N i neteenth-Centu ry Japanese Translations of the

Miyachi Yaeko

THE FIRST MAJOR biblical translation projects country in the last years of the Edo period in were undertaken during the Meiji (1603-1867). One volume in particular, An period (1868-1912)' with Protestant mis­ English and Japanese, and Japanese and sionaries playing a central role. There had English Vocabulary, compiled by Medhurst been earlier attempts, however, toward the in 1830, was actively utilized as a language end of the Tokugawa Shogunate-attempts textbook by who hoped to to translate into Japanese the Chinese editions work in Japan. already produced by Protestant missionaries As can be seen in table 1, although the LMS in under the auspices of the London headed the early evangelical efforts in Society (LMs). These early ver­ China, it was American missionary soci­ sions, done outside Japan, were later con­ eties that were the most active in Japan. sulted by biblical translators in Japan and also However, many of those who served in served as teaching materials for Japanese Japan had previously spent some time in language study in Europe. China and thus would have been familiar The missionaries most closely connected with the literature evangelism practiced so with the translation work are shown in industriously by the LMS members. They table 1. From Robert Morrison (1782-1834) would have had firsthand knowledge of the to Walter H. Medhurst (1796-1857), the society's methods of propagating the faith and individuals listed were not directly involved its translation work, and they would no in Japanese translation themselves, but they doubt have drawn on this knowledge during are worth noting because they paved the their own work in Japan. In this article, I way for later projects. Robert Morrison, who would like to present an overview, based went to Canton in 1807, translated the on existing studies, of the Japanese transla­ tions of the Bible, especially the New Shinten Bible (1$;R~~), published in 1823, Testament, that were made during the late together with William Milne (1785-1822). At that time it was the policy of Morrison and Edo and Meiji periods. In addition, I would like to introduce the people who cooperat­ his fellow LMS members to spread the gos­ ed in the translation of the Bible into pel using written materials in what is known Japanese. as "literature evangelism" (:)C.{~i~). This consisted of publishing and introducing THE MISSIONARIES' TRANSLATION PROCESS both the Bible and Western cultural texts in Chinese translation. Many publications were There have been numerous studies on the issued, and some of these were imported history of Japanese biblical translation. into Japan and disseminated throughout the Instead of discussing each version in detail,

75 JAPAN CHRISTIAN REVIEW 61 1995

I would like to introduce some milestones in Seibikan, a school under the direct juris­ this history during the late Edo and Meiji diction of the shogunate's commissioner in periods, while touching on the relation­ Nagasaki. Verbeck also supervised the ships among the missionaries involved. Chienkan, the academy of the Saga feudal Table 2 lists Japanese translations of the domain. While performing these duties, he New Testament published during this time also engaged in Christian missionary work. frame. Those that appeared during the late Among the large number of students taught Edo period (nos. 1-4) were all published by Verbeck, there were many who would outside Japan and printed by presses that had later play active roles in the Meiji Resto­ been established to support literature evan­ ration government. In particular the chief gelism in China. The first partial Japanese retainer of the Saga domain, Murata Masa­ translation, by Karl Friedrich Augustus nori (H83;ff~;ri&~~), lord ofWakasa and his Giitzlaff (1803-1851), was produced using brother were baptized by Verbeck in 1866 Morrison and Milne's Shinten Bible and while was still officially pro­ Medhurst's dictionary as references. The scribed. Murata's conversion was later dis­ LMS'S literature evangelism in China therefore covered by the Saga daimyo, Nabeshima helped expedite the translation of the Bible Naohiro (iIi\~w!*). Murata then retired from into Japanese. political life and devoted himself to trans­ Giitzlaff's pioneering endeavor was then lating the Bible from Chinese into Japanese. taken up by, among others, Samuel Wells Verbeck undertook a similar project himself Williams (1812-1884), Bernard J. Bettel­ in 1869, with the assistance of his Japanese heim (1811-1870), Jonathan Goble (1827- students. 1898), (1815-1911) The biblical translations of the later Edo and Samuel Robbins Brown (1810-1880), period had a major influence on Japanese within the network of personal friendships studies in Europe. The French Japanologist outlined in figure 1. That is, Giitzlaff was a Leon de Rosny (1837-1914) issued a hand­ member of the LMS, like Morrison and Med­ engraved edition of Giitzlaff' s Bible in Paris hurst, and he became friendly with Bettel­ in 1854. After Bettelheim's death, his trans­ heim in Hong Kong. With Williams in lation was also published in 1873-1874 by Macao, he looked after the welfare of Hara­ the Austrian Orientalist, August S. Pfiz­ da Sh6z6 (J±iZ), a shipwrecked fisherman maier (1808-1887), using type that he made from Higo, present-day Kumamoto Prefec­ himself. ture. The other missionaries are all con­ The first biblical translation published in nected indirectly with Giitzlaff and Goble Japan was Goble's Gospel According to St. through the former's association with Matthew (table 2, no. 5). Because the religious Bettelheim, and S. R. Brown and Hepburn sanctions were still in force, a willing pub­ through Williams. The seeds of biblical lisher could not be found, and the fact that translation sown by Giitzlaff can be said to it was a Christian book had to be concealed. have borne abundant fruit thanks to wide Goble's edition of Matthew's gospel was fol­ contacts among the missionaries. lowed by a series of joint translations by In addition to these LMs-centered publi­ Hepburn and S. R. Brown, who resided in cation activities outside Japan, there were Kanagawa (now part of Yokohama) since also those already in Japan who undertook the late 1850s; these included the gospels of translations of their own. The Dutch mis­ Mark and John (nos. 7, 8, 11). sionary Guido Herman Fridolin Verbeck In 1872 there was a move to publish a joint (1830-1898), who arrived in Nagasaki in translation of the Bible, rather than a num­ 1852, was appointed principal of the ber of versions by individual missionaries.

