done by the now Bishop, In the accompanying notes I have attempted to identify all the about which he has begun a rampart of earth with four flankers, people and places mentioned in the text. For buildings and which he intends, as he told us, to finish for the defence and locations in what is now Northern Ireland the main source has safety of his house and family, to which place sundry been: Rowan McLaughlin and James Lyttleton, An Archaeology inhabitants of British and Irish have resorted and have built of Northern Ireland, 1600–1650 (Belfast, 2017). For sites in them good ordinary tenements after the manner of the Pale. Donegal I used: Brian Lacy, Archaeological Survey of (, 1983); and for Monaghan: Anna Brindley, Captain Edward Trevor has all materials ready for building of Archaeological Inventory of County Monaghan (Dublin, 1987). a castle at Kilbroney [Kilbrony] in the county of Down within Where appropriate I have included the Sites and Monuments five miles of the Newry [Newrye]. Record reference numbers for identified locations. These are prefixed NISMR for sites in Northern Ireland (i.e. counties Sir James Hamilton knight has built a fair stone house at the Antrim, Down and Londonderry) and SMR for those in the town of Bangor [Banger] in the Upper Clandeboye within the (counties Donegal and Monaghan). Further county aforesaid about 60 foot long and 22 foot broad. The information on the sites can be found online using these town consists of 80 new houses all inhabited with Scotishmen references at the following locations: and Englishmen, and has brought out of England 20 artificers, for Northern Ireland, who are making materials of timber, brick and stone for another https://www.communities-ni.gov.uk/services/sites-and- house there. monuments-record for the Republic of Ireland, The said Sir James Hamilton is preparing to build another house https://www.archaeology.ie/archaeological-survey-database. at Holywood [Hollywoode] three miles from Bangor and two

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DIRECTORY OF IRISH FAMILY HISTORY RESEARCH hundred thousand of bricks with other materials ready at the ground is made with brick. The bawn is to be compassed about place, where there are some 20 houses inhabited with English with a large and deep ditch or moat, which will always stand and Scots. full of water.

Sir Hugh Montgomery knight has repaired part of the abbey of This Castle will defend the passage over the ford at Belfast Newtown [Neowtowne] for his own dwelling, and made a good between the Upper and Lower Clandeboye, and likewise the town of a hundred houses or thereabouts all peopled with Scots. bridge over the river of Owenvarragh [Owynvarra], between Malone and Belfast. This work is in so good forwardness that Moses Hill has repaired Castlereagh [Castle Reagh] near the it is like to be finished by the middle of the next summer. ford of Belfast [Bealfast] and made up the bawn with an addition of flankers. The town of Belfast is plotted out in a good form, wherein are many families of English, Scottish and some Manxmen already The County of Antrim. inhabiting of which some are artificers, who have built good In our travel from Dromore towards Carrickfergus timber houses with chimneys after the fashion of the English [Knockfargus] we saw in Killultagh [Kellultagh] upon Sir Fulke Pale, and one inn with very good lodging which is a great Conway’s lands a house of cagework in hand and almost comfort to the travellers in those parts. finished, where he intends to erect a bawn of brick in a place called Lisnagarvy [Lisnagarvagh]. Near which town the said Sir Arthur Chichester has ready made above twelve hundred thousand of good brick, whereof after He has built a fair timber bridge over the river of Lagan near the finishing of the said castle, house and bawn there will be a good house. proportion left for the building of other tenements within the said town. The said Sir Fulke has built a fair gate at the fort of Inisloughlin [Enisholaghlin] in Killultagh where he intends to build a good Not far from Belfast the said Sir Arthur Chichester has impaled house. He has already at the place 150,000 of bricks burnt with a park of three mile compass where he intends to build a house other materials. of lime and stone, but a timber house with chimneys is already built therein, which is compassed about with a rampart of earth He has built another house of cagework at a place called and sods and a deep ditch standing full of water, in which house Magheragall [Moynargedell] with a stone bawn about it which there now dwells one Lieutenant Lowsley with his family. shall be built 15 foot high. A little from thence is a large house with chimneys built by Coming nearer Carrickfergus we came by a strong fort built Humphrey Norton Lieutenant of the Lord Deputy’s foot upon a passage on the planes of Malone [Moylon] with a strong company, which house is well entrenched, ramparted and palisade and a drawbridge, called Hillsborough [Hilsborowe]. fenced with a strong palisade of timber, which house with a good proportion of land the said Norton holds by lease from his Within it is a fair timber house walled with bricks and a tower Lordship. slated. In the way to Carrickfergus within 4 miles of that town we saw Some other houses are built without it, wherein are some a pretty stone house with chimneys two stories high built by families of English and Irish settled. This fort was built by Michael Newbye, Ensign to the Lord Deputy. It is for the Moses Hill who has a lease for 81 years of the same with a good present covered with thatch but shall be slated the next summer. scope of land from Sir Arthur Chichester the now Deputy. This is also upon the land of the Lord Deputy, which house with 300 acres of land is let to the said Newby at a small rent for Within a mile of Hillsborough by the river of Lagan where the many years in respect of his service and building thereon. sea ebbs and flows in a place called Stranmillis [Strondmellis] we found the said Moses Hill in hand with building of a strong A mile from the former house but further from the sea as we house of stone 56 foot long, and intends to make it two stories passed towards Carrickfergus there is upon a hillside a large and a half high, it being already about the height of one story, house with chimney which is enclosed with a rampart of earth and to build a good bawn of lime and stone about it, which lands and sods and flankered, which was built by Thomas Walsh late are held by like lease as Hillsborough abovesaid. Cornet of the said Lord Deputy’s Troop upon his Lordship’s land and is now inhabited by Lieutenant Barry, who married the Belfast said Walsh his widow, near which there are many other From thence we came to Belfast where we found many masons, tenements inhabited some of them by such civil Irish as do bricklayers and other labourers at work, who had taken down speak English and divers of them have been servitors in the late the ruins of the decayed castle there almost to the vault of the Queen’s time. cellars and had likewise laid the foundation of a brick house 50 foot long which is to be adjoined to the said castle by a staircase A mile and somewhat more from Carrickfergus we saw a farm of brick which is to be 14 foot square. house of the Lord Deputy’s built of timber after the English fashion, enclosed round with a bawn, ditched about and a strong The house to be made 20 foot wide and 2 stories and a half high. hedge thereupon, the walls of which house are lately made up The castle to be built two stories above the cellars, all the rooms with stone. thereof to be vaulted and platforms to be made thereupon. The staircase is to be made 10 foot higher than the castle, about There are many enclosures near the said house newly made with which castle and house there is a strong bawn almost finished, good ditches sett with willows and a great part with quicksets which is flankered with four half bulwarks. The foundation of where his Lordship has now a stock of English cows, sheep and the wall and bulwarks to the height of the water table is made other cattle. with stone and the rest being in all 12 foot high above the

