DOCSLIB.ORG

The Psychological Impact of Incarceration: Implications for Post-Prison Adjustment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Psychological Impact of Incarceration: Implications for Post-Prison Adjustment The Psychological Impact of Incarceration: Implications for Post-Prison Adjustment Craig Haney, University of California-Santa Cruz This paper was produced for a conference funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services on January 30-31, 2002. The views expressed herein are those of the authors, and should not be attributed to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or the Urban Institute, its trustees, or its funders. The Psychological Impact of Incarceration: Implications for Post-Prison Adjustment Abstract Moreover, prolonged adaptation to the depriva- tions and frustrations of life inside prison—what This paper examines the unique set of psy- are commonly referred to as the “pains of im- chological changes that many prisoners are prisonment”—carries a certain psychological forced to undergo in order to survive the prison cost. In this brief paper I will explore some of experience. It argues that, as a result of several those costs, examine their implications for post- trends in American corrections, the personal prison adjustment in the world beyond prison, challenges posed and psychological harms in- and suggest some programmatic and policy- flicted in the course of incarceration have grown oriented approaches to minimizing their poten- over the last several decades in the United tial to undermine or disrupt the transition from States. The trends include increasingly harsh prison to home. policies and conditions of confinement as well as the much discussed de-emphasis on rehabili- One important caveat is important to make tation as a goal of incarceration. As a result, the at the very outset of this paper. Although I ap- ordinary adaptive process of institutionalization proach this topic as a psychologist, and much of or “prisonization” has become extraordinarily my discussion is organized around the themes of prolonged and intense. Among other things, psychological changes and adaptations, I do not these recent changes in prison life mean that mean to suggest or imply that I believe criminal prisoners in general (and some prisoners in par- behavior can or should be equated with mental ticular) face more difficult and problematic tran- illness, that persons who suffer the acute pains sitions as they return to the freeworld. A range of imprisonment necessarily manifest psycho- of structural and programmatic changes are re- logical disorders or other forms of personal pa- quired to address these issues. Among other thology, that psychotherapy should be the exclu- things, social and psychological programs and sive or even primary tool of prison resources must be made available in the imme- rehabilitation, or that therapeutic interventions diate, short, and long-term. That is, modified are the most important or effective ways to op- prison conditions and practices as well as new timize the transition from prison to home. I am programs are needed as preparation for release, well aware of the excesses that have been com- during transitional periods of parole or initial re- mitted in the name of correctional psychology in integration, and as long-term services to insure the past, and it is not my intention to contribute continued successful adjustment. in any way to having them repeated. This paper addresses the psychological im- The paper will be organized around several pact of incarceration and its implications for basic propositions—that prisons have become post-prison freeworld adjustment. Nearly a half- more difficult places in which to adjust and sur- century ago Gresham Sykes wrote that “life in vive over the last several decades; that especially the maximum security prison is depriving or in light of these changes, adaptation to modern frustrating in the extreme,”1 and little has prison life exacts certain psychological costs of changed to alter that view. Indeed, as I will sug- most incarcerated persons; that some groups of gest below, the observation applies with perhaps people are somewhat more vulnerable to the more force now than when Sykes first made it. pains of imprisonment than others; that the psy- Papers prepared for the "From Prison to Home" Conference (January 30-31, 2002) 77 The Psychological Impact of Incarceration: Implications for Post-Prison Adjustment C. Haney chological costs and pains of imprisonment can fectively documented—the U.S. rates have con- serve to impede post-prison adjustment; and that sistently been between four and eight times there are a series of things that can be done both those for these other nations.3 in and out of prison to minimize these impedi- ments. Each of these propositions is presented in The combination of overcrowding and the turn below. rapid expansion of prison systems across the country adversely affected living conditions in many prisons, jeopardized prisoner safety, com- I. The State of the Prisons promised prison management, and greatly lim- ited prisoner access to meaningful