Miloš Ilić DIVERZITET, DISTRIBUCIJA, DIFERENCIJACIJA MIKROSTANIŠTA I STRUKTURA ZAJEDNICA MAHOVINA FRUŠKE GORE

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Miloš Ilić DIVERZITET, DISTRIBUCIJA, DIFERENCIJACIJA MIKROSTANIŠTA I STRUKTURA ZAJEDNICA MAHOVINA FRUŠKE GORE UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Miloš Ilić DIVERZITET, DISTRIBUCIJA, DIFERENCIJACIJA MIKROSTANIŠTA I STRUKTURA ZAJEDNICA MAHOVINA FRUŠKE GORE -doktorska disertacija- Novi Sad, 2019. „Svako mora da ima upaljen fenjer u glavi. Da mu svetli i danju i noću. Jer, ko ne svetli iznutra, taj ne živi; fenjer pomaže da bolje vidimo lica, predmete, šta se događa. On pomaže da odaberemo, nanižemo i svaku sitnicu povežemo u sliku, u pletivo; da u jednom životu otkrijemo sto drugih. Bez upaljenog fenjera nema ni reči; nema priče u kojoj život diše, jeca ili se razliva od miline.” Bora Stanković Ovaj rad je realizovan u Laboratoriji za sistematiku viših biljaka, u okviru Katedre za botaniku, Departmana za biologiju i ekologiju Prirodno-matematičkog fakulteta Univerziteta u Novom Sadu, u okviru projekta III43002 „Biosensing tehnologije i globalni sistem za kontinuirana istraživanja i integrisano upravljanje ekosistemima“, finansiranog od strane Ministarstva prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije. Neizmernu zahvalnost dugujem svom mentoru, dr Dragani Vukov, za veliku i nesebičnu stručnu pomoć koju mi je pružila tokom izrade ovog rada, na strpljenju, kao i na beskrajnim razgovorima o ekologiji biljaka i statistici. Hvala joj na svemu što me je naučila. Neizmerno hvala našoj profesorki, dr Ružici Igić, za veliku stručnu i logističku podršku koju mi je pružila. Hvala joj što me je naučila da „sve može“. Hvala dr Milanu Veljiću, dr Snežani Radulović i dr Saši Orloviću na velikom broju korisnih sugestija i saveta. Hvala dr Pal Boži i dr Goranu Anačkovu za sve što su me naučili tokom studija, posebno u domenu biljne taksonomije. Veliko hvala Mirjani Ćuk na ogromnoj podršci, strpljenju i svakoj pomoći koju mi je pružila u radu. Neizmerno hvala Srđanu Arsiću i Milici Arsić što su me uveli u svet briologije, za sve što sam od njih naučio. Hvala Tatjani Stošić na velikoj podršci na početku mojih brioloških istraživanja i na rečenici „Džaba ti sve što si uradio, ako niko za to ne zna“. Posebnu zahvalnost dugujem Predragu Košutiću na velikoj pomoći tokom terenskih istraživanja. Hvala Borisu Radaku i Bojani Bokić na velikoj podršci i pomoći. Hvala Marku Rućandu, Milici Rat, Slobodanu Bojčiću, Milici Živković i Maji Novković na velikoj podršci. Hvala dr Marku Sabovljeviću i dr Beati Papp za sve što sam od njih naučio. Veliko hvala Aleksandru Pešiću na podršci i verovanju u mene. Veliko hvala Milici Stojiljković na podršci, verovanju u mene i svim konsultacijama u vezi sa „jezičkim nedoumicama“. Beskrajno hvala Danijeli... Beskrajno hvala roditeljima i sestri... U Novom Sadu, 25. mart 2019. Miloš Ilić „...ja će idem na daleko, na daleko belo Vranje...“ SADRŽAJ 1. UVOD...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Morfologija mahovina................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Ciklus razvića mahovina………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 1.3. Klasifikacija mahovina…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 1.4. Značaj mahovina…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 1.5. Brojnost mahovina…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8 1.6. Ekologija mahovina…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 1.6.1. Distribucija mahovina…………………………………………………………………………………… 9 1.6.2. Kvantitativni pristup u ekologiji mahovina……………………………………………………. 10 1.7. Istorijat brioloških istraživanja u Srbiji......................................................................... 12 1.8. Istorijat brioloških istraživanja na Fruškoj gori............................................................ 14 2. KARAKTERISTIKE ISTRAŽIVANOG PODRUČJA.......................................................................... 16 2.1. Geografski položaj i granice Fruške gore..................................................................... 16 2.2. Reljef Fruške gore........................................................................................................ 17 2.3. Geološke karakteristike Fruške gore........................................................................... 18 2.4. Pedološke karakteristike Fruške gore.......................................................................... 18 2.5. Hidrološke karakteristike Fruške gore......................................................................... 20 2.6. Klimatske karakteristike Fruške gore........................................................................... 22 2.7. Vegetacija Fruške gore................................................................................................ 24 2.8. Bogatstvo flore i zaštita............................................................................................... 