76 M,YACH,: Nineteenth-Century Japanese Bible Translations

FIGURE 1

·[~reriJ\ iIITr h

b [R~;;;;;;~] .. ) K. F. A. ~Otzlaff ~ • :JI~;'iJ g

d B. J. Bettelheim ______...... ~ I S. W. Williams I f

a, b, c London Missionary Society l I d Lew Chew Naval Mission e I J. Goble I e American Baptist Free Mission Society f American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions g Reformed in America h Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church USA.

The first interdenominational mlsslOnary translation project and arranged for his son, meeting, held at Hepburn's house in Yoko­ who had joined him in Japan, to take on the hama, adopted a proposal to make a joint printing. They issued a partial translation of translation of the New Testament. A Bible the Epistles in 1876 (no. 15) and a New Translation Committee (n~~~U~) was Testament in 1879 (no. 16). Nathan Brown's duly established and the seven members original edition was later revised by and their Japanese collaborators set to work. Kawakatsu (no. 21). The committee's translation was originally While Protestant translations had ap­ issued in a series of volumes, reaching com­ peared overseas as early as 1837 and were pletion on November 3,1879, and was then prepared actively in Japan from the early published as The Complete New Testament 1870s, a Roman Catholic translation of the (*ffff.·%tff) in 1880 (no. 17). Bible was not started until later in the Meiji This major milestone in the history of period. A Catholic missionary, Theodore­ Bible translation in Japan was not attained Augustin Forcade (1816-1885) of the Soci­ without considerable difficulty. Conflicts ete des Missions Etrangeres de Paris (MEP) , within the committee, especially over ter­ arrived in 1844 in the Ryukyu Islands, minology, resulted in the resignation of one which were partially opened to the West at member, Nathan Brown (1807-1886). With that time-a decade earlier than Japan's the help of Kawakatsu Tetsuya (J1IMf~;I(~*), main islands. While in the Ryukyus, he Brown subsequently pursued his own studied the Japanese language in preparation

77 JAPAN CHRISTIAN REVIEW 67 1995

for a mission to Japan. With the opening of lished the standard New Testament of the the treaty ports, Bernard Thadee Petitjean in Japan (no. 26). (1829-1884), Joseph Marie Laucaigne The above is a brief review of the mis­ (1838-1885) and others members of the sionaries' biblical translation work. In addi­ MEP settled in Nagasaki. However, because tion, John Batchelor (1854-1944), an the Christian communities, which had pre­ Anglican missionary to the Ainu people, served their faith in secret for more than dedicated his life to Ainu studies and pub­ two centuries, were beginning to come out lished an Ainu-language Bible in 1897 of hiding in Urakami and nearby areas, the (no. 23). In Seoul, Herbert George Brand instruction of those who rejoined the (1865-1942) and the Japanese missionaries and the publication of doc­ who worked with him in the Korean mission trinal materials took precedence over trans­ published a revised version of the Bible lation of the Bible. For this reason, it was not Translation Committee's The Complete until mid-Meiji that portions of the New New Testament (no. 25). Testament were published in Japanese by the Besides these translations, made for pur­ Catholic Church in a translation by poses of evangelism, Japanese translations of Takahashi Gore (i¥Ii:jt1ie~) (nos. 22 and 24). the Bible were also published as texts for A complete Catholic New Testament had moral training (nos. 6, 9, 10), as historical nar­ to await Raguet's translation of 1910 (no. 27). ratives (no. 10) and for the purpose of Emile Raguet (1852-1929) arrived in Japan denouncing Christianity (nos. 12 and 14). in 1879 and set to work translating the Bible while serving in Kagoshima. There he JAPANESE COLLABORATORS IN TRANSLATION found many able Japanese collaborators and pursued his task with their cooperation. Many of the missionaries who went to Like the Catholic Church, the Eastern Japan studied Japanese intensively. Most Orthodox Church was also late in producing engaged a Japanese tutor upon arrival and a Japanese Bible. The Orthodox faith had prepared for the project of Bible translation been introduced to Japan by Ioann Nikolai while applying themselves to their lan­ (1836-1912), a Russian priest who went to guage studies. in 1861, where he was chaplain to The Japanese who played the most the Russian Consulate. There he engaged a important roles are shown in table 3 (publi­ Japanese tutor and studied the language. cations are numbered as in table 2). During After returning home for a time, Nikolai the late Edo period, the Japanese who moved to in 1871; in 1884 he began assisted in biblical translation overseas building the Cathedral of the Holy Resur­ were shipwrecked fishermen who, having rection (popularly known as the Nikolai landed on foreign soil, were forbidden by the Cathedral). On its completion in 1891, he shogun'S edict from returning to Japan. established a seminary to train indigenous Although we have only fragmentary evi­ priests. He published various translated dence to indicate the extent of their works on church history and theology from involvement, we can deduce the level of about 1877 onward, but with growing their linguistic ability from the contents of church membership there was an increasing the biblical translations. In addition to the need for a Bible translation. There were, of castaways, other Edo-era collaborators course, a number of individual versions included the interpreter who helped done in the Orthodox Church also (nos. 18, Bettelheim with his translation and the 20), but in 1901, with the cooperation of retainers of the Saga domain who had con­ Nakai Tsugumaro (cpj:H€Jffg), Nikolai pub- tact with Verbeck.

