DOCSLIB.ORG

Allitt, Frances. “Sputnik-1 Model Goes Into Orbit at New York Auction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Allitt, Frances. “Sputnik-1 Model Goes Into Orbit at New York Auction National History Day Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources Allitt, Frances. “Sputnik-1 Model Goes into Orbit at New York Auction Selling at 15 Times Estimate.” Antiques Trade Gazette, Antiques Trade Gazette, ATGMedia, 21 July 2016, ​ ​ www.antiquestradegazette.com/news/2016/sputnik-1-model-goes-into-obit-selling-at-15-tim es-estimate/. ​ This was an image that I used on my timeline, it turns out that the Soviet Scientists used the stand so that they could work on the satellite more easily. Oprihory, Jennifer-Leigh. “Sputnik 1 Becomes World's First Man-Made Earth Satellite, Sparks US Aerospace Insecurity.” Defense & Aerospace Report, 9 Oct. 2016, ​ ​ defaeroreport.com/2016/10/08/sputnik-1-becomes-worlds-first-man-made-earth-satellite-s parks-us-aerospace-insecurity/. This was an image that I used for a background but I could see how the scientist was so deep in his work. He was staring at the satellite intensively. Parks, Jake. “Explorer 1 Anniversary Marks the Start of the American Space Age.” Astronomy.com, 31 Jan. 2018, astronomy.com/news/2018/01/explorer-1. ​ This was an image that showed me what Explorer 1 looked like. I didn’t know what I was expecting but I got an image in my head of what Explorer 1 looks like. Poe/Wikipedia, Joanna, et al. “Sputnik and the Birth of the Space Age.” New Atlas, 16 Aug. ​ ​ 2019, newatlas.com/sputnik-60th-anniversary-space-age/51292/. Even though I couldn't understand much of the blueprints, I could get the general layout of the satellite and could see that managing and launching a satellite is a lot of work. “Tikhonravov Mikhail Klavdievich: Vital Activity and Biography - Story - 2020.” Sodium ​ Media, ​ en.sodiummedia.com/4033628-tikhonravov-mikhail-klavdievich-life-activity-and-biography. This was the first time that I saw the image of Mikhail Tikhonravov, and you can see the devotion in his eyes. Interviews Land, Chris. This interview was one of my most useful source because I figured out the challenges of the Secondary Sources “Astronauticsnow.com.” History of Sputnik. Explorer. Vanguard. 1957. 1958. First Space ​ Launch. Artificial Satellite., www.astronauticsnow.com/sputnik/index.html. ​ ​ ​ These were some of the rockets that would be launched in the future. This image shows the evolution of the rockets. Dunbar, Brian. “Stories of Missions Past: Early Explorers.” NASA, NASA, 18 Mar. 2015, ​ ​ www.nasa.gov/topics/history/features/explorer1.html. ​ This was an image I found and I saw that NASA created a whole different approach on the satellites. Everette, Dianne, and Dennis Mcbryde. “Sputnik 3 In Orbit Art Print by Detlev Van Ravenswaay.” Fine Art America, 19 Feb. 2020, ​ ​ fineartamerica.com/featured/2-sputnik-3-in-orbit-detlev-van-ravenswaay.html?product=art-print. This was an image that I used for my timeline. This was the first time I saw Sputnik 3, just like Sputnik 2 I never saw before I did the timeline. Harford, James. “Chronology of Sputnik/Vanguard/Explorer Events 1957-58.” NASA, ​ ​ NASA, 27 Jan. 2005, history.nasa.gov/sputnik/chronology.html. All the events in my timeline were based on this website. This website stated the events in order so I could understand it. This was probably one of the most useful websites. “International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History :: Inductee Profile.” New Mexico Museum of Space History, 2015, ​ ​ www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=25. ​ I learned some background information about this site about Mikhail Tikhonravov. One thing that I learned a lot was that he had a passion for space and getting Sputnik 1 done. Kramer, Herbert. “ISEE-3 / ICE (International Cometary Explorer) Mission.” ISEE-3 / ICE - ​ Satellite Missions - EoPortal Directory, 2002, ​ directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/i/isee-3. I got this image of Explorer 3 and I used it in my timeline. Krebs, Gunter. “Explorer: DE 1, 2.” Gunter's Space Page - Information on Spaceflight, ​ Launch Vehicles and Satellites, space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/explorer_de.htm. ​ I got this image for explorer 2 and I used it in my timeline. Moskowitz, Clara. “How Sputnik Changed the World 55 Years Ago Today.” Space.com, ​ ​ Space, 4 Oct. 2012, www.space.com/17894-sputnik-anniversary-changed-the-world.html. ​ ​ This quote supports my thesis and states that the Sputnik 1 satellite was a technical achievement. Nedkova, Kristina. “Page 2.” Satellite