Ricerca Marzo 13

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Ricerca Marzo 13 RICERCA Gli essudati resinosi prodotti porto tra terpeni volatili (oli dalle Burseraceae sono noti fin essenziali) e non volatili. Sono dall’antichità. simili ai balsami, ma più fluide. I più importanti da un punto di - Gommoresine. Contengono * Laura Consalvi vista storico ed economico sono gomme. Il termine è secondo l’incenso e la mirra, due gommo- molti autori scorretto, nel senso oleoresine ottenute da alcune che non si dovrebbe parlare di specie dei generi Boswellia (B. un tipo di resine ma di resine di l presente lavoro si è svolto carteri. B. frereana. B. serrata e vario tipo contenenti intrusioni presso il Dipartimento di altre) e Commiphora (C. di gomme che non sono una nor- IChimica e Tecnologia del myrrha, C. mukul, C. molmol, male componente delle resine. Farmaco, sezione di Chimica C. erythraea, C. guidottii e In generale possiamo dire che Organica, dell’Università degli altre) rispettivamente. Tali resi- sono essudati contenenti gomme Studi di Perugia, nel laboratorio ne, essudando dal tronco, si rap- e resine (es. mirra). di ricerca del gruppo del Prof. prendono e cristallizzano, dando Curini, sotto la supervisione origine a granuli vetrosi forte- Nel caso delle Burseraceae si della Prof.ssa Maria Carla mente aromatici. Nelle loro tratta di gommo-oleoresine che Marcotullio e della Dott.ssa numerose varianti sono state contengono anche una minima Federica Messina e ha avuto infatti usate tanto a scopi medi- parte di olio essenziale volatile. come oggetto un approfondi- cinali quanto a fini devozionali. A causa della presenza dell’olio mento dell’analisi fitochimica In generale il termine resina essenziale sono piacevolmente della resina di Commiphora indica un gruppo eterogeneo di profumate, proprietà che ha erythraea con l’intento di isola- secreti vegetali rappresentati da contribuito alla loro popolarità. re e identificare i componenti sostanze semifluide che induri- La gommo-oleoresina è contenu- minoritari e di valutare l’attività scono all’aria, dotate di buone ta nei canali resiniferi e nelle biologica dell’estratto metanoli- proprietà isolanti, insolubili in ghiandole schizogene della cor- co e dei composti isolati nei con- acqua e solubili in solventi orga- teccia. Quando questa viene fronti di una serie di virus: il nici (alcool, etere e clorofor- lesionata, per cause naturali o virus dell’Epatite C e il virus mio). La composizione è com- per incisioni apposite, fuoriesce Chikungunya forniti dal Dr. plessa e molto variabile, vi un fluido lattiginoso che si rap- Pieter Leyssen dell’Università di abbondano però le sostanze prende all’aria e assume la forma Lovanio; il virus H1N1 e il virus volatili. Esse vengono prodotte di gocce di consistenza solida o PIV3 forniti dal Prof. Cenci, dalla pianta per proteggersi dal- semisolida (2). facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia l’attacco di parassiti (insetti, Solitamente la raccolta avviene dell’Università degli Studi di funghi o altri agenti patogeni) o due settimane dopo l’incisione, Perugia. per rimarginare ferite causate da solo durante i due periodi di sic- lesioni o incisioni. cità, quando le piante produco- Burseraceae e resine Le resine sono generalmente no le maggiori quantità di resina COMMIPHORA ERYTHRAEA La famiglia delle Burseraceae classificate nelle seguenti tipolo- (3). appartiene all’ordine Sapindales gie: e comprende piante arboree e - Resine consistenti. Solide, Aspetti botanici e tassonomici Isolamento e determinazione arbustive caratterizzate soprat- spesso usate per vernici e lac- del genere Commiphora tutto dal fatto che nei canali che. Il genere Commiphora è un di furanosesquiterpeni ad attività antivirale resiniferi e balsamiferi della - Balsami. Il termine si riferisce genere monofiletico, termine corteccia producono delle per lo più alle resine fenoliche sinonimo di monogenetico che gommo-oleoresine aromatiche caratterizzate da acidi aromatici sta a indicare la discendenza da Comunemente chiamato mirra, l’essudato resinoso di diverse piante del genere Commiphora ha molto importanti dal punto di (usualmente benzoico e cinna- un’unica forma progenitrice una lunga tradizione d’uso, che affonda le sue radici in tempi remoti: da quello a scopo devozio- vista medico, economico e cul- mico) o alle resine terpeniche ancestrale. nale nei riti religiosi a quello medicinale, senza tralasciare l’impiego nella preparazione di turale (1). che sono meno fluide delle oleo- Attualmente il genere Commi- cosmetici e per l’imbalsamazione dei morti nell’antico Egitto. Questo studio conferma le pro- Questa famiglia comprende 18 resine, ma di consistenza visco- phora Jacq. (Burseraceae) è generi e circa 700 specie; i gene- sa, sapore pungente e odore gra- costituito da più di 150 specie, prietà di una specie usata in Africa per la cura di un ampio ventaglio di patologie. ri più importanti sono Bursera, devole. alcune morfologicamente molto Protinum, Canariun, Boswellia - Oleoresine. Sono resine terpe- simili tra loro, che crescono pre- e Commiphora. niche fluide, con un elevato rap- valentemente