78 MIYACHI: Nineteenth-Century Japanese Bible Translations

After Commodore Perry's visits led to and codes of law and conduct at the the lifting ofthe ban on commerce with the Shirakawake Gakukan, as well as classic West, a number of missionaries took up res­ Confucian texts under Kamiyama Shiro. He idence in the treaty ports, found Japanese then went to Edo and studied classical lit­ tutors and began learning the language. erature under Kurokawa Mayori and Chin­ Among them were Hepburn and S. R. ese and Japanese historical texts under Ino Brown in Kanagawa who, while pursuing Hidenori. A supporter of the "revere the their studies with the help of a tutor, began Emperor, expel the barbarians" movement making draft translations of scriptural pas­ (~~.~ilJh), he became Japanese tutor to D. sages. C. Green in Kobe, intending to learn about The Meiji collaborators can be grouped as Christianity in order to denounce it. Instead follows: 1) the group centered on Hepburn he became a convert and collaborated in the and S. R. Brown; 2) the Baptist group; 3) the translation of the Bible. Orthodox group; 4) the Catholic group; and Takahashi Gor6 (1856-1935) was the son 5) others. of the village headman of Shindenbatake­ The most active members of Group 1 mura, Kariwa-gun, Echigo. He went to included Okuno Masatsuna (J!:Jf~WI), Matsu­ Takasaki and studied Confucianism under yama Takayoshi (~LlJjlija) and Takahashi Ichikawa Sakon, Buddhism under Makino Gor6. Sairyu and Japanese classical literature Okuno Masatsuna (1823-1910) was born under Tanaka Keno. He later became inter­ in Edo (present-day Tokyo), the third son of ested in Western studies and entered Ogata Takeuchi Gozaemon, a direct retainer of the Koan's school of Dutch studies in Osaka. Tokugawa Shogunate. At the age of eleven, Kanagaki Robun, a well-known writer who he entered Shunsei-in, a part of Kan'eiji, to had been his mentor in Takasaki, intro­ study Buddhism and classical Chinese and duced him to the church leader and writer Japanese literature. In 1847 he was adopted Uemura Masahisa (fi!HtIEj.,,); he entered S. R. into the Okuno family. At the time of the Brown's school and there became involved Meiji Restoration he was in the service of an in translation work. imperial prince who was priest of Rinnoji. The fact that all three men had a strong In the Boshin Civil War (1868-69) he joined background in both the Chinese and Jap­ the Shogitai, a pro-shogunate military unit anese classics would obviously have had a headquartered at Kan'eiji, and after its considerable influence on the style of the defeat lived in despair. In 1871, Ogawa Japanese translations. Yoshiyasu (lJ'Jlltt*J(), a member of the Group 2 is represented by Kawakatsu Yokohama Band (a group of Japanese con­ Tetsuya (1850-1915). Kawakatsu was a verts pledged to spread their faith) who was retainer of the Omura family and during the an acquaintance of Okuno's son-in-law, Boshin Civil War took partin the attack on arranged for him to become Hepburn's Aizu. He later took up Western studies and Japanese tutor. After taking on the task of learned English at the Ballaghs' school. The marking the characters in a Chinese Bible to meeting with Nathan Brown led to his indicate their Japanese reading order, he involvement in Bible translation. He was became a collaborator in the work of the first Japanese to be ordained a Protestant Japanese translation. minister (in 1879) and thereafter devoted Matsuyama Takayoshi (1846-1935) was himself to Baptist missionary work in the son of a town elder of Itoigawa in Kyushu. Echigo (present-day Niigata Prefecture). He In Group 3, Nakai Tsugumaro (1885- went to and studied Japanese history 1943) deserves special mention. Nakai was