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DIRECTORY OF IRISH FAMILY HISTORY RESEARCH Upon divers other parcels of his Lordship’s lands there are The other two ranges are to be of equal height with the former, many English families, some Scots and divers civil Irish and each of them 22 foot broad and 70 foot long. The front and planted, and there are three mills already built upon several one of the other ranges are already built in height about 21 foot, parts of the said land, and timber and other materials are also and all material for the whole, except freestone for the windows, provided for the building of another mill near unto Belfast. upper chimneys and other upper works, are in good readiness, but the said stone is to be fetched with much difficulty almost The Town of Carrickfergus 40 miles from Carrickfergus as is before mentioned, which will At Carrickfergus we found many masons and labourers at work be the sole impediment of that work. about the erection and building of the walls of that town and sundry quarrymen and labourers at work about a quarter of a Adjoining to this town the King has a fair castle, standing in mile from the town in breaking of rough stones for the works. the middle of a spacious court compassed about with a high and strong wall, the castle walls and lodgings within it are very We also found 4 ox teams, 2 horse teams and many garrons with ruinous and in decay. It is a place of singular import and meet cars drawing of stones and of other materials for the same work, to be repaired, which may be done by allowing the Company and we found 4 lime kilns on fire employed in burning of given to the Corporation of Carrickfergus for a year after their limestone for the same. pier and walls are finished, which as a place worthy of His Majesty’s support we humbly present to be considered of. And And we were advised by Sir Fulke Conway and others that there for the finishing of the said works of the town, pier and castle are two quarrymen with other laborers employed continually in we conceive that Company will be yet a continual charge to the breaking of limestone about three miles from the town at a place King for two years longer. called the Whitehead [White Heade] and that there were likewise four free masons with other labourers about 40 miles About a mile from Carrickfergus on the north east side is a place from Carrickfergus in breaking and scaffolding of free stones called Marshallstown [Marshalstone] where we saw a good for quoins for the bulwarks and to face the wall 6 foot high all English house, with chimneys, the walls made of lattice with along the south part of the town by the sea side, wherein we lime and stone having a garden and a bawn trenched with a deep find that great quantity of freestone must be employed, which ditch, and a strong pale thereupon, and the most part of the lands is gotten with much difficulty because the boats can not come thereunto belonging are enclosed with ditches and in many near the place but in very calm weather, and as we were places set with willows, which building and enclosers were informed there have been sundry boats broken and spoiled there likewise made by the said Sir Arthur Chichester and are now since that work began and some times the boats are driven to leased by him unto one Baptist Johns an Englishman for many Scotland and so disappointed of their freight, which is a great years yet to come. impediment and hinderance to those works. Within two mile of the town is a stone house built by Mr We find that the work of the said walls and the bulwarks already Humpsdon [Homstone] the late Bishop of Down at a place by done contain in length 120 perches every perch containing 21 the seaside called Kilroot [Kilroote] and a stone wall about it 10 foot, end that the foundation does contain in thickness 8 foot. foot high repaired by the now Bishop.

We were certified that the foundation is generally 4 foot deep About two miles from thence by the sea side upon the neck of and in some other places 6 and 7 foot deep and in 20 perches the Island Magee [Iland Magye] there has been lately built by thereof at least where the mill streams and uneven grounds and Moses Hill, sometime Lieutenant of the horse troop of Sir highways have been, are 16 foot deep and in some places more. Arthur Chichester and now Provost Marshall of the government and tenant of the said Sir Arthur Chichester, a pretty castle now The height of so much of the wall as is now built from the called Castle Chichester. ground is in some places 7 foot, and in some other 8 foot, and the thickness of the wall throughout and at the height thereof now built is 5 foot.

We also found there a boat of 8 tons which was bought ready made, and likewise a barge of 15 tons which was purpose made for that work, and both of them are well furnished and continually employed in bringing of limestone , freestone and other materials for the said works.

There is likewise good store of coal ready provided for burning of lime.

