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Chińskie Kalendarze

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Chińskie Kalendarze PISMO PG 35 Podró¿e w przestrzeni i w czasie Chiñskie kalendarze radycyjny chiñski kalendarz jest bar- cy wyliczyli d³ugoæ roku na 365 dni Tdzo star¹ metod¹ liczenia czasu, siê- i 6 godzin, a miesi¹c ksiê¿ycowy na 29 gaj¹c¹ odleg³ych czasów i dynastii. Lata dni i 12 godzin. W kalendarzu wówczas liczono zawsze w powi¹zaniu z panuj¹cym u¿ywanym by³y dok³adnie wyliczone pory w³adc¹. Kalendarz by³ wówczas wiêtym roku i fazy ksiê¿yca. Jaki by³ wiêc ten dokumentem, sponsorowanym i zatwier- najstarszy kalendarz? Sami Chiñczycy dzanym przez cesarza. Obecny, 4700 rok nazywali go Yin-Yang Li, gdy¿ by³ on jed- jest sum¹ lat panowania wszystkich cesa- noczenie ksiê¿ycowy i s³oneczny. Kalen- rzy, oraz czasów Republiki Chiñskiej i darz ten powstawa³ zawsze na bazie bar- Chiñskiej Republiki Ludowej. Rozpocz¹³ dzo dok³adnych astronomicznych obser- wacji s³oñca, uk³adu gwiazd i faz ksiê¿y- siê w lutym. Wed³ug chiñskiej astrologii Fragment chiñskiego kalendarza [w:] L. Too bêdzie to Rok Wodnej Owcy, Kwei Wei (lub ca. Znacznie siê te¿ ró¿ni³ od znanego nam Chiñska wiedza tajemna. Duchowa magia na Czarnej Owcy, gdy¿ czarny jest kolorem kalendarza gregoriañskiego. Podobnie jak co dzieñ W-wa, KDC, 2002 wody). Znawcy tematu utrzymuj¹, ¿e po- hebrajski, chiñski kalendarz jest kombi- cz¹tki kalendarza chiñskiego nale¿y wi¹- nowanym kalendarzem s³onecznym i ksiê- wo³u, tygrysa, królika, smoka, wê¿a, ko- zaæ z tak zwanym ¯ó³tym Cesarzem, mi- ¿ycowym. S¹ te¿ i inne podobieñstwa: 12 nia, owcy, ma³py, koguta, psa i wini). Piêæ tycznym Huang Di i innymi czteroma ce- miesiêcy w roku i 13 w roku przestêp- wielkich lat tworzy³o jeden cykl (60 lat), sarzami, panuj¹cymi jeszcze przed Yu, nym, gdy¿ zwyk³y rok ma 353, 354 lub a 60 cykli, czyli 3600 lat to epoka. Li- pierwszym w³adc¹ dynastii Xia. Inni nato- 355 dni, a rok przestêpny 383, 384 lub cz¹c w tradycyjny chiñski sposób, ¿yje- miast twierdz¹, ¿e dopiero w³adcy Xia 385 dni. Inaczej ni¿ w innych kalenda- my w drugiej epoce. Chiñczycy nadali wprowadzili kalendarz. rzach, Chiñczycy nie obliczali lat w uk³a- swoim 24 jie dok³adne nazwy: Lichun (Po- Zachowa³y siê bardzo stare inskrypcje dzie nieskoñczonym, ale wed³ug wzorców cz¹tek Wiosny), Yushui (Deszczowa na kociach wró¿ebnych, potwierdzaj¹ce, powtarzaj¹cych siê co 60 lat. Liczono te¿ Woda), Jingzhe (Przebudzenie siê Owa- ¿e co najmniej w XIX w. p.n.e. Chiñczy- lata wed³ug panowania kolejnych cesarzy, dów), Chunfen (Wiosenne Przesilenie), ale zaprzestano tej metody po rewolucji Qingming, Gu Yu (Zbo¿owy Deszcz), Li- 1911 roku, po wprowadzeniu reformy Sun xia (Pocz¹tek Lata), Xiaoman (Pe³ne Zbo- Yat-Sena. Wszystkie wyliczenia astrono- ¿e), Mangzhong, Xiazhi (Letnie Przesile- miczne przeprowadzano zawsze dla me- nie), Xiaoshu (Lekkie Upa³y), Dashu ridiana 120 stopni na wschód od Green- (Wielkie Upa³y), Liqiu (Pocz¹tek Jesieni), wich, co odpowiada wschodnim wybrze- Chushu (Zmniejszenie Upa³ów), Bailu ¿om Chin. Od niepamiêtnych czasów lata (Bia³a Rosa), Qiufen (Jesienne Zrówna- liczono wed³ug cykli. Obecny cykl 60-let- nie Dnia z Noc¹), Hanlu (Zimna Rosa), ni rozpocz¹³ siê 2 lutego 1984 roku. Shungjiang (Nadejcie Mrozu), Lidong Dawni Chiñczycy okrelali dzieñ (ri) ( Pocz¹tek Zimy), Xiaoxue (Ma³y nieg), jako jedno s³oñce. Miesi¹c nazywali jed- Daxue (Du¿y nieg), Dongzhi (Zimowe nym ksiê¿ycem (yue), a w³aciwie jednym Przesilenie), Xiaohan (Ma³e Zimno), Da- cyklem ksiê¿ycowym. Rozpoczyna³ siê on han (Du¿e Zimno). £atwo zaobserwowaæ, zawsze od nowiu. Chiñczycy przywi¹zy- ¿e jest to zupe³nie inny podzia³ roku ni¿ wali ogromn¹ wagê do dok³adnego ozna- ten, który znamy na zachodzie. Dziêki czenia jie. Jie to okres 15 dni, okrelaj¹cy zawi³ym wyliczeniom (obejmuj¹cym pozycjê Ziemi wobec S³oñca. Cykl 24 jie okresy dojo) zima mia³a tylko 89 dni, wio- jest cyklem meteorologicznym, wprowa- sna 91, lato 94, a jesieñ 91 dni. Pory dzonym oko³o III w. p.n.e. Aby dok³ad- roku rozpoczynaj¹ siê wczeniej, a pomiê- nie wyliczyæ te cykle meteorologiczne, dzy nimi s¹ tak zwane okresy dojo, maj¹- potrzebne by³y bardzo dobre i dok³adne ce d³ugoæ jednego jie. I tak, wiosna roz- przyrz¹dy staro¿ytne chiñskie wylicze- poczyna siê w lutym, lato w maju, je- nia do dzi zachwycaj¹ swoj¹ staranno- sieñ w sierpniu, a zima w listopadzie. ci¹ i dok³adnoci¹. 24 jie to pe³ny obrót Wprowadzenie 24 jie by³o bardzo pomoc- Chiñski precyzyjny zegar wodny z XI w. (dyna- Ziemi wokó³ S³oñca. Dobê dzielono na 12 ne dla rolników podzia³ ten dok³adnie stia Song). S³u¿y³ do celów astronomicznych. podwójnych godzin, okrelaj¹c je nazwa- okrela³ terminy prac polowych. Do dzi Wie¿a ma wysokoæ 30 m, ko³o ma rednicê 3,5 m. Dwie sztangi z br¹zu zwane niebiañsk¹ mi zwierz¹t (zi, chou, yin, hare, chen, si, bardzo popularny jest tak zwany chiñski wag¹ utrzymuj¹ ko³o z ³opatkami tak d³ugo, a¿ wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai), które zacho- kalendarz farmerów. Musimy podkreliæ, ³opatka wystarczaj¹co wype³ni siê wod¹. wa³y siê jeszcze w chiñskim zodiaku i w ¿e charakterystyczn¹ cech¹ astrologii [W:] Technik und Kultur, Band 2: Technik und bagua (feng-shui). 12 nian tworzy³o wiel- chiñskiej jest podzia³ czasu pomiêdzy 12 Religion, Düsseldorf, VDI Verlag GmbH, 1990 r. ki rok by³y to lata 12 zwierz¹t (szczura, zwierz¹t. S¹ to nazwy ziemskich konarów, Nr 3/2003 36 PISMO PG czyli lat (nazwy te powtarzaj¹ siê te¿ w za dynastii Yuan (1206-1368), gdy wpro- shui, w zodiaku i w tradycyjnej medycynie. podwójnych godzinach doby). Dodatko- wadzono kalendarz muzu³mañski. Nato- Wiara w moc kalendarzy utrzyma³a siê wo, lata podlegaj¹ 10 niebiañskim pniom, miast kalendarz gregoriañski by³ przywie- do dzi, ponad cztery tysi¹ce lat. Kalen- czyli ¿ywio³om. S¹ to ¿ywio³y: drewna ziony przez misjonarzy w 1582 roku, ale darze, zarezerwowane kiedy tylko dla (jia, yi), ognia (bing, ding), ziemi (wu, yi), dopiero w 1912 roku zyska³ on wiêksze w³adców, opisuj¹ ka¿dy dzieñ roku, wska- metalu (geng, xin) i wody (zen, gui). Ka¿- znaczenie. Podobnie by³o z zachodnimi zuj¹c pomylne daty wszystkich wa¿nych dy rok jest podwójnie okrelany przez teoriami astronomicznymi, wprowadzony- wydarzeñ. Takie kalendarze, zwane te¿ ziemski konar (zwierzê) i przez niebiañ- mi przez jezuitów w XVII w. ksiêgami dni, przetrwa³y na szczêcie ski pieñ (¿ywio³). Obecnie w Chinach stosuje siê w admi- do dzi i pomagaj¹ milionom Chiñczyków Ró¿ne inne kalendarze wprowadzano w nistracji kalendarz gregoriañski, z arabski- na ca³ym wiecie w dokonywaniu traf- Chinach. W czasach dynastii Tang (618 mi liczbami i chiñskimi napisami. Jednak- nych i dobrych wyborów. 