79 JAPAN CHRISTIAN REVIEW 61 1995 a scholar, the sixth-generation master ofthe Konakamura Kiyonori, Monodaka Takami Confucian Kaitokuda School in Osaka. and, in particular, the renowned scholar Many points remain unclear concerning the Haga Yaichi. After graduation in 1895, he events that led to his conversion to the held teaching posts in various districts and Orthodox faith. After becoming a member of in 1902 was appointed to the Seventh the Osaka Church, he was named assistant Higher School. There he met Raguet and preacher in 1879. He helped Nikolai, who became a key member of the Bible transla­ became bishop in 1880, undertake the Bible tion team. translation project. Yamada Jun (1867-1943) was born in Group 4 includes Kako Yoshikazu KogachO, Takahashi in Bitchii (now part of (1JDii~-), Ono Tata (!HtJi:t:), Mukasa San Okayama Prefecture); the third son of (m:~ :::-:) and Yamada Jun (WEB ill, all col­ Kimura Yutaka, he headed the Yushiikan, the laborators of Raguet in Kagoshima. academy of the Bitchii Matsuyama domain. Kako Yoshikazu's father, a domain re­ Because the domain had supported the tainer in Banshii, now part of Hyogo Pre­ deposed shogun during the Boshin Civil fecture, taught kanji (Chinese characters) to War, the Kimura family led the life of the French Catholic missionary Aime impoverished former samurai. Jun moved Villion. Yoshikazu (1853?-1924) was bap­ to Tokyo and attended the Nisha Gakusha tized by Villion while employed in the edi­ School of classical Chinese studies. Its torial department of the Kyoto Shinbun. He founder, Mishima Chiishii, came from the later worked as an assistant to Villion and, same domain. In 1884 Mishima and the after moving to Kagoshima, helped Raguet by domain's former daimyo Itakura Shasa dictating a Japanese translation of the Bible. arranged for Jun to become the adopted Ono Tata (1870-1916) was born in grandson and heir of Yamada Hakoku. Jun Hachiman-mura, Usa-gun, Bungo (present­ took up a post at the Kumamoto Fifth day Oita Prefecture). He studied under the School in 1899 and two years later transferred scholar Kumanomido Shinsai in Usa and in to the Seventh School as head of the classi­ 1895 took up a post at the Kajiki Prefectural cal Chinese department. Although it is not Middle School in Kagoshima. There he clear when he first met Raguet, it seems that became acquainted with Raguet, and Ono Tata's family, among others, was together they compiled the Dictionaire instrumental in their meeting. Yamada col­ Franr;;ais-Japonais precede d'un Abrege de laborated in Raguet's project in his capaci­ Grammaire Japonaise. While Raguet was ty as a classical Chinese scholar. translating the Bible, Ono was teaching Most notable of the men that constitute mathematics at the Zoshikan Seventh Group 5 are Ishikawa Tsune (;0 III ~) and Higher School, but because he was well­ Nagata Hasei (71<. EBniE), who attempted to versed in classical Chinese and Japanese, translate the Bible as a morals text or a his­ he undertook the editing of the text. torical record; Tajima Shaji (EB~!1;~=), who Mukasa San (1871-1929) was the son'of translated from a standpoint of hostility to the priest of Hikawa Shrine, the principle Christianity; and Norimatsu Masayasu shrine of Musashi, the province encom­ (*t~~f*) and Shuda Shinza (§fJi*Jj-~), who passing most of present-day Greater Tokyo. cooperated in revision work while serving as He attended Kyaritsu School, now Kaisei missionaries in Korea. Senior High SchooL and then entered the Ishikawa Tsune (dates of birth and death classical Japanese literature course at Tokyo unknown) was a scholar of English studies Imperial University. There he studied in the early Meiji period. A friend of under Mikami Sanji, Kurokawa Mayori, Sanami Ginjura, an interpreter and court

