NUNC COCNOSCO EX PARTE TRENT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY O. HENRY BIOGRAPHY BOOKS BY C. ALPHONSO SMITH Educational Statesmanship in the South Keynote Studies in Keynote Books or the Bible New Words Self-Defined O. Henry Biography Old English Grammar and Exercise Book Our Language Repetition and P rallelism in English Verse Short Stories Old and New Studies in English Syntax The American Short Story What Can Literature Do For Me ? Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation https://archive.org/details/ohenrybiographyOOOOsmit <->• henky O. HENRY BIOGRAPHY BY C. ALPHONSO SMITH POE PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH IN THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA AUTHOR OF " WHAT CAN LITERATURE DO FOR ME? ” ETC. ILLUSTRATED GARDEN CITY, N. Y., AND TORONTO DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 1925 Copyright, 1916, by Doubleday, Page & Company AXL RIGHTS RESERVED PREFACE MY CHIEF indebtedness in the preparation of this book is to Mr. Arthur W. Page, of Garden City, New York. He has not only put at my disposal all of the material collected by the late Harry Peyton Steger but has been unfailing in helpful suggestion and in practical cooperation. To the authorities of the Li¬ brary of Congress and of the Free Public Library of Greensboro, North Carolina, I am also indebted for services cheerfully and effectively rendered. Others from whom I have received valuable oral or written information are mentioned for the most part in the pages that follow. Grateful acknowledgments are due also to Mrs. J. Allison Hodges and Mrs. E. E. Moffitt, of Richmond, Virginia; Professor James C. Bardin, of the University of Virginia; Miss Anna Porter Boyers, of Nashville, Tennessee; Miss Bettie Caldwell, Mr. S. A. Kerr, Mr. A. W. McAlister, Colonel James T. Morehead, Miss Belle Swaim, and Mrs. G. W. Whit- sett, of Greensboro; Mrs. G. B. Bush, of Hopkins, South Carolina; Mr. J. W. Monget, of Baton Rouge, Louisi¬ ana; Mr. George M. Bailey, of Houston, Judge T. M. Paschal, of San Antonio, Mr. David Harrell, Professor v ^77754 PREFACE John A. Lomax, Mr. Ed. R. McLean, Mr. Herman Pressler, Professor J. F. Royster, and Mr. William H. Stacy, of Austin, Texas; Mr. Landon C. Bell and Mr. Howard P. Rhoades, of Columbus, Ohio. CONTENTS PAGE Preface . v I. The Life and the Story. 3 II. Vogue .... 8 III. Ancestry.16 IV. Birthplace and Early Years.46 V. Ranch and City Life in Texas.95 VI. The Shadowed Years.136 VII. Finding Himself in New York.172 VIII. Favourite Themes.203 IX. Last Days.246 Index.253 ILLUSTRATIONS O. Henry.Frontispiece FACING PAGE O. Henry’s Parents.26 Edgeworth Female Seminary.56 Judge Tourgee Leaving Greensboro .... 60 Interior of Clark Porter’s Drug Store .... 86 General Land Office, Austin, Texas .... 120 Specimen Page of the Rolling Stone .... 126 The Caledonia.186 No. 55 Irving Place. An Early New York Home of O. Henry.200 Heart of O. Henry Land.232 O. HENRY BIOGRAPHY CHAPTER ONE THE LIFE AND THE STORY O. HENRY was once asked why he did not read more fiction. “It is all tame,” he replied, “as compared with the romance of my own life.” But nothing is more subtly suggestive in the study of this remarkable man than the strange, structural resemblance between the story and the life. Each story is a miniature auto¬ biography, for each story seems to summarize the four successive stages in his own romantic career. First, the reader notices in an O. Henry story the quiet but arrestive beginning. There is interest, a bit of suspense, and a touch of distinction in the first para¬ graph; but you cannot tell what lines of action are to be stressed, what complications of character and incident are to follow, or whether the end is to be tragic or comic, a defeat or a victory. So was the first stage of his life. The twenty years spent in Greensboro, North Carolina, were comparatively uneventful. There was little in them of prospect, though they loom large with signifi¬ cance in the retrospect. O. Henry was always unique. When as a freckle-faced boy, freckled even to the feet, 3 O. HENRY BIOGRAPHY he played his childish pranks on young and old and told his marvellous yarns of knightly adventure or Indian ambuscade, every father and mother and boy and girl felt that he was different from others of his kind. As he approached manhood, his “somnolent little Southern town” recognized in him its most skilful cartoonist of local character and its ablest interpreter of local incident. Moliere has been called “the composite smile of mankind.” O. Henry was the composite smile of Greensboro. In the second stage