One, sputnik.tass.com/sputnik_one/. ​ ​ This was a useful site because I learned a lot of starter information about Sputnik 1 and the satellites' purpose. “Sputnik 1 in Orbit, Illustration - Stock Image - C024/7445.” Science Photo Library, ​ ​ www.sciencephoto.com/media/660058/view/sputnik-1-in-orbit-illustration. ​ This was a background image that I used. “Sputnik.” NASA, NASA, 10 Oct. 2007, history.nasa.gov/sputnik/. ​ ​ This was one of the first websites that I used. When I started to research if I wanted the Sputnik 1 topic, I started with this one. The website showed what the barrier was for Sputnik 1. It was a technological barrier and this is where I got the idea of that barrier. “Sputnik.” NASA, NASA, history.nasa.gov/sputnik/. ​ ​ This quote states that the Sputnik 1 satellite was a technological advancement. This quote shows how the satellite shocked the whole world “Sputnik 3.” Sputnik, sputnikinthespacerace.weebly.com/sputnik-3.html. I got an image of sputnik 3 and by looking at this picture, I know that this had to be one of the most complicated satellites. Strickland, Jonathan. “How Sputnik Worked.” HowStuffWorks Science, HowStuffWorks, 27 ​ ​ Jan. 2020, science.howstuffworks.com/sputnik.htm. I learned on this website how the Soviets learned to make a satellite orbit the Earth. Falling and falling and falling in a continuous motion. They followed Sir Isaac Newton's theory on ​ orbiting. “Sputnik 1.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Feb. 2020, ​ ​ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1. This quote gives a description of the satellite and gave me an understanding of the satellites exterior, like how it was made of aluminum. “50th Anniversary of the Space Age.” 50th Anniversary of the Space Age, 2007, ​ ​ web.archive.org/web/20110916051640/www.nasa.gov/externalflash/SpaceAge/index.html. ​ I searched on the internet and then found this website. This gave almost a timeline in words starting from the beginning to the end. “The Blue Marble.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Feb. 2020, ​ ​ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Marble. This was an image from a satellite and helped me view how images were viewed from space. “Tikhonravov, Mikhail Klavdievich.” Tikhonravov, 2017, ​ ​ www.russianspaceweb.com/tikhonravov.html. ​ This quote showed me Mikhail Tikhonravovs passion towards making the first satellite. He graduated from many positions to be the leader of the satellite. Wall, Mike. “Sputnik 1! 7 Fun Facts About Humanity's First Satellite.” Space.com, Space, 2 Oct. ​ ​ 2017, www.space.com/38331-sputnik-satellite-fun-facts.html. ​ ​ This was a very useful website because it gave me some starter information when I started to research. Zak, Anatoly. “Design of the First Artificial Satellite of the Earth.” Sputnik Design, 4 Oct. ​ ​ 2017, www.russianspaceweb.com/sputnik_design.html. ​ ​ This image showed me some of the major components in the Sputnik 1 satellite, and just from looking at the picture, it was really complicated. Zak, Anatoly. “Sputnik Launch Vehicle .” Sputnik Launch Vehicle 8K71PS (M1-1PS), 18 ​ ​ May 2019, www.russianspaceweb.com/sputnik_lv.html. ​ ​ This image showed me the rocket Sputnik. This image showed me that even though the satellite was an achievement, the rocket was just a technical achievement as well. Zell, Holly. “Radiation Belts with Satellites.” NASA, NASA, 23 Mar. 2015, ​ ​ www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/gallery/20130228-radiationbelts.html. ​ This image showed me the capability of the satellites, and how the satellite explorer 1 finds the belts, and how brief explorer 4 was able to map them. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Start of the Manned Space Race by Andrew J
    The Start of the Manned Space Race by Andrew J. LePage November 1998 Introduction of Sputnik 1 and 2 in October and November of 1957 changed everything. At the same time NACA and the USAF were studying manned spaceflight (see The Beginnings of The first Sputnik launches were to affect the manned America's Man in Space Program in the October space program in several ways. The impact the 1998 issue of SpaceViews), comparable efforts were launch of Sputnik 1 had on the West led Soviet quietly taking place independently in the Soviet Primer Nikita Khrushchev to exploit space missions Union . As with virtually every other aspect of the for their propaganda value. Development of more Soviet Union's early space program, Chief Designer advanced and spectacular missions like the manned Sergei P. Korolev and his OKB-1 (Experimental satellite program were immediately approved and Design Bureau No. 1) lead the way. All