programming. Prisoners in the United States and else- The two largest prison systems in the nation— where have always confronted a unique set of California and Texas—provide instructive ex- contingencies and pressures to which they were amples. Over the last 30 years, California’s pris- required to react and adapt in order to survive oner population increased eightfold (from the prison experience. However, over the last roughly 20,000 in the early 1970s to its current several decades —beginning in the early 1970s population of approximately 160,000 prisoners). and continuing to the present time—a combina- Yet there has been no remotely comparable in- tion of forces have transformed the nation’s crease in funds for prisoner services or inmate criminal justice system and modified the nature programming. In Texas, over just the years be- of imprisonment.2 The challenges prisoners now tween 1992 and 1997, the prisoner population face in order to both survive the prison experi- more than doubled as Texas achieved one of the ence and, eventually, reintegrate into the free- highest incarceration rates in the nation. Nearly world upon release have changed and intensified 70,000 additional prisoners added to the state’s as a result. prison rolls in that brief five-year period alone. Not surprisingly, California and Texas were Among other things, these changes in the among the states to face major lawsuits in the nature of imprisonment have included a series of 1990s over substandard, unconstitutional condi- inter-related, negative trends in American cor- tions of confinement. Federal courts in both rections. Perhaps the most dramatic changes states found that the prison systems had failed to have come about as a result of the unprece- provide adequate treatment services for those dented increases in rate of incarceration, the size prisoners who suffered the most extreme psy- of the U.S. prison population, and the wide- chological effects of confinement in deteriorated spread overcrowding that has occurred as a re- and overcrowded conditions.4 sult. Over the past 25 years, penologists repeat- edly have described U.S. prisons as “in crisis” Paralleling these dramatic increases in in- and have characterized each new level of over- carceration rates and the numbers of persons im- crowding as “unprecedented.” By the start of the prisoned in the United States was an equally 1990s, the United States incarcerated more per- dramatic change in the rationale for prison itself. sons per capita than any other nation in the mod- The nation moved abruptly in the mid-1970s ern world, and it has retained that dubious dis- from a society that justified putting people in tinction for nearly every year since. The prison on the basis of the belief that incarcera- international disparities are most striking when tion would somehow facilitate productive re- the U.S. incarceration rate is contrasted to those entry into the freeworld to one that used impris- of other nations to whom the United States is of- onment merely to inflict pain on wrongdoers ten compared, such as Japan, Netherlands, Aus- (“just deserts”), disable criminal offenders tralia, and the United Kingdom. In the 1990s, as (“incapacitation”), or to keep them far away Marc Mauer and the Sentencing Project have ef- from the rest of society (“containment”). The abandonment of the once-avowed goal of Papers prepared for the "From Prison to Home" Conference (January 30-31, 2002) 78 The Psychological Impact of Incarceration: Implications for Post-Prison Adjustment C. Haney donment of the once-avowed goal of rehabilita- and the social costs of incarceration becoming tion certainly decreased the perceived need and increasingly concentrated in minority communi- availability of meaningful programming for ties (because of differential enforcement and prisoners as well as social and mental health sentencing policies). services available to them both inside and out- Thus, in the first decade of the 21st century, side the prison. Indeed, it generally reduced con- more people have been subjected to the pains of cern on the part of prison administrations for the imprisonment, for longer periods of time, under overall well-being of prisoners. conditions that threaten greater psychological The abandonment of rehabilitation also re- distress and potential long-term dysfunction, and sulted in an erosion of modestly protective they will be returned to communities that have norms against cruelty toward prisoners. Many already been disadvantaged by a lack of social corrections officials soon became far less in- services and resources. clined to address prison disturbances, tensions between prisoner groups and factions, and disci- plinary infractions in general through ameliora- II. The Psychological Effects of tive techniques aimed at the root causes of con- Incarceration: On the Nature of flict and designed to de-escalate it. The rapid Institutionalization influx of new prisoners, serious shortages in The adaptation to imprisonment is almost staffing and other resources, and the embrace of always difficult and, at times, creates habits of an openly punitive approach to corrections led to thinking and acting that can be dysfunctional in the “de-skilling” of many correctional staff periods of post-prison adjustment.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice
    Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 2015 Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice Allegra M. McLeod Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1490 http://ssrn.com/abstract=2625217 62 UCLA L. Rev. 1156-1239 (2015) This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice Allegra M. McLeod EVIEW R ABSTRACT This Article introduces to legal scholarship the first sustained discussion of prison LA LAW LA LAW C abolition and what I will call a “prison abolitionist ethic.” Prisons and punitive policing U produce tremendous brutality, violence, racial stratification, ideological rigidity, despair, and waste. Meanwhile, incarceration and prison-backed policing neither redress nor repair the very sorts of harms they are supposed to address—interpersonal violence, addiction, mental illness, and sexual abuse, among others. Yet despite persistent and increasing recognition of the deep problems that attend U.S. incarceration and prison- backed policing, criminal law scholarship has largely failed to consider how the goals of criminal law—principally deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and retributive justice—might be pursued by means entirely apart from criminal law enforcement. Abandoning prison-backed punishment and punitive policing remains generally unfathomable. This Article argues that the general reluctance to engage seriously an abolitionist framework represents a failure of moral, legal, and political imagination.
    [Show full text]
  • Prisoner Testimonies of Torture in United States Prisons and Jails
    Survivors Speak Prisoner Testimonies of Torture in United States Prisons and Jails A Shadow Report Submitted for the November 2014 Review of the United States by the Committee Against Torture I. Reporting organization The American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) is a Quaker faith based organization that promotes lasting peace with justice, as a practical expression of faith in action. AFSC’s interest in prison reform is strongly influenced by Quaker (Religious Society of Friends) activism addressing prison conditions as informed by the imprisonment of Friends for their beliefs and actions in the 17th and 18th centuries. For over three decades AFSC has spoken out on behalf of prisoners, whose voices are all too frequently silenced. We have received thousands of calls and letters of testimony of an increasingly disturbing nature from prisoners and their families about conditions in prison that fail to honor the Light in each of us. Drawing on continuing spiritual insights and working with people of many backgrounds, we nurture the seeds of change and respect for human life that transform social relations and systems. AFSC works to end mass incarceration, improve conditions for people who are in prison, stop prison privatization, and promote a reconciliation and healing approach to criminal justice issues. Contact Person: Lia Lindsey, Esq. 1822 R St NW; Washington, DC 20009; USA Email: [email protected] +1-202-483-3341 x108 Website: www.afsc.org Acknowledgements This report would not have been possible but for the courageous individuals held in U.S. prisons and jails who rise above the specter of reprisal for sharing testimonies of the abuses they endure.
    [Show full text]
  • Civis Romanus Sum Citizenship in Ancient Rome Was Valued Not Only
    Civis Romanus Sum Citizenship in Ancient Rome was valued not only for the rights and social status it provided, but also for the sense of patriotism and honor it instilled in the Roman people. The gravity of citizenship allowed the Roman Empire’s multitudinous regions to become vastly and impossibly connected by a sense of pride for one Italian city. Citizenship was a commodity valuable enough for soldiers such as Mucius Scaevola to give their right hands for, as well as for plebeians to secede and fight for with their lives. Citizens felt an unbreakable bond between themselves and their nation; they were dedicated to representing and defending Rome at any cost. It was this strong sense of identity that united so many people and created such a dominant empire. Roman citizenship was one of the most prized possessions a European inhabitant could have, bearing the magnitude of rights, ranking, honor, and a powerful sense of Roman identity. Although some Roman people were born into citizenship, the rest of the population yearned for such rights and status, and took whatever action they could to become true, legal members of Roman society. Citizenship included suffrage, the right to run for and occupy office, the right to not be tortured, crucified, or be sentenced to death unless found guilty of treason, the right to marry, to hold property, and to have a trial, as well as various “public” and “private” prerogatives. Romans born into a noble family inherited citizenship and social status; they made up the patrician class, while the lower plebeian class was made up of free non-citizens.