of an O. Henry story the lines begin suddenly to dip toward a plot or plan. Still water becomes running water. It is the stage of the first guess. Background and character, dialogue and incident, sparkle and sly thrust, aspiration and adven¬ ture, seem to be spelling out something definite and resultant. You cannot guess the end but you cannot help trying. In terms of his life this was O. Henry’s second or Texas period. Had he died at the age of twenty, before leaving Greensboro, he would have left a local memory and a local cult, but they would have remained local. A few would have said that with wider opportunities he would have been heard from in a national way. But when letters began to come from Texas telling of his life on the ranch and later of his adventures in local journalism, and when “W. S. Porter” signed to a joke or skit or squib in Truth or 4 THE LIFE AND THE STORY Up to Date or the Detroit Free Press became more and more a certificate of the worth while, those of us who remained in the home town began to prophesy with some assurance that he would soon join the staff of some great metropolitan newspaper or magazine and win national fame as a cartoonist or travelling cor¬ respondent. The third stage of an O. Henry story is reached when you find that your first forecast is wrong. This is the stage of the first surprise. Something has hap¬ pened that could not or would not have happened if the story was to end as you at first thought. You must give up the role of prophet or at least readjust your prophecy to the demands of an ending wholly different from that at first conjectured. This stage in the life was reached in 1898, when misfortune, swift, pitiless, and seemingly irretrievable, overtook him. His life had hitherto developed uniformly, like the advance of a rolling ball. It had permitted and even invited some sort of conjecture as to his ultimate place in the work of the world. But now his destiny seemed as incalculable as the blind movements of a log in the welter of the sea. The fourth and last stage in an O. Henry story, the stage of the second surprise, is marked by light out of darkness. Lines of character and characterization, of hap or mishap, converge to a triumphant conclusion. 0. HENRY BIOGRAPHY We are surprised, happily surprised, and then sur¬ prised again that we should have been surprised at first. Says Nicholas Vachel Lindsay: He always worked a triple-hinged surprise To end the scene and make one rub his eyes. The end was inherent in the beginning, however, though we did not see it. But the greatest surprise and the happiest surprise is found in the last stage of O. Henry’s life. This was his New York period, the culmination of tendencies and impulses that we now know had stirred mightily within him from the beginning. Eight years had passed, however, years of constant and constantly deepening development, and not a word had drifted back to the home town from him or about him since 1898. His pencil sketches were still affectionately cherished and had grown in historic value as well as in personal significance as the years had passed. They furnished a bond of common memory and happy as¬ sociation wherever Greensboro men foregathered, though the fun and admiration that they occasioned were mellowed by the thought of what might have been. Now came the discovery, through a photograph pub¬ lished in a New York magazine, that O. Henry, vari¬ ously styled “the American Kipling,” “the American de Maupassant,” “the American Gogol,” “our Field¬ ing a la mode,” “the Bret Harte of the city,” “the THE LIFE AND THE STORY Y. M. C. A. Boccaccio,” “the Homer of the Tender¬ loin,” “the 20th century Haroun Al-Raschid,” “the discoverer and interpreter of the romance of New York,” “the greatest living master of the short story,” was Will Porter of Greensboro. No story that he has written quite equals this in reserved surprise or in real and permanent achievement. The technique of the story, however, is the technique of the life. But the life is more appealing than the story. CHAPTER TWO VOGUE WILLIAM SYDNEY PORTER, better known as O. Henry, was born in Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina, September 11, 1862. He died in New York City, June 5, 1910. Before the Porter family Bible was found, his birth year varied from 1807 to 1864, from “about the close of the war” to a ques¬ tion mark. There is no doubt that 0. Henry used the author’s traditional right to mystify his readers in regard to his age and to the unessential facts of his life. An admirer once wrote to him begging to know by return mail whether he was a man or a woman.