during the placed on the fast track. Also at the insistence of 1950s when Korolev and his colleague, Mikhail K. Khrushchev, Sputnik 2 was launched with a dog on Tikhonravov of NII-4 (Scientific Research Institute board. While thermal control problems marred the No. 4), were pushing their original Earth satellite mission, it did demonstrate that weightlessness would proposal, it also included plans to send probes to the not be a major hazard for a human (see Sputnik 2: Moon and men into orbit. When the satellite The First Animal in Space in the November 1997 proposal was finally adopted by the Soviet issue of SpaceViews). As a result, Korolev scrapped government on January 30, 1956, the lunar probe and his initial, more conservative approach and moved manned satellite projects were also given the green ahead with a much more aggressive plan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Soviet Space Program
    C05500088 TOP eEGRET iuf 3EEA~ NIE 11-1-71 THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM Declassified Under Authority of the lnteragency Security Classification Appeals Panel, E.O. 13526, sec. 5.3(b)(3) ISCAP Appeal No. 2011 -003, document 2 Declassification date: November 23, 2020 ifOP GEEAE:r C05500088 1'9P SloGRET CONTENTS Page THE PROBLEM ... 1 SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS l DISCUSSION 5 I. SOV.IET SPACE ACTIVITY DURING TfIE PAST TWO YEARS . 5 II. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING FUTURE PROSPECTS . 6 A. General ............................................. 6 B. Organization and Management . ............... 6 C. Economics .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. 8 III. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL FACTORS ... 9 A. General .. .. .. .. .. 9 B. Launch Vehicles . 9 C. High-Energy Propellants .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 D. Manned Spacecraft . 12 E. Life Support Systems . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 F. Non-Nuclear Power Sources for Spacecraft . 16 G. Nuclear Power and Propulsion ..... 16 Te>P M:EW TCS 2032-71 IOP SECl<ET" C05500088 TOP SECRGJ:. IOP SECREI Page H. Communications Systems for Space Operations . 16 I. Command and Control for Space Operations . 17 IV. FUTURE PROSPECTS ....................................... 18 A. General ............... ... ···•· ................. ····· ... 18 B. Manned Space Station . 19 C. Planetary Exploration . ........ 19 D. Unmanned Lunar Exploration ..... 21 E. Manned Lunar Landfog ... 21 F. Applied Satellites ......... 22 G. Scientific Satellites ........................................ 24 V. INTERNATIONAL SPACE COOPERATION ............. 24 A. USSR-European Nations .................................... 24 B. USSR-United States 25 ANNEX A. SOVIET SPACE ACTIVITY ANNEX B. SOVIET SPACE LAUNCH VEHICLES ANNEX C. SOVIET CHRONOLOGICAL SPACE LOG FOR THE PERIOD 24 June 1969 Through 27 June 1971 TCS 2032-71 IOP SLClt~ 70P SECRE1- C05500088 TOP SEGR:R THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM THE PROBLEM To estimate Soviet capabilities and probable accomplishments in space over the next 5 to 10 years.' SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rae Table of Earth Satellites 1957-1986 the Rae Table Ofearth Satellites
    THE RAE TABLE OF EARTH SATELLITES 1957-1986 THE RAE TABLE OFEARTH SATELLITES 1957-1986 compiled at The Royal Aircraft Establishment, Famborough, Hants, England by D.G. King-Dele, FRS, D.M.C. Walker, PhD, J.A. Pilkington, BSc, A.N. Winterbottom, H. Hiller, BSc and G.E. Perry, MBE The Table is a chronological list of the 2869 launches of satellites and space vehicles between 1957 and the end of 1986, giving the name and international designation of each satellite and its associated rocket(s), with the date of launch, lifetime (actual or estimated), mass, shape, dimensions and at least one set of orbital parameters. Other fragments associated with a launch, and space vehicles that escape from the Earth's influence, are given without details. Including fragments, more than 17000 satellites appear in the 893 pages of the tabulation, and there is a full Index. M TOCKTON S P R E S S © Crown copyright 1981, 1983, 1987 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 3rd edition 1987 978-0-333-39275-1 Published by permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. Published in the United States and Canada by STOCKTON PRESS, 1987 15 East 26th Street, New York, N.Y. 10010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The R.A.E. table of earth satellites, 1957-1986. Rev. ed. of: The RAE table of earth satellites, 1957- 1980. 2nd ed. 1981. 1. Artificial satellites- Registers.