nelle zone deserti- 60 natural 1 marzo 2013 marzo 2013 natural 1 61 RICERCA che o stagionalmente aride della nemente mirra, nome derivante Rich.) Engl. queste specie. Ciò complica la incensi a scopo devozionale tro- che “l’Arabia è l’unica regione Penisola Arabica (Yemen e dalla parola araba murr, a sua - Mirra dolce o “habag-hady” caratterizzazione della mirra vato nell’antica città di Axum che produce mirra e incensi”. Oman), del Corno d’Africa volta originatasi dalla radice da Commiphora guidottii poiché la maggior parte degli (Etiopia), databile attorno al Nell’Antica Roma la mirra era (Somalia, Etiopia e Kenya), del semitica mrr, che significa Chiov. studi chimici esistenti sono stati 500 a.C., ne documentano l’uso usata per aromatizzare il vino e Madagascar, del Medio Oriente e “amaro” e si riferisce al gusto - Mirra falsa o “guggul” da effettuati su prodotti commer- in tempi antichi. Già intorno al ancora oggi è usata a questo parzialmente anche dell’India conferitogli dall’olio essenziale Commiphora mukul (Hook ex ciali e non su materiale ottenuto 2500 a.C. nell’Antico Egitto si scopo in vari liquori, basti pen- (4). in esso contenuto. Si tratta infat- Stocks) Engl.; è usata nella direttamente da alberi corretta- faceva un largo uso di incensi e sare al Fernet. Anche la Torah e Alcuni autori riportano perfino ti di una gommo-oleoresina medicina ayurvedica per il trat- mente identificati. mirra utilizzati soprattutto nei la Bibbia menzionano più volte un numero più elevato di specie: naturale costituita da 3-8% di tamento delle artriti reumatoidi Tuttavia oggi sono considerate riti di imbalsamazione dei morti. l’uso della mirra come costituen- secondo Weeks e Simpson (5), si olio essenziale, 30-60% di e dei disordini lipidici, attività mirra vera e propria solo le resi- Segni dell’uso cosmetico e devo- te di oli usati nei rituali e nelle tratta di circa 190 specie di cui gomma idrosolubile e 25-40% di confermate da studi farmacolo- ne di C. myrrha, C. abyssinica zionale della mirra si trovano in estreme unzioni (14). Anche a 150 sarebbero africane. Sono in resina solubile in alcool. Si pre- gici. I principi attivi sono com- (Berg) Engl., C. molmol Engl. e ogni dove nella letteratura anti- Cristo viene offerto vino mirrato genere dei piccoli alberi o grandi senta sotto forma di granuli ponenti steroidici denominati E- C. opobalsamum L. poiché la ca. Le donne Egiziane usavano poco prima della crocifissione, arbusti spinosi, con una cortec- rotondeggianti di colore giallo- e Z-guggulsteroni e guggulstero- loro composizione chimica è truccarsi di nero gli occhi con questo perché si credeva che il cia superficiale sottile e traspa- rosso, spesso coperti di una pol- li; l’estratto standardizzato, pre- relativamente simile (11,12). una pasta detta kajal o kohl vino mirrato fosse analgesico: in rente che si sfoglia facilmente da vere più chiara (8). L’odore è parato dalla resina mediante (arabo kuhl) composta da resi- effetti la proprietà analgesica quella verde sottostante. caratteristico, aromatico e bal- estrazione con etile acetato, La Mirra tra passato e futuro dui della combustione di incenso della mirra è stata di recente Il legno è fortemente aromatico samico. viene definito guggulipide e ha L’uso della mirra, dell’incenso e e mirra. Il kajal era inoltre usato provata scientificamente (15). per la produzione di resine semi- A seconda della specie da cui si dimostrato di avere attività ipo- di altre gommo-resine affonda le per proteggere l’occhio da infe- La mirra nei tempi antichi veni- fluide gommose che danno il originano, esistono diversi tipi di colesterolemizzante e ipolipide- sue radici in tempi remoti, spes- zioni (13). va usata per trattare una varia e nome al genere; infatti il nome mirra: mica (11). so avvolti dalla leggenda e dal La terra di origine di mirra e vasta gamma di affezioni, sia Commiphora deriva dal greco - Mirra “vera”, “officinalis” o - Balsamo della Mecca da mito. Alcuni reperti archeologi- incenso sembra essere la sotto forma di olio essenziale khomm, ovvero gomma, e pho- “herabol” ottenuta da Commiphora gileadensis (L.) ci, come ad esempio un braciere Penisola Arabica. Lo stesso che come impacco di granuli di rein, portare. Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Christ. syn. Commiphora opo- in pietra utilizzato per bruciare Erodoto scrive già nel 500 a.C. resina finemente tritati e ancora La prima descrizione del genere Engl.; viene usata per le sue pro- balsamum; ha attività ipotensi- fu fatta nel 1797 da Jacquin, prietà analgesiche, nella cura di va e bradicardica. mentre Berg, nel 1862, fu il piccole piaghe, come antalgico e - Opopanax o mirra “bisabol” primo a classificarlo, anche se antibatterico nelle infiammazio- (Hindi) o bdellium profumato ancora non veniva usato il nome ni a livello delle mucose del cavo un tempo attribuita a Commiphora ma Balsamoden- orofaringeo e delle gengive. Commiphora erythraea dron. Spesso fa parte di colluttori e (Ehrenb.) Engl. e Commiphora Dal 1883 al 1912 Engler, in dentifrici o soluzioni gengivali in erythraea (Ehrenb.) Engl.
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