Within the said town the Lord Deputy is in good forwardness for the building of a fair house, and the inclosing of a base court and garden and a good quantity of ground for an orchard. The house, court and garden are within the walls of the town, and the orchard without the walls, but adjoining thereunto, all the foundation of the orchard is already laid and a good part of the wall thereof fully finished which is 9 foot high above the foundation and will be a good strength to the town on that side.

The house consists of three ranges of buildings whereof one range that makes the front is in length 120 foot, in breath 24 foot and will be in height about 46 foot. Castle Chichester, Whitehead

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DIRECTORY OF IRISH FAMILY HISTORY RESEARCH That island is well inhabited by English and Scottish men and to be very useful for the King upon all occasion of service, both by other civil Irish men, such as for the most part can speak for defence of the boats and shipping belonging to that place English, and many of them do go in English habit. and for the safe keeping of His Majesty’s stores of victuals and munition to be transported into the counties of Tyrone and One John Dabb built a fair castle within two miles of Armagh to relieve His Majesty’s forces and garrison there, we Carrickfergus called Dabbs Castle about which he intends to have dealt with the said Hugh Clotworthy to add some more build a bawn of stone. Some Irish people of civil behaviour are buildings and works of defence unto the place, which he has planted there who made good houses after the manner of the undertaken upon our promise of repayment of his expenses Pale. when he and his heirs are removed from the command of it, the sum not exceeding four hundred pounds. This castle is built upon part of Ensign Dalway’s land. Within a mile of Massereene Captain Roger Langford in his life Not far from it we saw a fair bawn 15 foot high with 2 round time did build a good stone house in a place called Muckamore flankers built by the said Dalway upon his own land at [Muckmore], which is a good strength and countenance to that Braidisland [Brade Iland], within which bawn he has erected a part of the country. pretty house of timber after the English manner thatched for the present, but intended to be slated. There is a castle and fort at Toome with a strong rampart of earth built by the now Lord Deputy in the time of Tyrone’s rebellion. It lies upon the entrance of the Bann out of Lough Neagh [Lough Chichester] upon a passable ford in summer between the counties of Tyrone and Antrim. Sir Thomas Phillips has a ward there from His Majesty of two and twenty warders.

From thence we went to Dunluce where Sir Randal MacDonnell has built a fair stone wall about the whole rock, within which he has erected a good house of stone with many lodgings and other rooms.

The town of Dunluce consists of many tenements after the fashion of the Pale peopled for the most part with Scotsmen.

His brother Neece McDonnel has built a good new stone house at and Sir Randal a good castle at Redbay.

The County of Monaghan There is a fair castle built at Monaghan on the King’s charge wherein Sir Edward Blayney [Blanye] now dwells, who for making of it more convenient for himself for his own time has Dalway’s Bawn, near Ballycarry laid out good sums of money of his own.

In our travel from thence towards Massereene [Masserine] we The said Sir Edward Blayney has built a very large bawn with beheld materials sufficient to finish a fair castle already built lime and stone 18 foot high, well flankered with bulwarks upon two stories high with two great towers or flankers, the work of his land of Ballynalurgan [Ballinelurgan] in the said county of Humphrey Norton Lieutenant of the Lord Deputy’s foot Monaghan. company, at a place called [Tymple Patricke] upon the said Sir Arthur Chichester’s land by the river of Six Upon the bawn is built a fair gatehouse and two other houses of Mile Water [Sixmylewater]. He means to build a strong bawn lime and stone upon two of the corners of the bawn which of lime and stone about it towards which the said Sir Arthur flanker the whole work. They contain 2 or three rooms or gave £100 sterling and a lease of the lands for many years at a lodgings apiece with chimneys. In which bawn he is building a small rent. He has drawn together sundry families of English, fair and spacious house of stonework already 2 yards high and some civil natives, who have built them good tenements above the ground, the walls of a great thickness with vaults all after the manner of the Pale. built upon his own charge.

At Massereene there is a little fort built in the midst of the river (This was done by him upon passing of the said land unto him some small distance from the Lough wherein are fair timber by His Majesty and bonds taken for that purpose by the now houses after the English manner built by Captain Hugh Lord Deputy.) Clotworthy, covered over with good shingle together with necessary houses to keep His Majesty’s stores of victuals and Sir Thomas Ridgway knight, treasurer-at-wars, has erected a munition. fort or bawn at -Glaslough in the said county, with a stone wall round about it, each curtain 160 foot long, the whole The fort is fenced with a rampart of earth and a strong palisade circuit of the fort 752 foot with a rampart or footpace of earth round about it, with a deep and broad ditch between it and the round about, with 4 bulwarks and loops of a foot in length, from Maine [Mayne] with a drawbridge over it. the top of the wall downward, 5 foot distant one from the other and a ditch or trench 18 foot broad and 10 foot deep, within There we found a bark of thirty tons and three or four boats one which is already built a little English house and means to build of 14 tons and the rest of ten and eight. And finding this place a castle.

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DIRECTORY OF IRISH FAMILY HISTORY RESEARCH

Dunluce Castle

There is built 12 houses or tenements of stone, some few already which wall reached to the water round about with a parapet of a story high, some lesser, and 8 ordinary tenements thoroughly lime and stone; Lime burnt and other preparations made ready finished, besides the foundation of 8 stone houses more, which for a bawn about the castle; are now to be removed and drawn into the fort toward the A warren well stored with coneys; Materials and timber ready building of the castle. He has also built a cornmill there. for an overshot mill.