    [Show full text]
  • Sputnik-Inspired Educational Reform and Changes in Private Returns in America Hyeonggu Cha Clemson University, [email protected]
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations 12-2015 Soviet Launch of Sputnik: Sputnik-Inspired Educational Reform and Changes in Private Returns in America Hyeonggu Cha Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Part of the Public Policy Commons Recommended Citation Cha, Hyeonggu, "Soviet Launch of Sputnik: Sputnik-Inspired Educational Reform and Changes in Private Returns in America" (2015). All Dissertations. 1550. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1550 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SOVIET LAUNCH OF SPUTNIK: SPUTNIK-INSPIRED EDUCATIONAL REFORM AND CHANGES IN PRIVATE RETURNS IN AMERICA A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Policy Studies by Hyeonggu Cha December 2015 Accepted by: Dr. Curtis Simon, Committee Chair Dr. Robert Tollison Dr. Holley Ulbrich Dr. Joseph Stewart ABSTRACT On October 4th 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world’s first man-made satellite, Sputnik 1, into an elliptical low Earth orbit. This surprise triggered an arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as science-oriented educational reform in the U.S. Sputnik sparked changes for the U.S. in military, politics, policies, and education. The launch of Sputnik woke Americans up from complacency came from technology, science, and educational superiority. Educational reform started with emphasizing science and defense education and it was expanded to all levels of education.
    [Show full text]
  • Dataset of Post Stamps on Rocket and Satellite (1957-1959)
    第69卷 增刊 地 理 学 报 Vol.69, Supplement 2014年8月 ACTA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA August, 2014 Dataset of post stamps on rocket and satellite (1957-1959) LIU Chuang (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China) Abstract: The launching of rocket and satellite was one of the major tasks of International Geophysical Year (IGY). The first of Russia satellite named Sputnik 1 was successful launched on 4 October 1957, which is recognized as a milestone for a new era - a space age. Besides the satellites of Sputnik 1, 2 and 3, Luna 1, 2 and 3 from Russia, the Explorer 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, Vanguard 1, 2, 3, Pioneer 1,2,3, 4, Discoverer 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8 and Score from USA were successful launched from 1957-1959 in IGY (The Rocket and Satellite task was extended for implementation for one more year in 1959 than that of tasks else from 1957-1958). For celebrating and commemorating the great achievements in human history, 23 countries in the world issued post stamps during IGY, the first three years of the space era. The collection of post stamps consisted of 349 pieces from 23 countries are archived in LIN Chao Geomuseum (www.geomuseum.cn), The dataset consisted of 349 .jpg files for all of archived stamps and one table file which is the list of the collections. The code, image, date issued, country issued, contributor and descriptions are listed at the table items. Keywords: rocket; satellites; post stamps; dataset; IGY; 1957-1959 DOI: 10.11821/dlxb2014S005 Citation: LIU Chuang.
    [Show full text]
  • Space Research Institute in Times of Change. Glimpses of the Past and Visions of the Future
    УДК 629.78(091) ББК 39.6г. ISBN 978-5-00015-003-0 Space Research Institute in Times of Change. Glimpses of the Past and Visions of the Future International Forum “Space Science: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow” 30 September – 2 October 2015, Moscow Selected Papers from the Session This collection of essays gives a very brief overview into the history of Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI RAN) and some of its most promi- nent events. The book is based on selected talks given at International Forum “Space Science: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow” (Moscow, 2015) dedicated to the 50th an- niversary of IKI RAN. Keywords: space research, space exploration, space, history, Space Research Institute, Academy of Sciences, history, international collaboration, proceedings. © Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI RAN), 2016 ALONG THE THORNY PASS OF SPACE SCIENCE. 50-yeArs-jOURNEY* Lev M. Zelenyi, Moscow, Russia Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia My task is to tell you the very brief history of Space Research Institute, which turned 50 in 2015, and, thus, was established as far back in time as 1965. The date itself est no‑ men. The second half of 1950s was the very start of political and cultural ottepel (liter- ally, “thaw”) in the USSR, which brought to life new generation of poets, artists, mu- sicians, and — not to the least extent — scientists. The main change was perhaps that the “iron curtain” was gradually lifted, which had been separating the country from the most of the outer world during the cold war.