80 MIYACHI: Nineteenth-Century Japanese Bible Translations translator in Kanagawa Prefecture, he ran The Complete New Testament by the Bible an English school on Bentendori Street in Translation Committee. Yokohama. Nagata Hosei (1844-1911) was Shudo Shinz6 (1863-1912) was the son of born Udaka Tatsujiro at the Saijo domain the shogunate's commissioner in the Usuki estate in Iyo (present-day Ehime Prefecture) domain in Bungo. He went to Tokyo around and adopted by Nagata Yoshihira. He stud­ 1877 and entered Mitsubishi Commercial ied Chinese classics at the government School. He later transferred to the Mitsu­ school ShOheiko and taught this subject at the bishi Mercantile Marine School, but after Saijo domain academy. After the domains graduation a certain incident led him to were abolished and the prefectural system enter the religious life. He first encountered was established, he resigned and moved to Brand at almost the same time as Norimatsu Osaka, where he wrote textbooks for the and later worked on the revised edition as Ministry of Education. His Western Moral well as traveling extensively to preach the Teachings (J§i·Ux1f£) was published with gospel. ministry approval. He later worked in the As is clear from these brief biographical Yamanashi Prefecture Educational Affairs sketches, most of the collaborators in the Section, then joined the Hokkaido Col­ Meiji period were deeply versed in the onization Office. In Hokkaido he adminis­ Chinese and Japanese classics. This back­ tered educational affairs at the Hakodate ground can be said to have both facilitated Teachers' College, Hakodate Merc.antile translation of the Scriptures into Japanese Marine School, the Sapporo Agricultural and encouraged the adoption of a high lit­ School and other institutions. He also made erary style. There is, however, another a study of the Ainu language. aspect of the collaborators' background that Tajima Shoji (?-1909), born in Kyoto, seems significant in considering the recep­ was the author of anti-Christian books. He tion of Christianity in the early Meiji period: excelled in classical Chinese studies and the fact that many were of samurai descent. the writing of satirical verse, issuing A Fine That is to say, they belonged to a social class forced to undergo dramatic changes Miscellany (~J; 4~m) in Tokyo. He formed the Ninten Shoin to publish anti-Christian during the upheaval accompanying the col­ materials. In his later years he entered lapse of the old Tokugawa order and the Nanzenji and then moved to Ikegami Hon­ advent of the modernizing Meiji Resto­ monji. ration. Norimatsu Masayasu (1863-1921) was born a retainer of the Iyo Matsuyama do­ CONCLUSION main in present-day Ehime Prefecture. He It can be seen from the above summary that was one of the first students of Matsuyama the translators had in mind three different Middle School. In 1880 he entered the for­ purposes for their : 1) evangelical use mer Matsuyama domain's student dormito­ by missionaries; 2) use in general cultural ry in Tokyo and later found employment education or as historical texts; and 3) use in with the Kanagawa prefectural government denouncing Christianity. In the first type of in Yokohama. Having come into contact translation, the foreign missionaries played with Christianity in Yokohama, Norimatsu a central role in projects that involved their entered the divinity school of Meiji Gakuin. Japanese language teachers, Japanese con­ While there he met Brand in Nihonbashi; verts or groups thereof, while the second they later went together as missionaries to and third types were pursued by Japanese Korea and collaborated on a full revision of alone. In many cases the original Greek

81 JAPAN CHRISTIAN REVIEW 61 1995 texts were used, and Chinese translations was transformed into a dignified literary were consulted for reference. style. A prose suitably elevated for scrip­ During the centuries of national seclu­ ture that was also faithful to the original sion, information from abroad generally Greek was created through the missionaries' reached Japan by one of two routes: the efforts, with the support of their Japanese col­ Dutch or the Chinese. In the history of laborators. Japanese Bible translation, the arrival of information via China played a key role. REFERENCES The Dutch route also figured in, of course: for example, Murata Masanori found his reli­ Burando-san to sonG mure (7'7/1-'~IvC-'C(7) gious calling after picking up a Dutch Bible llfi'L). Tokyo: Doshin shinso, 1984. that was floating in Nagasaki harbor. More­ Ebisawa Arimichi i4fJ'~1R1f~. Nihon no seisho over, some Edo scholars who studied (8 :;$:(7)~~). Tokyo: Kodansha Gakujutsu Western science via the Dutch language had Bunko, 1989. already attempted partial translations from Forcade, Theodore-Augustin. "Le premier either Dutch or Chinese editions brought by missionnaire catholique duJapon au XIXe ship. siecle." Les Missions Catholiques 17 (1884). But it was the literature evangelism prac­ Japan Baptist Convention, ed. Nihon Bapu­ ticed in China, especially by missionaries tesuto renmei shi (8 :;$:;'\"7"7:7. h!M~). who went there around the time of the Japan Baptist Convention, 1959 Opium War, that was to prove particularly Kono Suminori iiifIHiIi~. Kagoshima ni okeru influential. The Western cultural texts that seisho honyaku (I.!\iJ'C~ l.::iHt 1.J~fn:jjWt). were translated into Chinese as part of this Study of , 1981. movement were imported into Japan as Mizoguchi Yasuo ij/j:D!i'if3<:, Matsuyama Taka­ Chinese books, in spite oftheir Western ori­ yoshi :mWi'i'1iE. Matsuyama Takayoshi gins, and were actively utilized in the late Memorial Publication, 1969. Edo period. Further, after the initial Jap­ Nihon kirisutokyo rekishi daijiten (B:;$: q:.l) anese translations of the Bible were done in :7.l-fX1lll:~*$JII!.). Tokyo: Kyo Bun Kwan, China (via the Morrison-Giitzlaff connec­ 1988. tion), the work was then carried on in the late Edo and early Meiji periods until two ver­ Nitami, Iwao 1= ~ ~ itt. Ainu no chichi Jon Bacheraa (71;Z(7))(~l3/·;\·TJ..7-). Tokyo: sions of the New Testament were complet­ ed. The Catholic and Orthodox Churches Nire ShobO, 1963. did not take part in this process but published Osaka Orthodox Church, ed. Pauro Nakai their translations later, through the efforts of Tsugumaro den (J{r709='Jllf~Jffg{i;). Osaka numerous Japanese collaborators. Orthodox Church, 1979. As mentioned earlier, many of the Takaya, Michio i'i'1i:fr~~, ed. and trans. Japanese involved in the projects were Furubekki shokanshu (7 }v~,/q:..PJi~). scholars of classical Chinese or Japanese lit­ Tokyo: Shinkyo Publishing Co., 1978. erature. In these classicists' hands, the --, ed. and trans. Hebon shokanshu prose of biblical translation, which had (""*/ifPJi~). Tokyo: Iwanami Publishing begun with Giitzlaff's vernacular rendering, Co., 1959.