(This was done upon like consideration as that of Sir Edward Sir Thomas Chichester knight has rebuilt Burt [Byrte] castle Blayney.) and erected a large house of stone within the bawn and two houses of timber without the bawn. He has a lease of the said Inishowen castle and certain quarters of land for many years. Captain Henry Hart and his undertenants have built at Muff [the Moughe] a watermill, an English house of timber of 70 foot Mr Skinner has built a large English house of timber in Inch long, two houses built after the English fashion with timber and and prepared lime and other materials to rebuild the Castle. inhabited by Scots. Captain John Vaughan has built a large English house of timber Captain Henry Vaughan has built at [Buncrannagh] at Skeoge [Skioge]. He has made great store of ditching about viz. The castle strongly rebuilt with a parapet on the top of it, meadow grounds. There is a garden plot ditched in. He made after the English fashion; one other good house after the English provision of stone for a water mill. He is bound to bestow £200 fashion; He has built a garden, the wall adjoining to the house in stone buildings there.

Buncrana Castle (O’Doherty’s Keep)

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DIRECTORY OF IRISH FAMILY HISTORY RESEARCH There was one hundred men’s work 20 weeks bestowed in clearing the ruins of Green Castle by the Lord Deputy, and 2000 great oaks felled in the woods of Glenconkeyne [Glanconkeyne] whereof 500 are at the Bann ready to be brought for the building at Green Castle, Elagh [Elaghe] and other places in Inishowen.

Red Castle [Redd Castle] let to Sir Richard Hansard where he is to bestow £200 in building within a year and a half. He is now providing store of materials for the house and watermill.

The castle of Carrickabraghy [Carrickbracke] is let to Lieutenant Hoan, who is bound to rebuild the castle. He has already finished a good bawn of lime and stone.

Divers other parcels of land are let to Englishmen with good bonds to build strong houses of stone or bricks for the chief tenants, and good English timber houses for their undertenants in townships after the manner of the English not scattering.

The fort of Culmore [Cullmore] delivered up to the Londoners Termon McGrath Castle where they are to keep a ward, but as yet it remains in the hands of Lieutenant Baker without any other ward than his own family. Newtownards Sir Hugh Montgomery (c. 1560–1636), later Viscount The Archbishop of Cashel has begun a pretty castle at Termon Montgomery of the Ards, was a Scottish landowner who, along Magrath which he intends speedily to finish, having his with James Hamilton, acquired large estates in north Down 22 materials ready at the place, where he means to build a bawn from Con O’Neill of Clandeboye. Newtownards Priory dates and finish the castle. from the thirteenth century. Montgomery’s house was destroyed in 1664 but some traces can still be seen at the Priory. Nothing 23 Arthur Chichester remains of the other seventeenth-century houses in the town. G. Carew NISMR DOW 006:018; DOW 006:028 R. Wingfield Th. Ridgeway Castlereagh Ol. Lambart Moses Hill (?–1630) arrived in Ireland with the 1st Earl of Essex in 1573 and later served in the Nine Years’ War with Sir Notes Arthur Chichester. He was granted an estate in south Antrim in 1592 and later acquired large areas of land in County Down by Dromore lease from Chichester and by purchase. His descendants, the The bishop of Dromore from 1607 to 1612 was John Todd (?–c. Marquesses of Downshire, owned one of the largest estates in 24 1612) who was later deprived of his office for alienating church Ireland, including 70,000 acres in County Down. The castle is lands.16 The house was probably Dromore Castle, a tower house presumably Con O’Neill’s Castle at Castlereagh, which is which was built by Todd’s son-in-law William Worsely, of actually about three miles from the ford at Belfast. Nothing now 25 Hallam, Nottinghamshire, who leased part of the bishop’s lands. remains of the castle or bawn. Its remains can still be seen at Castle Street, Dromore.17 NISMR: DOW 021:051. Sir Fulke Conway (?–1624) was an army officer from Kilbroney Warwickshire. He obtained land in south Antrim in 1609 and Sir Edward Trevor from Brynkinalt in north Wales was a soldier developed what became the town of Lisburn. At his death in who came to Ireland with Sir Samuel Bagnel in 1598. He settled 1624 his estate passed to his brother Edward, 1st Viscount 26 in Newry after the Nine Years’ War along with a number of Conway, who had also obtained property in south Antrim. other Welsh servitors and purchased land in the Magennis Lordship of .18 The castle may be what was later known The settlement at Lisnagarvy (now known as Lisburn) was as Trevor’s Castle, in the village of Rostrevor. The site of the destroyed by fire in 1707. There is no trace of the house or 27 castle cannot now be located.19 bawn. NISMR: DOW 054:020. NISMR ANT 068:011; ANT 068:002

Bangor and Holywood Inisloughlin Bawn was a sixteenth-century O’Neill stronghold Sir James Hamilton (c. 1560–1644), later Viscount Clandeboye, captured by crown forces in 1602. The site was levelled in the 28 was a Scottish school teacher and later Fellow of Trinity early nineteenth century and nothing remains of the building. College Dublin who acted as James VI’s agent in Ireland before NISMR ANT 067:029 1603. Working with Hugh Montgomery and Sir Arthur Chichester he acquired part of Con O’Neill’s estate in north Ballyellough House also known as Brookhill was captured by Down.20 Nothing remains of Hamilton’s house; the current insurgents and burnt in 1641. No identifiable structures 29 was built on the site in the 1850s. No remains of remain. the seventeenth-century houses at Bangor or Holywood have NISMR ANT 063:059 been located.21 NISMR DOW 002:039, DOW 001:043. The house at Magheragall has not been identified.