907) wprowadzono kalendarz hinduski, ¿e, tradycyjny kalendarz nadal jest bardzo który by³ u¿ywany razem z kalendarzem popularny i jest u¿ywany, by ustaliæ termi- Iwona Alaaie chiñskim. Podobna sytuacja powtórzy³a siê ny wi¹t, prac polowych na wsi, w feng- Bilioteka G³ówna Poni¿szy artyku³ jest referatem przygotowanym na zajêcia z przedmiotu Filozofia ³anie ludzkiego mózgu, bêd¹ w stanie przyrody, prowadzonego przez dr. hab. Stefana Zabieglika w semestrze zimowym dowieæ czego istotnego o jego dzia³a- 2002/2003 na Wydziale Chemicznym PG niu i to niezale¿nie od sukcesu lub po- ra¿ki tych prób. Nowe wiat³o na ludzk¹ duszê Je¿eli chodzi o dotychczasowe osi¹- gniêcia w tej dziedzinie, to mia³o mo¿- na zaryzykowaæ stwierdzenie, ¿e choæ d kilkudziesiêciu lat jestemy wiad- jest ani ³atwe, ani nowe. Jednak w dobie osi¹gniêto wiele interesuj¹cych wyni- Okami ogromnego postêpu technicz- globalnej komputeryzacji zyska³o one ków, daleko jeszcze do zbudowania urz¹- nego. Nikogo ju¿ nie dziwi szerokie nowe znaczenie. To pytanie dotyka g³ê- dzenia, które mo¿na by uznaæ za inteli- spektrum zastosowañ komputerów. Jed- boko zagadnieñ filozoficznych. Co zna- gentne. Jednak dla dobra wywodu przyj- nak w tym b³yskawicznym rozwoju jest czy myleæ lub czuæ? Co to jest umys³? mijmy, ¿e na rynku ukaza³ siê komputer co przera¿aj¹cego. Dzi komputery ra- Czy umys³ jest immanentn¹ czêci¹ o najwiêkszej mo¿liwej liczbie jednostek dz¹ sobie z zadaniami, które do niedaw- struktury biologicznej w jakiej istnieje? logicznych, a producent zapewnia nas, ¿e na uwa¿alimy za domenê wy³¹cznie Czy struktura ta musi mieæ charakter bio- komputer myli, czuje, rozumie, czyli w ludzkiego mylenia. Co wiêcej, czêsto logiczny? istocie jest wiadomy. Pozostaje pytanie, rozwi¹zuj¹ takie problemy bez porówna- W pracy tej postaram siê rzuciæ pew- jak mo¿na to zweryfikowaæ? Kiedy ku- nia szybciej i dok³adniej ni¿ ludzie. Zd¹- ne nowe spojrzenie na powy¿sze zagad- pujemy jakie urz¹dzenie, to zazwyczaj ¿ylimy siê przyzwyczaiæ, ¿e maszyny s¹ nienia. Na pocz¹tek jednak pragnê przed- nie ma innej mo¿liwoci, aby sprawdziæ od nas fizycznie sprawniejsze i nie to nas stawiæ wspó³czesne pogl¹dy na materiê poprawnoæ dzia³ania, jak w³anie uru- niepokoi. Ale zdolnoæ mylenia? to tej sprawy. Skorzystam z ksi¹¿ki: Roger chomienie tego urz¹dzenia i sprawdze- zawsze by³o ludzk¹ domen¹ i przera¿a Penrose, Nowy umys³ cesarza O kom- nie go w u¿yciu. Zgodnie z tym kryte- nas fakt, ¿e mog³oby byæ inaczej. Czy puterach, umyle i prawach fizyki, rium, aby sprawdziæ, czy nowy kompu- jednak kiedykolwiek bêdziemy w stanie Oxford University Press 1989 (wyd. pol- ter rzeczywicie wykazuje cechy ludzkie- odpowiedzieæ na pytanie, czy pewne skie: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, go umys³u, musimy po prostu sprawdziæ, urz¹dzenie mechaniczne myli, a mo¿e Warszawa 2000). czy w danej sytuacji zachowuje siê tak, nawet prze¿ywa uczucia? Pytanie to nie jak zachowa³by siê cz³owiek.
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