82 TABLE 1

FOREIGN MISSIONARIES WHO COOPERATED IN THE TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE INTO JAPANESE

ARRIVAL PLACE NAME (CHINESE NAME) MISSION ASSOCIATION REMARKS

1807 Canton Robert Morrison (.~1LjHD London Missionary Society Never came to Japan 1813 Macao William Milne (lU}\i') London Missionary Society Never came to Japan 1817 Malacca Walter H. Medhurst (~tl),~,) London Missionary Society Never came to Japan 1827 Batavia Karl Friedrich Augustus Gutzlaff (njk~iK) Nederland Zendeling Genootschap Never came to Japan -London Mission Society 1833 Canton Samuel Wells Williams (l$E£t) American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions 1846 Lew Chew Bernard J. Bettelheim (1B~%) Lew Chew Naval Mission 1859 Nagasaki Channing Moore William Episcopal Church U.S.A. ~ ~ Guido Fridolin Verbeck Reformed Church in America ~ Kanagawa James Curtis Hepburn ('fJe) Board of Foreign Missions of the s·~ Presbyterian Church U.S.A. <1l (j) Samuel Robbins Brown Reformed Church in America <1l ::;:.::J 1860 Kanagawa Jonathan Goble American Baptist Free Mission Society Q 1861 Hakodate loann Nikolai ::J 2 Kanagawa J. H. Ballagh Reformed Church in America ~ 1863 Kanagawa D. Thompson Board of Foreign Missions of the ~QJ Presbyterian Church U.s.A. ::J 1873 Yokohama Nathan Brown American Baptist Missionary Union ~ OJ 1879 Nagasaki Emile Raguet Societe des Missions Etrangeres de Paris & ib' (Roman Catholic) ::;; QJ ::J '"QJ g. co w ::J '" co ): .j::. TABLE 2 ~ 2: JAPANESE TRANSLATIONS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT IN lATE EDO AND MEUI PERIODS ~ Vi YEAR :::! NUMBER TRANSLATOR MISSION GROUP BOOKS TRANSLATED PUBLISHER TEXTBOOK REMARKS ).: TRANSLATED 2: n,~ No.1 1837 GUtzlaff LMS Gospel of St. John Kenkashoin Shinten Bible Vernacular rendering of :sn, (¥M41 tWiff Z fi) Singapore Medhurst's the oldest Japanese Bible ~ 1,2,3 John Dictionary original ed., 1 st ver. ed., (*'tJf4l..r.