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DIRECTORY OF IRISH FAMILY HISTORY RESEARCH Hillsborough Construction of the castle began in the 1180s. It remained in This is not the modern Hillsborough but was close to Shaw’s use as a military installation until 1928.42 Bridge, on the outskirts of Belfast, probably on the site of the NISMR ANT 052:059 later Malone House. Hill’s house was destroyed in 1641 and nothing now remains.30 Marshaltown NISMR ANT 064:091 Johns is probably Sir Baptist Jones (?–1628) who also played a role in the plantation of as the ‘farmer’ of Stranmillis the Vintner’s estate from 1616.43 The building has not been Nothing remains of the house which was probably located in identified. the grounds of what is now Stranmillis University College.31 NISMR ANT 061:016 Kilroot Robert Humston (or Humpston), was bishop of Down and Belfast Connor from 1602–06. He was succeeded by John Todd, bishop Although later development has destroyed all visible traces of Down, Connor and Dromore 1607–12.44 Some remains of of the seventeenth-century settlement at Belfast, recent the house and bawn are still visible.45 archaeological excavations have uncovered evidence of NISMR ANT 053:004 Chichester’s town.32 NISMR ANT 061:017 Islandmagee The remains of this tower house are still visible. Islandmagee is The castle was on the site of an earlier tower house built by the not actually an island, it is a peninsula lying between Clandeboye O’Neills. Chichester’s house was burned down in Lough and the Irish Sea.46 1708 and there are no visible remains.33 NISMR ANT 047:025 NISMR ANT 061:005 Castle Dobbs The enclosed park may have been in the Old Park area of Dabbs is John Dobbs, a soldier and administrator who came to Belfast, which is two to three miles north of the City centre. No Ireland in 1596 with Sir Henry Docwra. He married the only remains of the house or enclosed park have been identified in daughter of John Dalway and leased an estate from him.47 the area which is now almost completely built over.34 Dobbs castle was in ruins by the 1680s. Some remains can still be seen in the grounds of the later house of the same name.48 There may also have been a deer park associated with NISMR ANT 053:001 Chichester at , County Antrim, about 10 miles from Belfast but no trace of the enclosure has been found. Dalway’s Bawn NISMR ANT 045:072 John Dalway arrived in Ireland in 1573 with the 1st Earl of Essex. He married an aunt of Shane MacBrian O’Neill of Lieutenant Lowsley has not been identified. Clandeboye and obtained a grant of land near Carrickfergus. His ownership of the estate was confirmed by the crown in Mullaghglass 1603.49 The bawn was built c. 1609. The house has since been Humphrey Norton was one of five brothers from Devon who destroyed, but the bawn wall and flankers remain.50 all served with the Elizabethan army in Ireland.35 The house NISMR ANT 047:015 may be Castle Robin, Mullaghglass, which was built by Norton’s brother Robert near the site of an earlier motte. Very Castle Upton little of the structure remains.36 Now known as Castle Upton, the house was built on the remains NISMR ANT 064:014 of a medieval monastery. Norton sold the house to Henry Upton in 1625 and it has since been extensively remodelled and On the way to Carrickfergus extended.51 A Michael Newby and a Thomas Welsh were recorded as living NISMR ANT 051:059 in Carrickfergus around this time. A Lieutenant Edward Barry was living near Belfast in 1609.37 The houses have not been Antrim Castle identified. The large house ‘upon a hillside’ may have been at Sir Hugh Clotworthy was an army officer from Devon, with Mallusk.38 connections to Chichester. He arrived in Ireland in 1573 with NISMR ANT 056:050 the 1st Earl of Essex and later served as Captain of the Kings Boats on Lough Neagh. His descendants became the Viscounts Carrickfergus Massereene.52 The house was presumably Antrim Castle, Carrickfergus was a medieval settlement built around the although it was adjacent to the Six Mile Water River rather than twelfth-century castle. It was the main English base in north the Maine. The castle was later enlarged and rebuilt. It was east Ulster during the Nine Years’ War and remained an destroyed in 1922 and nothing of the house survives except the important port until eclipsed by Belfast towards the end of the gardens.53 seventeenth century. Recent archaeological investigations have NISMR ANT 050:174 uncovered evidence of Chichester’s works in the town.39 NISMR ANT 052: 047-51 Muckamore Captain Roger Langford was a servitor from Devon with Around a half of the circuit of the town walls remain visible.40 connections to Chichester. He received a grant of former NISMR ANT 052:061 monastic land at Muckamore.54 The house has not been identified; it may have been on the site of, or close to, Chichester’s house Joymount was constructed on the site of the Muckamore priory. thirteenth-century Franciscan friary. It was demolished in 1779 NISMR ANT 050:076 to make way for a gaol and courthouse.41 NISMR ANT 052:062