    [Show full text]
  • Slavery by Another Name History Background
    Slavery by Another Name History Background By Nancy O’Brien Wagner, Bluestem Heritage Group Introduction For more than seventy-five years after the Emancipation Proclamation and the end of the Civil War, thousands of blacks were systematically forced to work against their will. While the methods of forced labor took on many forms over those eight decades — peonage, sharecropping, convict leasing, and chain gangs — the end result was a system that deprived thousands of citizens of their happiness, health, and liberty, and sometimes even their lives. Though forced labor occurred across the nation, its greatest concentration was in the South, and its victims were disproportionately black and poor. Ostensibly developed in response to penal, economic, or labor problems, forced labor was tightly bound to political, cultural, and social systems of racial oppression. Setting the Stage: The South after the Civil War After the Civil War, the South’s economy, infrastructure, politics, and society were left completely destroyed. Years of warfare had crippled the South’s economy, and the abolishment of slavery completely destroyed what was left. The South’s currency was worthless and its financial system was in ruins. For employers, workers, and merchants, this created many complex problems. With the abolishment of slavery, much of Southern planters’ wealth had disappeared. Accustomed to the unpaid labor of slaves, they were now faced with the need to pay their workers — but there was little cash available. In this environment, intricate systems of forced labor, which guaranteed cheap labor and ensured white control of that labor, flourished. For a brief period after the conclusion of fighting in the spring of 1865, Southern whites maintained control of the political system.
    [Show full text]
  • Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders
    Introductory Handbook on The Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES Cover photo: © Rafael Olivares, Dirección General de Centros Penales de El Salvador. UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2018 © United Nations, December 2018. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Preface The first version of the Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders, published in 2012, was prepared for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) by Vivienne Chin, Associate of the International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, Canada, and Yvon Dandurand, crimi- nologist at the University of the Fraser Valley, Canada. The initial draft of the first version of the Handbook was reviewed and discussed during an expert group meeting held in Vienna on 16 and 17 November 2011.Valuable suggestions and contributions were made by the following experts at that meeting: Charles Robert Allen, Ibrahim Hasan Almarooqi, Sultan Mohamed Alniyadi, Tomris Atabay, Karin Bruckmüller, Elias Carranza, Elinor Wanyama Chemonges, Kimmett Edgar, Aida Escobar, Angela Evans, José Filho, Isabel Hight, Andrea King-Wessels, Rita Susana Maxera, Marina Menezes, Hugo Morales, Omar Nashabe, Michael Platzer, Roberto Santana, Guy Schmit, Victoria Sergeyeva, Zhang Xiaohua and Zhao Linna.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case for More Incarceration
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Policy and Communications Office of Policy Development The Case for More Incarceration 1992 &7 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Policy and Communications Office of Policy Development The Case for More Incarceration 1992, NCJ-J39583 139583 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the Ph~rson or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in t IS do.c~ment ~~e those of (he authors and do not necessarily rep'esent the official position or pOlicies of the National Institute of Justice. Permtisdsion to reproduce this II f) I8llM material has been gran~d t:1y • . • .l?UbllC Danain/Off. of Poliey Communications/Off. of POlley Develop. to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Ffutrthher repr?ductlon outside of the NCJRS system requires permission o e ........ owner. NCJRS ~AN 5 1993 ACQUISITIONS (@ffitt nf tltt Attnrntl1 <&tntral liIus1yingtnn, i.QT. 20530 October 28, 1992 In July, I released a report entitled Combating Violent Crime: 24 Recommendations to strengthen Criminal Justice, set­ ting forth a comprehensive strategy for making state criminal justice systems more effective in achieving their central purpose -- the protection of our citizens. As I stated then, there is no better way to reduce crime than to identify, target, and incapa­ citate those hardened criminals who commit staggering numbers of violent crimes whenever they are on the streets. Of course, we cannot incapacitate these criminals unless we build sufficient prison and jail space to house them.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Status and Group Norms: Indirect Reciprocity in a Helping