No.6 1871 Ishikawa scholar in Western Night Story, Kinokuniya, Translation of English studies vol.l (@i$1H6fJJM!:) Tokyo selected passages from No.7 1872 Hepburn & Board of Foreign Gospel of st. Mark American Bible S. R. Brown Missions and (~fr*'J~ 11r,m 1iJ {z;) Society, Yokohama Reformed Church Gospel of st. John (Wi"tJ"II'i:@{z;) No.8 1873 Hepburn & as above Gospel of St. Matthew as above S. R. Brown (Wi"*'J~a,~:t:{z;) No.9 1873 Nagata scholar in Western Moral Teachings Bun'eido & Old and New Translation of Chinese studies (i1!liHt:i;t, -:1'l~1§til) Gungyokudo, Testaments selected passages Osaka publ ished in 1816 scholar in Western Night Story, ChOgaido Translation of No.l0 1873 Ishikawa ~ Engl ish stud ies (i1!li$11i:~5~ =-~1i~) and Kanrindo selected passages. :;: Vols.2-5 Second and third ~ volumes sequel to ~ :5' to first; fourth and I'll I'D fifth are history of I'll ::J ancient Persia and S- Arabia ::J~ No.ll 1875 Hepburn & as in No.7 Gospel of st. Luke as in NO.7 C! ~ S. R. Brown {i: ) (Wi" *'1 ~ i!f:fa 1iJ ~ '0 No.12 1875 Tajima anti-Christian Refutation of New Ninten Shoin, Shanghai ed.of Translation of til ::J Testament (Wr*'J~i!f3f~) Tokyo New Testament St. Matthew I'll I'll'" No.13 1875 Kato Brief Explanation of Based on English OJ &' Gospel of st. Matthew translation of Bible iii' ~~~Wr*'J~:m:,m :t:{z;) with reference to ::;-l til Brief Explanation of Greek and ::J ill'" Gospel of st. Mark Chinese eds. g. CO (PItt IH :m*'J ~ i!f.~ UJ {z;) ::J c..n '" Q:) ); 0\ YEAR NUMBER TRANSLATOR MISSION GROUP BOOKS TRANSLATED PUBLISHER TEXTBOOK REMARKS ~ TRANSLATED Z

No.14 1875 Higashi anti-Christian Differences with the Yokairo, Contradictions to the ::02 (Ji Bible (ljJlHJ~:tEl8H§:il) Tokyo Bible, Shanghai & Hong Kong eds. ~ Z No.15 1876 N. Brown Baptist 1 & 2 Peter Yokohama ::0 ,." and others Bible Press, ::s,." (j22~gJJ/f'5t§) Yokohama ~

No.16 1879 N. Brown Baptist New Testament as above Greek copies First complete 0\ (i\\;:I!l~-lli~t!t~i\\;:,}) in Vatican translation of New -... Testament '0 '0 No.17 1880 Bible Ecumenical Complete New American original Greek u, Translaton Testament Bible Society, sources; 1611 Committee (*HJ~11f) Yokohama King James ed. No.18 1880 Nikolai Orthodox Chinese Bible with kana (WII.¢i:fti~UR~~); Japan- ese translation of Bible (B:;$:~fr~~~5l:;~) No.19 1880 Kojima Roman Cathol ic Stories of the Old & Ryushodo, History of Bible, Combined story of New Testaments Osaka French ed., 1848 OT, 1879 , and NT (lB*JfjjllHJ~'l!H~) ed., 1880 No. 20 1892 Ueda Orthodox Gospel of st. Matthew First Orthodox (.~ :k{~tfliif~) translation No.21 1894 N. Brown & Baptist kana edition of New American Baptist Kawakatsu Testament Mission Press (*HJ~~;>j,t:tJlj) Yokohama No. 22 1895 Takahashi Roman Catholic Holy Gospels, Vol. 1 Tsukiji Catholic Latin Bible based on Only Gospels of (~tfliij-11f J:.~) Church, Tokyo conversations with Matthew &Mark & Honcho Michael Steichen translated Cathol ic Church, Yokohama ,------YEI\I' NUMBER TRANSLATOR MISSION GROUP BOOKS TRANSLATED PUBLISHER TEXTBOOK REMARKS TRANSLATED No. 23 1897 Batchelor Episcopal Ainu language edition Bible Society Based on Greek of New Testament Committee, sources (71 j(gltWi"fJ ~ it) Yokohama No. 24 1897 Takahashi Roman Cathol ic Holy Gospels, Vol. 2 see No. 22 see No. 22 (~:flli{fitr~) No. 25 1899 Brand, Protestant New Testament, Epistle Ueda Teijira, The Complete New Norimatsu, to the Romans, newed. Osaka Testament, revised & Shada (Wi" *j ~ itf,fHl~ ittff~) No. 26 1901 Nikolai Orthodox New Testament Tokyo Ortho- Based on Greek, Eastern Orthodox (:J~±11 ;\7./\'}7.1-7./ dox Church, Slavic, & English eds. Japanese translation ~ :;:: !fHj) Tokyo No. 27 1910 Raguet Roman Cathol ic New Testament Kagoshima Based on Latin First complete ~ ~ (ft:t11:X 7.+ ') 7.1- Catholic and Greek sources Cathol ic transl ation 5' (!) Q)Wi"*j~it) Church, Cb (!) Kagoshima :J St Q REFERENCES :J;:- +'} ;\1-ft9:1f.~ (Chronology of the ) . Tokyo: Kyo Bun Kwan, 1988. ~ 'ii nH.~~~l77;fJ/ii~-:r;fJR-":¥/Hlii~ (Citizens' Yokohama Craph-Speciallssue: Hepburn and Yokohama) . No. 31, 1979. "0 :J'" ffi (!) OJ 5' CD ::;1 '" a:;-a g. co '-I ~ CXJ );: CXJ TABLE 3 ~ Z JAPANESE COLLABORATORS 2 BIRTHPLACE iJi NAME TRANS. NO. COLLABORATED WITH TEACHERS FRIENDS ;::!"" ).: Iwakichi ;6E, Otokichi shipwrecked No.1 Karl Friedrich Augustus Z irE & Hisakichi //1,. E, fishermen from GOtzlaff n, $"" the Sankichi Owari n, ~ Shozo shipwrecked Nos. 1,2 GOtzlaff & S. W. Williams fisherman from 0"1 Higo <.0 Jusaburo ~f=l'ill shipwrecked No.1 GOtzlaff <.0 In fisherman from Higo Kumataro n!tt:l'iB, shipwrecked No.1 GOtzlaff Rikimatsu }Jf~ fishermen from Hizen Sentaro shipwrecked Jonathan Goble +r L-·l~TT·flll;t:l'iB fisherman from BanshO Interpreter in Lew Chew No.3 Bernard J. Bettelheim Lew Chew Murata Masanori Saga domain Guido Fridolin Verbeck Oba Sessai :k!l!'i§~ Saga domain Verbeck N iijima Jo JfJT,I:'ij "il Annaka domain, Edo loann Nikolai Soekawa Rensai Takeda Hisaburo Tajima Junho Suganuma Seiichiro Sugita Gentan ? Sawabe Takuma Koga Gengojuku Ishikawa Tsune Edo Nos.6,10 Sanami Ginjiro