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DIRECTORY OF IRISH FAMILY HISTORY RESEARCH Toome Buncrana Sir Thomas Phillips (1560–1636) was a professional soldier Captain Henry Vaughan, brother of Sir John, was a soldier who who had served with Chichester. He played a prominent role in had served with Sir Henry Docwra. He was granted land as a the plantation of County Londonderry and was granted a large servitor in Kilmacrennan and later became an alderman and estate centred on Limavady.55 Toome castle was subsequently mayor of Derry.67 The castle at Buncrana was a tower house, demolished. The site was rediscovered in the 1990s and partly probably dating from the fifteenth century, occupied by the excavated.56 O’Dohertys. It was burned in 1608 during Sir Cahir NISMR ANT 042:012 O’Doherty’s rising. The Vaughan family occupied the castle until the early eighteenth century. The remains of the castle, Dunluce known as O’Doherty’s Keep, are still extant.68 Randal MacSorley MacDonnell (?–1636), later the 1st Earl of SMR DG 029-025001 Antrim, was one of the most important Gaelic landowners in Ulster. Originally from the western Isles of Scotland, the Burt MacDonnells had acquired extensive estates in north Antrim in Sir Thomas Chichester was a younger brother of Sir Arthur. He the fifteenth century. Although he had fought both for and was granted land as a servitor in Kilmacrennan barony.69 Burt against the crown in the Nine Years’ War, Randal received a Castle was probably built in the later sixteenth century by Sir patent in 1603 confirming his ownership of the northern third of John O’Doherty and later granted to Sir Cahir O’Doherty. It county Antrim. Neece MacDonnell was Randal’s nephew.57 was captured by crown forces in 1608. The castle was occupied was built in the sixteenth century by the by the Chichester family until the 1690s. It was partially McQuillan family and later captured by the MacDonnells. It demolished in the early nineteenth century.70 was extended and remodelled during the first half of the SMR DG 046-015004 seventeenth century and the remains still stand. The plantation settlement at Dunluce has been the subject of extensive Inch archaeological excavations in recent years.58 Skinner has not been identified. was a fifteenth- NISMR ANT 002:003; ANT 002:008 century tower house which was probably in ruins by 1600. There is no evidence that Skinner undertook any rebuilding and The house in Glenarm is not identified, unless this is a reference no trace of the ‘English’ house remains.71 to , built by Sir Randal MacDonnell between SMR DG 046-004 1603 and 1636. The castle still stands although it has been extensively rebuilt.59 Skeoge Sir John Vaughan was a brother of Henry. He was also a soldier Red Bay Castle was built in the mid-sixteenth century on the and received land as a servitor in Kilmacrennan. He later served site of an earlier fortification. It was damaged and rebuilt on a as a member of the Irish Parliament for County Donegal and as 60 number of occasions before being destroyed in 1652. mayor of Derry.72 No trace of the house or other buildings have NISMR ANT 020:010 been identified at Skeoge.

Monaghan Greencastle Edward Blayney, later Lord Blayney of Monaghan (?–1630) Greencastle, which was also known as Northburgh or was a Welsh soldier who arrived in Ireland with the 2nd Earl of Newcastle was one of the largest Norman castles in Ireland. Essex in 1599 and subsequently served at Kinsale. He was Built by Richard de Burgo in 1305 it later passed into the hands given command of the garrison at Monaghan in 1602 and 61 of the O’Donnells and then to the O’Dohertys. Chichester received various grants of land in the county. The castle in appears to have repaired the castle and received a grant from Monaghan town was built sometime after 1603 and was the crown to maintain a garrison there. The castle was later surrounded by a bawn with bastions. It was demolished by the 73 62 abandoned but extensive ruins remain. 1850s and no trace of the structure has been found. SMR DG 022-003001 SMR MO 009-060013 Woods of Glenconkeyne The bawn and house at Ballynalurgan was in the of Glenconkeyne was in the barony of in the south Onomy. It was destroyed in the 1641 rising and not rebuilt. The of the newly formed county of Londonderry. The forests in the ruins were still visible in 1770 but nothing now remains, and area were an important resource for the plantation. They were the site has not been identified.63 used for building as well as being commercially exploited.74 SMR MO 020-018 Elagh Thomas Ridgeway, later Earl of Londonderry (1565–1632), was a soldier and administrator who served as Treasurer at War Elagh Castle, also known as Doherty Tower or Castle Aileach, under Mountjoy. In 1606 he was tasked with reforming the tax is actually in County Londonderry, just to the west of the city and customs system in Ireland. He was granted the lands of of Derry. Originally an O’Doherty stronghold before being Brian og McMahon in Monaghan in 1609 as a reward for his taken by crown forces, it was recaptured by Sir Cahir 64 O’Doherty during his rising in 1608. It was derelict by 1665 services during Cahir O’Doherty’s rising. No remains of the 75 bawn or settlement have been located.65 and little now remains. SMR MO 007-018 NISMR LDY 14A:003

Muff Red Castle Henry Hart (c. 1566–1637) was an army officer who had been Richard Hansard (1562–1619) was a soldier and fortifications the commander of the fort at Culmore during Cahir O’Doherty’s expert from Lincolnshire who served in Ireland from 1599. He received grants of land in County Donegal and developed the rising. He received land as a servitor in the neighbouring barony 76 of Kilmacrennan.66 No trace of the seventeenth-century town of Lifford. Red Castle is known to have been inhabited settlement at Muff remains. by Hugh Carrogh McLaughlin in 1601 and subsequently