    [Show full text]
  • WORLD SPACECRAFT DIGEST by Jos Heyman 1958 Version: 1 January 2006 © Copyright Jos Heyman
    WORLD SPACECRAFT DIGEST by Jos Heyman 1958 Version: 1 January 2006 © Copyright Jos Heyman 1958 α 1 (00004) Name: Explorer-1 Country: USA Launch date: 1 February 1958 Re-entry: 31 March 1970 Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Jupiter C Orbit: 356 x 2548 km, inclination: 33.2 ° The first United States' successful satellite, Explorer-1 was to measure the cosmic radiation outside the Earth's atmosphere, the presence of micrometeorites as well as monitor the performance of the spacecraft. The satellite had a mass of 14 kg. It carried as instruments: 1. a Geiger-Mueller counter to measure the omni-directional intensity of cosmic rays as a function of latitude, longitude and time; 2. a micrometeorite impact microphone to measure the number of micrometeorites above a certain momentum, which struck the satellite; 3. a gauge detector to record the impact of micrometeorites greater than a certain minimum diameter on selected portions of the satellite; and 4. four temperature probes mounted on the outer skin (two), nose and internally. At certain altitudes the Geiger-Mueller counters were saturated with radiation and from this data the presence of the Van Allen belts was discovered. --- Name: Vanguard TV-3BU Country: USA Launch date: 5 February 1958 Re-entry: n.a. Launch site: Cape Canaveral Launch vehicle: Vanguard Orbit: failed to orbit Apart from proving the technology to place a satellite in orbit, the Vanguard was to measure micrometeorite impact and make geodetic measurements. The 1.5 kg satellite had two transmitters operating at 108 MHz. The first stage control system failed after 57 seconds.
    [Show full text]
  • Science Museum Group Journal the Cosmonauts Challenge
    Science Museum Group Journal The Cosmonauts challenge Journal ISSN number: 2054-5770 This article was written by Ian Blatchford, Natalia Sidlina 11-02-2015 Cite as 10.15180; 150406 Discussion The Cosmonauts challenge Published in Autumn 2015, Issue 04 Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15180/150406 Abstract Focusing on the experience of working with Russia’s cultural, industrial and political sectors, this paper investigates how the development of new contacts and partnerships has contributed not only to the loan of material of historic significance to the Science Museum’s exhibition, but more broadly changes perceptions about Russia and its space programme in the western world. Addressing the multiple challenges involved – legal, political and security, among others – it reveals the importance of many of the space objects themselves as well as demonstrating how the Science Museum has helped to maintain a dialogue with Russia even during the most testing times. In September 2015 the Science Museum opened the most ambitious special exhibition it had ever undertaken: Cosmonauts: birth of the space age. Whilst the creation of a ‘blockbuster’ exhibition might be the normal expectation of a great art museum, the fact that a science museum should undertake such an endeavour is equally worthy of comment, and this article seeks to illustrate the exceptional curatorial, museological, logistical, legal and political hurdles that this project had to overcome. Indeed, they would astonish even the grandest and most experienced of the international art museums. Art museums are delighted when they can display the acclaimed works of Monet, but even the most valuable paintings cannot be said to be have been official state secrets in the way that so much Russian space technology has been.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Space Probes Scientific Discoveries and Future Missions
    Russian Space Probes Scientific Discoveries and Future Missions Brian Harvey with Olga Zakutnyaya Russian Space Probes Scientific Discoveries and Future Missions Brian Harvey, FBIS Dr Olga Zakutnyaya 2 Rathdown Crescent Space Research Institute Terenure Russian Academy of Sciences Dublin 6W Profsoyuznaya 84/32 Ireland Moscow GSP-7 117997 Russia SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason, M.B.E., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN 978-1-4419-8149-3 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-8150-9 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8150-9 SpringerNew York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011921111 # Springer Science+Business Media LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project copy editor: Christine Cressy Typesetting: BookEns, Royston, Herts., UK Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science + Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents Introduction by the authors ....................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Dawn of the Space Age