    TI 2001 -003/1 Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper Social Status and Group Norms: Indirect Reciprocity in a Helping Experiment Ingrid Seinen Arthur Schram Tinbergen Institute The Tinbergen Institute is the institute for economic research of the Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Tinbergen Institute Amsterdam Keizersgracht 482 1017 EG Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel.: +31.(0)20.5513500 Fax: +31.(0)20.5513555 Tinbergen Institute Rotterdam Burg. Oudlaan 50 3062 PA Rotterdam The Netherlands Tel.: +31.(0)10.4088900 Fax: +31.(0)10.4089031 Most recent TI discussion papers can be downloaded at http://www.tinbergen.nl Social Status and Group Norms: Indirect Reciprocity in a Helping Experiment Ingrid Seinen and Arthur Schram∗ CREED Department of Economics and Econometrics University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 11 1018 WB Amsterdam The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] ∗ [email protected] Manuscript, submitted Printed April 19, 2000 Abstract This paper provides experimental evidence showing that indirect reciprocity may important in economic decision making and in the development of group norms. We study a ‘repeated helping game’ with random pairing in large groups, with individuals equally divided between donors and recipi- ents. Donors decide whether to help the individuals they are matched with against a certain cost or not to help, enduring no costs. We observe that many decision makers respond to the information we give them about for- mer decisions of the recipients, even if they
    [Show full text]
  • Inside the Middle Class
    Inside the Middle Class: Bad Times Hit the Good Life FOR RELEASE WEDNESDAY APRIL 9, 2008 12:00PM EDT Paul Taylor, Project Director Rich Morin, Senior Editor D'Vera Cohn, Senior Writer Richard Fry, Senior Researcher Rakesh Kochhar, Senior Researcher April Clark, Research Associate MEDIA INQUIRIES CONTACT: Pew Research Center 202 419 4372 http://pewresearch.org ii Table of Contents Foreword…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...3 Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5 Overview……………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7 Section One – A Self-Portrait 1. The Middle Class Defines Itself ………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………..28 2. The Middle Class Squeeze………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………..…….36 3. Middle Class Finances ……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….……………………..47 4. Middle Class Priorities and Values………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………….53 5. Middle Class Jobs ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………….65 6. Middle Class Politics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………71 About the Pew Social and Demographic Trends Project ……………………………………………………….…………………………….78 Questionnaire and topline …………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………..79 Section Two – A Statistical Portrait 7. Middle Income Demography, 1970-2006…………………………………………………………………………………………………………110 8. Trends in Income, Expenditures, Wealth and Debt………………………………………..…………………………………………….140 Section Two Appendix ……………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..163
    [Show full text]
  • From Slavery to Mass Incarceration
    loïc wacquant FROM SLAVERY TO MASS INCARCERATION Rethinking the ‘race question’ in the US ot one but several ‘peculiar institutions’ have success- ively operated to define, confine, and control African- NAmericans in the history of the United States. The first is chattel slavery as the pivot of the plantation economy and inceptive matrix of racial division from the colonial era to the Civil War. The second is the Jim Crow system of legally enforced discrimination and segregation from cradle to grave that anchored the predominantly agrarian society of the South from the close of Reconstruction to the Civil Rights revolution which toppled it a full century after abolition. America’s third special device for containing the descendants of slaves in the Northern industrial metropolis is the ghetto, corresponding to the conjoint urbanization and proletarianization of African-Americans from the Great Migration of 1914–30 to the 1960s, when it was ren- dered partially obsolete by the concurrent transformation of economy and state and by the mounting protest of blacks against continued caste exclusion, climaxing with the explosive urban riots chronicled in the Kerner Commission Report.1 The fourth, I contend here, is the novel institutional complex formed by the remnants of the dark ghetto and the carceral apparatus with which it has become joined by a linked relationship of structural symbiosis and functional surrogacy. This suggests that slavery and mass imprisonment are genealogically linked and that one cannot understand the latter—its new left review 13 jan feb 2002 41 timing, composition, and smooth onset as well as the quiet ignorance or acceptance of its deleterious effects on those it affects—without return- ing to the former as historic starting point and functional analogue.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Prison Privatization in Arizona