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DIRECTORY OF IRISH FAMILY HISTORY RESEARCH captured by crown forces in the 1608 rebellion. It was in ruins 6 Patrick J. Duffy, ‘The territorial organization of Gaelic by 1665 and has now been entirely demolished.77 landownership and its transformation in County Monaghan, SMR DG 031-003 1591–1640’, Irish Geography, 14 (1981) pp 1–26. 7 R. J. Hunter ‘Plantation in Donegal’, in Ulster Transformed, pp 46–85. Carrickabraghy 8 Dictionary of Irish Biography, sub Arthur Chichester (1563–1625); Hoan has not been identified. Carrickabraghy castle is a P. Roebuck, ‘The making of an Ulster great estate: the Chichesters, sixteenth-century tower house built by the O’Dohertys. It would barons of Belfast and viscounts of Carrickfergus, 1599–1648’, appear that Hoan did undertake some work on the building, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, section C, 79 (1979) including the construction of a bawn. The tower house is now pp 1–25. 78 9 McCavitt, Sir Arthur Chichester, pp 149–68; Roebuck, ‘The making in ruins. of an Ulster great estate, pp 1–25. SMR DG 003-002001 10 His itinerary can be found in Calendar of the Carew Manuscripts, 1603–20, pp 218–19. Culmore 11 Lambeth Palace Library, Carew MS 630, ff 144–52. John Baker (?–1626) had been placed in command of Culmore 12 PRONI, T811/3. fort in 1608 after O’Doherty’s rising. He was in command again 13 PRONI, D4446/D/11; Ulster Journal of Archaeology, 3rd series, 38 from 1613 and lived in the fort with his family. Baker later (1975), pp 81–2. 79 14 George Benn, A History of the Town of Belfast (London, 1877), became a Member of Parliament for County Londonderry. pp 85–7, 674–8. Culmore Fort is in County Londonderry. It was replaced by a 15 S. Shannon Millin, Additional Sidelights on Belfast History (Belfast, large stone block house in the nineteenth century and no trace 1938), pp 3–4. of the earlier structure survives.80 16 Dictionary of Irish Biography, sub John Todd (d. c. 1612). NISMR LDY 14A:001 17 Rowan McLaughlin and James Lyttleton, An Archaeology of Northern Ireland, 1600–1650 (Belfast, 2017), p. 141. 18 Harold O’Sullivan, ‘The Magennis lordship of Iveagh in the early Termon Magragh modern period, 1534 to 1691’, in Lindsay Proudfoot and William Miler Magrath (1522–1622) had been the Catholic bishop of Nolan (eds), Down: History & Society (Dublin, 1997) pp 159–202. Down and Connor. After conforming to the 19 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, p. 157. in 1567 he held various church endowments, including the 20 Dictionary of Irish Biography, sub James Hamilton (c. 1560–1644). archbishopric of Cashel from 1571. He inherited lands in 21 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, pp 97–8. counties Tyrone, Donegal and Fermanagh.81 The lands of 22 Perceval-Maxwell, Scottish Migration, pp 49–51. 23 McLaughlin & Lyttleton Archaeology of Northern Ireland, pp Termon Magragh were granted to Miler’s son James in 1610. 104–05. The castle comprised a tower house and bawn which were 24 W. A. Maguire, The Downshire Estates in Ireland, 1801–45: bombarded by Cromwellian troops in 1649–50 and left in The Management of Irish Landed Estates in the Early Nineteenth ruins.82 Century (Oxford, 1972) pp 1–4. SMR DG 105-014001 25 McLaughlin & Lyttleton Archaeology of Northern Ireland, pp 144–5. 26 Brenda Collins, ‘Sources for a seventeenth-century Ulster estate: Signatories the Hastings (Irish) papers in the Huntingdon Library, California’, Familia, 24 (2008) pp 145–54. For Chichester, Carew and Ridgeway see above. 27 McLaughlin & Lyttleton Archaeology of Northern Ireland, pp 92–3. 28 McLaughlin & Lyttleton Archaeology of Northern Ireland, pp 91–2. Sir Richard Wingfield (1551–1634) was a soldier and 29 McLaughlin & Lyttleton Archaeology of Northern Ireland, p. 91. administrator who had fought in the Irish campaigns and in the 30 McLaughlin & Lyttleton Archaeology of Northern Ireland, p. 26. Low Countries. He commanded the crown forces against Cahir 31 McLaughlin & Lyttleton Archaeology of Northern Ireland, pp 25–6. O’Doherty at the Battle of Kilmacrennan. He acquired land at 32 McLaughlin & Lyttleton Archaeology of Northern Ireland, pp 21–4. for an overview of early seventeenth-century Belfast see: Ruairí Ó Powerscourt, , as well as Tyrone and was later 83 Baoill, Hidden History Below our Feet: The Archaeological Story made Viscount Powerscourt. of Belfast (Belfast, 2011), pp 96–135. 33 McLaughlin & Lyttleton Archaeology of Northern Ireland, p. 22. Sir Oliver Lambert (c. 1560–1618) served in the army in Ireland 34 Millin, Additional Sidelights, p. 7. and the Low Countries. He returned to Ireland in 1599 and 35 McSkimin, History of Carrickfergus, p. 413. subsequently became governor of Connaught. After the Nine 36 McLaughlin & Lyttleton Archaeology of Northern Ireland, p. 27. Years’ War he remained a senior member of the Irish 37 McSkimin, History of Carrickfergus, pp 298, 301; D. A. Chart, 84 ‘The break-up of the estate of Con O’Neill, Castlereagh, County administration and acquired land in as a servitor. Down, temp James I’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, section C, 48 (1942) p. 132. 38 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, p. 29. 39 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, pp 1 Calendar of the Carew Manuscripts Preserved in the Archiepiscopal 30–35. See also Ruairí Ó Baoill, Carrickfergus: The Story of the Library at Lambeth, 1515–1624, 6 Vols (London, 1867–73). The Castle and Walled Town (Belfast, 2008). main report is contained in the volume for 1603–23, pp 75–9, 40 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, pp 32–3. 220–30. 41 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, pp 33–4. 2 For a brief overview of the plantation see: R. J. Hunter, ‘The Ulster 42 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, pp 30–31. Plantation’, in Ulster Transformed: Essays on Plantation and Print 43 T. W. Moody, The Londonderry Plantation, 1609–1641 (Belfast, Culture, c. 1590–1641, edited by John Morrill (Belfast, 2012), and 1939, reprinted 2019), pp 314, 338. R. J. Hunter, Plantations in Ulster, 1600–1641, edited by Ian 44 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, sub Robert Humston Montgomery and William Roulston (Belfast, 2018), available online [Humpston]. at: www.nidirect.gov.uk/publications/plantations-ulster-1600-1641. 45 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, p. 37. 3 For the background to Carew’s survey see: Perceval-Maxwell, 46 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, Scottish Migration, pp 120–32; and John McCavitt, Sir Arthur pp 39–40. Chichester: Lord Deputy of Ireland, 1605–1616 (Belfast, 1998), 47 McSkimin, History of Carrickfergus, p. 484. pp 32–5. 48 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, p. 36. 4 Dictionary of Irish Biography, sub George Carew (1555–1629). 49 McSkimin, History of Carrickfergus p. 474. 5 For an overview see: Gillespie, Colonial Ulster and R. J. Hunter 50 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, pp 35–6. ‘Plantation society: Antrim and Down, 1603–41’, in Ulster 51 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, p. 27. Transformed, pp 282–305. 52 McSkimin, History of Carrickfergus p. 483.