    THE DAWN OF THE SPACE AGE Jonathan McDowell Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics [email protected] http://www.planet4589.org ªIn this decade...º May 25, 1961: JFK starts the Moon race. But the Space Age was already in full flow Now the story can be told: US and Russia have declassified their early programs. Here is the history of space travel from 1957 to 1961 Plan of talk Statistics of the early space age The Soviet space program 1957-1961 The US space program 1957-1961 Later developments 1961-1963 (if time) THE EDGE OF SPACE Highest airplanes 38 km Highest balloons 51 km Lowest satellite perigees 90 km (high apogee or freq. reboost) Physics: highest transition layer is mesopause at nominal 80 km Tradition: USAF gave astronaut wings at 50 mi.=80 km I adopt 80 km as a natural boundary October 1942: First into space Getting to orbit Consider the ªspecific energyº (energy per unit mass, KE + PE) of an object in space relative to an inertial point on the Earth©s surface The V-2, moving slowly at the edge of space, had E = 1.5 MJ/kg (1.1 to 2.1 for different launches) An orbiting satellite at the same altitude needs E=31.6 MJ/kg. Getting to orbit is MUCH harder! It took 15 more years... Early space launches (suborbital) Germany (Peenemunde): 1942 Oct 3 (or 1943 Mar 18?), V-2 USA (White Sands): 1946 May 10, V-2 USSR (Kapustin Yar): 1947 Oct 18, V-2 France (Hammaguir): 1954 Feb 21 , Veronique UK (Woomera): 1957 Jul 23, Skylark Japan (Akita): 1960 Jul 11, Kappa-8 Canada (Churchill): 1960 Oct 12, Black Brant 2 China (Jiuquan): 1960 Nov,
    [Show full text]
  • Challenge to Apollo: the Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974 1 by Asif A
    CHALLENGE TO APOLLO: THE SOVIET UNION AND THE SPACE RACE, 1945- 1974 NASA SP-2000-4408 CHALLENGE TO APOLLO: THE SOVIET UNION AND THE SP_CE R;_cE, ! 945- 1974 by gsif _. Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA History Division Office of Policy and Plans Washington, DC 2000 Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, Asif A,, 1966- Challenge to Apollo: the Soviet Union and the space race, 1945-1974 1 by Asif A. Siddiqi p. cm.--(The NASA history series) NASA SP ; 2000-4408 Includes bibliographical references and index. I. Astronautics--Soviet Union--History. 2. Space race--History. I, Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP : 4408. TL789.8S65 $47 2000 629,4'0947-dc21 00-03868400031047 To my mother and my father, who taught me the value o[ knowledge History is always written wrong, and so always needs to be rewritten. --_eorge Santayana You can't cross the sea merely by standing and staring at the water. --Rabindranath Tagore ¢ CHALLENGE TO APOLLO .......... TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ................................................... vii Preface ............................................................ ix Glossary .......................................................... xiii Chapter One: Presage .................................................. I Chapter Two: First Steps................................................ 23 Chapter Three: Stalin and the Rocket ....................................... 69 Chapter Four: Sputnik ................................................ II 9 Chapter Five: Designing
    [Show full text]
  • Medium-Earth Orbit Begins 300 Miles 0.95
    0.05 g 60,000 miles Geosynchronous orbit 22,300 miles - — Hard vacuum 1,000 miles -- Medium-Earth orbit begins 300 miles 0.95 g 100 miles — Low-Earth orbit begins 60 miles Astronaut wings awarded 50 miles —. for ramjet engines 28 miles — Limit for turbojet engines 20 miles, --- Stratosphere begins 10 miles • On the following pages appears a Center History Office; and Air Force variety of information and statistical Space Command Public Affairs Office. Col. Gilbert Siegert, USAF, provided material about space—particularly. • military activity in space. This technical advice. almanac was compiled by the staff of 6,4tr Force Magazine,tith assistance and information from Dr. R. W. • Stuidevant, Air Force Space Command History Office; Tina Figures that appear in this section Thompson, editor of TRW Space Log: will not always agree because of . Phillip S. Clark, Molniya Space different cutoff dates, rounding,. or Consultancy, Whitton, UK; Theresa different methods of reporting. The Foley; Dr. Harry N. Waldron Ill, Air information is intended to illustrate Force Space and Missile Systems trends in space activity. • Compiled by Tamar A. Mehuron, Associate Editor Space Terms Ferret. A satellite whose Remote imaging. Images of primary function is to gather Earth generated from space- electronic intelligence, such craft that provide data for Aerospace. A physical region as microwave, radar, radio, Magnetosphere. A region mapping, construction, made up of Earth's atmo- and voice emissions. dominated by Earth's magneti agriculture, oil and gas sphere and the space beyond. field, which traps charged exploration, news media Geostationary Earth orbit. A particles, including those in services, and the like.
    [Show full text]