27 3. CILJ RADA................................................................................................................................ 28 4. MATERIJAL I METODE RADA................................................................................................... 29 4.1. Floristička istraživanja.................................................................................................. 29 4.1.1. Taksonomska analiza........................................................................................ 31 4.1.2. Biogeografska analiza flore mahovina Fruške gore.......................................... 31 4.1.3. Ugroženost i zaštita brioflore............................................................................ 31 4.2. Ekološka istraživanja.................................................................................................... 32 4.2.1. Biološki spektar-analiza životnih formi............................................................. 32 4.2.2. Analiza ekoloških indeksa i preferencija briofita ka tipu podloge..................... 32 4.2.3. Testiranje i optimizacija metodološkog pristupa za kvantitativna uzorkovanja mahovina u različitim tipovima vegetacije............................................. 33 4.2.3.1. Prizemna flora mahovina u šumskoj i vegetaciji otvorenih staništa.... 33 4.2.3.2. Epifitska flora mahovina...................................................................... 36 4.2.4. Uticaj ekoloških faktora na diverzitet i distribuciju prizemnih i epifitskih briofita........................................................................................................................ 38 4.2.4.1. Prizemna flora mahovina u šumskim ekosistemima........................... 38 4.2.4.2. Prizemna flora mahovina na livadskim staništima.............................. 39 4.2.4.3. Epifitska flora mahovina...................................................................... 40 4.2.4.4. Statističke analize................................................................................ 41 4.2.5. Analiza strukture briofitskih zajednica na različitim tipovima staništa............. 43 5. REZULTATI I DISKUSIJA............................................................................................................ 45 5.1. Flora mahovina Fruške gore........................................................................................ 45 5.1.1. Bogatstvo vrsta i taksonomska analiza flore mahovina Fruške gore................ 86 5.1.2. Fitogeografska analiza flore mahovina Fruške gore......................................... 95 5.1.3. Brioflora urbanih staništa Fruške gore.............................................................. 97 5.1.4. Ugroženost i zaštita brioflore Fruške gore........................................................ 98 5.2. Ekološke karakteristike brioflore Fruške gore............................................................. 101 5.2.1. Biološki spektar................................................................................................. 101 5.2.2. Analiza ekoloških indeksa brioflore Fruške gore............................................... 103 5.2.3. Preferencije briofita Fruške gore u odnosu na tip podloge i tip staništa.......... 105 5.2.4. Testiranje i optimizacija metodološkog pristupa za kvantitativna uzorkovanja mahovina na različitim tipovima staništa............................................... 107 5.2.4.1. Prizemna brioflora............................................................................... 107 5.2.4.2. Epifitska brioflora................................................................................. 119 5.2.5. Uticaj ekoloških faktora na diverzitet i distribuciju prizemnih i epifitskih briofita........................................................................................................................ 123 5.2.5.1. Uticaj ekoloških faktora na diverzitet i distribuciju prizemne brioflore u šumskim staništima........................................................................ 123 5.2.5.2. Uticaj ekoloških faktora na diverzitet i distribuciju briofita u prizemnoj brioflori livadskih staništa................................................................ 131 5.2.5.3. Uticaj ekoloških faktora na diverzitet i distribuciju epifitskih briofita. 138 5.2.6. Određivanje strukture briofitskih zajednica na različitim tipovima staništa..... 144 5.2.6.1.Briofitske zajednice na šumskim staništima……………………………………… 144 5.2.6.2. Briofitske zajednice na livadskim staništima....................................... 155 5.2.6.3. Epilitske zajednice briofita šumskih i livadskih staništa....................... 157 6. ZAKLJUČAK.............................................................................................................................
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