Yano Mototaka Ji:tfJ[;1i: herbal doctor James Curtis Hepburn, S. R. Brown, & J. H. NAME BIRTHPLACE TRANS. NO. COLLABORATED WITH TEACHERS FRIENDS

Okuno Masatsuna Tokugawa retainer Nos. 7-8, 11, 17 Hepburn, S. R. Brown, Shunsei-in, Kan'eiji Ogawa Yoshiyasu Ballagh & D. C. Green and others Matsuyama Takayoshi Itoigawa, Echigo No.17 Hepburn, S. R. Brown, Hirata Kanetane Konakamura Ballagh & Green Gonda Naosuke Kiyonori & others Kamiyama Shiro Kurokawa Mayori Ino Hidenori Takahashi Goro Shindenbatake-mura Nos. 17, 22, 24 Hepburn, S. R. Brown, Ichikawa Sakon KanagakiRobun Kariwa-gun, Echigo Ballagh, Green & Tanaka Keno Uemura Masahisa others Makino SairyO Michael Steichen Ogata School Ibuka Kajinosuke Aizu No.17 Hepburn, S. R. Brown Nisshinkan #i*~zJtlJ Ballagh, Green & Senmura Goro others Numama Morikazu ~ ~ Nagata Hosei Saijo domain No.9 Batchelor? Shoheiko ~ Tajima Shoji Kyoto No.12 Nanzenji Z S· Kato Kuro buRi:fLRB No.13 Ikegami Honmonji (l)

Higashi Kan'ichi 'fiiiJi¥:jf- Tokyo No. 14 1E;:, Kawakatsu Tetsuya Omura family Nos. 15-16, 21 N. Brown & Ballagh Ballagh's school Ibuka St-,

Kajinosuke ;:,~ Kojima Junji /H~ilia Tosa domain No.19 2' ~

~III Ueda Susumi l:EB ~\1- Morioka No. 20 Nikolai Theological school of ;:, (l) III Eastern Orthodox Church (l) tx:J Suzuki Shigetaka i'it*m:1iOC Takatomi domain No. 21 N. Brown 6'- Norimatsu Masayasu Iyo Matsuyama No. 25 H. G. Brandt Matsuyama Middle Murata YOzo iii" ;i II) domain School, Meiji Gakuin ;:, III Shudo Shinzo Usuki domain No. 25 Brandt Mitsubishi Commercial Iwasaki H isaya iiig. CXl School, Meiji Gakuin Boku Eiko ;:, 1.0 III <..0 ): 0 ~ NAME BIRTHPLACE TRANS. NO. COLLA BORATED WITH TEACHERS FRIENDS <

2::0 Nakai Tsugumaro Osaka No. 26 Nikolai CJi ~ Kako Yoshikazu Banshu No.27 < Aime Villion & Emile ::0 ,." Raguet S ,." Ono Tota Hachiman-mura, No.27 Raguet Kumanomido Shinsai Mukasa San ~ Usa-gun, Bungo Yamada Jun 0"1 Mukasa San Musashi No. 27 Raguet Mikami Sanji Kurokawa Mayori ..... <.0 <.0 Konakamura Kiyonori W, Monodaka Takami Haga Yaichi Yamada Jun Bitchu Matsuyama No.27 Raguet Nisho Gakusha Kumada Kei Mishima Chushu Matsumoto Sue Yamada Hokoku