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DIRECTORY OF IRISH FAMILY HISTORY RESEARCH 53 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, p. 88. 68 Brian Lacy, Archaeological Survey of County Donegal (Lifford, 54 McSkimin, History of Carrickfergus, p. 413. 1983), pp 380–81. 55 Dictionary of Irish Biography, sub Thomas Phillips (c. 1560–1636). 69 R. J. Hunter ‘Plantation in Donegal’, Ulster Transformed, pp 46–85. 56 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, p. 84. 70 Lacy, Donegal, pp 370–71. 57 Dictionary of Irish Biography, sub Randal mac Sorley MacDonnell 71 Lacy, Donegal, pp 355–6. (d. 1636). 72 R. J. Hunter ‘Plantation in Donegal’, Ulster Transformed, pp 46–85. 58 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, pp 73 Lacy, Donegal, pp 365–7. 63–73. See also Colin Breen, Dunluce Castle: History and 74 Moody, Londonderry Plantation, p. 105. Archaeology (Dublin, 2012). 75 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, pp 59 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, p. 45. 293–4. 60 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, pp 52–3. 76 R. J. Hunter ‘Plantation in Donegal’, Ulster Transformed, pp 46–85. 61 Michael Burns, ‘Edward Blayney’, Record, 21:2 (2013), 77 Lacy, Donegal, p. 382. pp 67–81. 78 Lacy, Donegal, pp 353–5. 62 Anna Brindley, Archaeological Inventory of County Monaghan 79 Moody, Londonderry Plantation, pp 132, 150, 172–3. (Dublin, 1987), p. 91. 80 McLaughlin & Lyttleton, Archaeology of Northern Ireland, 63 Brindley, Monaghan, p. 91 pp 294–5. 64 Dictionary of Irish Biography, sub Thomas Ridgeway 81 Dictionary of Irish Biography, sub Miler (Meiler) Magrath (1565?–1632). (c. 1522–1622). 65 Brindley, Monaghan, p. 91 82 Lacy, Donegal, pp 351–3. 66 R. J. Hunter ‘Plantation in Donegal’, in Ulster Transformed, 83 Dictionary of Irish Biography, sub Richard Wingfield (1551?–1634). pp 46–85. 84 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, sub Oliver Lambert (c. 67 R. J. Hunter ‘Plantation in Donegal’, in Ulster Transformed, 1560–1618). pp 46–85.

Diving Deeper – Learning More about Your Ancestors and Where They Lived Clare Lawler Kilgallen (Guild member 6,017)

How can we put flesh on the bone and learn more about the times in which our ancestors lived? Some answers are found in governmental papers and reports. Many tabulations and all kinds of reports were compiled from the various Census of Ireland forms (e.g. population, education, literacy, language). Census reports were printed as Parliamentary Papers. Those documents along with a variety of others that tell us more about years 1801 to 1922 are available for free on the DIPPAM (Documenting Ireland: Parliament, People and Migration) website (http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi). The DIPPAM site has all kinds of reports agriculture, poverty, poor rates – the list goes on and on. For example, the ‘Townland Index’ was a parliamentary paper.

For a quick snapshot of the population of a townland over the years of the Great Famine (1845–52), take a look at the papers for 1861 which also include population and building statistics for 1841 and 1851. Using County Tyrone as an example, this is the link to the Census of Ireland 1861: Part I, Area, Population, and Number of Houses, by and Electoral Divisions: http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/14545/page/376748. The data is organised by barony, then by civil parish, then alphabetical by townland. For the 1851 Census for County Tyrone go to: http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/13138. For a short statistical report from 1848–49 on the Poor Law (famine relief), see http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/ 12595/page/316371.

Keep in mind that searching is limited by the Optical Character Recognition, so using words that appear more frequently (such as a civil parish name) may be the better search approach. You can page through the document. There is a print feature but the download tool does not appear to be working. Unfortunately, there is no magnify feature for the images (the workaround is to take a ‘screen grab’ and enlarge it in your computer’s viewer tool). Note that the digital pagination differs from the printed pagination.

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