    Prison Privatization in Arizona A briefing paper prepared by the American Friends Service Committee, Arizona Area Program American Friends Service Committee, Arizona Area 103 N. Park Ave., Ste. 111 Tucson, AZ 85719 (520)623-9141 (520)623-5901 fax [email protected] October 2010 Introduction The American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) is a Quaker organization that works for peace and justice worldwide. Our work is based on a commitment to nonviolence and the belief that all people have value and deserve to be treated with dignity and respect. The AFSC‟s programs promote social justice by focusing on a diverse set of social concerns. The organization‟s criminal justice work has always focused on the need for an effective and humane criminal justice system that emphasizes rehabilitation over punishment. Here in Arizona, our criminal justice program advocates for a reduction in the state‟s prison population through rational sentencing reform and a moratorium on new prison construction. A key focus of that effort is our work to educate the public on the risks inherent in prison privatization through for-profit prison corporations. This document is an attempt to paint a picture of the current efforts at privatization of prisons in the state of Arizona and raise questions about the potential pitfalls of this practice. Arizona Overview Arizona‟s experiment with for-profit incarceration began in the early 90‟s when the state faced the first of many prison overcrowding crises. Arizona‟s first privately operated prison was the Marana Community Correctional Treatment Facility, a minimum-security prison for people with substance abuse issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Educator Pedagogical Approach Shedding Light on Solitary Confinement Moya Atkinson, MSW May 2020
    Q&A: Educator Pedagogical Approach Shedding Light on Solitary Confinement Moya Atkinson, MSW May 2020 What approach to teaching about solitary confinement, and incarceration more broadly, do you recommend? The most powerful teaching approach is experiential, namely involvement in relevant activities coupled with reflection. Following are some learning opportunities for students that we recommend. Involvement and Observation 1. Witness the prison environment. Take part in a correctional facility tour: visit a prison, jail, or detention center. Some jails offer educational tours to college and university classes at the request of the professor. See, for example, information from the Orange County Corrections Department in Florida, and the Strafford County Department of Correction in New Hampshire. 2. Write letters to incarcerated people. See Letters from Solitary by Solitary Watch. Another excellent resource is the Prison and Justice Writing Program, which is part of PEN America, an organization that promotes the intersection of literature and human rights. Set up opportunities to interview returning citizens who were formerly incarcerated. 3. Experience solitary confinement virtually. The Guardian offers 6x9: A virtual experience of solitary confinement, which places you inside a U.S. solitary confinement prison cell. 4. Get involved in efforts by organizations that advocate for issues of solitary confinement and for the improvement of the justice system: Q&A: Educator Pedagogical Approach 2 American Civil Liberties Union The Vera Institute of Justice The Center for Constitutional Rights The Marshall Project (Abolition Resources) Prison Policy Initiative Center for Prison Reform (Explore their extensive list of organizations, including those for currently and formerly incarcerated people and for their families.) 5.
    [Show full text]
  • SOCIAL STRATIFICATION and POLITICAL Behavrori an EMPHASIS \T,PON STRUCTURAL 11YNAMICS
    SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND POLITICAL BEHAVrORI AN EMPHASIS \T,PON STRUCTURAL 11YNAMICS by Christopher Bates Doob A.B., Oberlin College, 1962 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Oberlin College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Sociology 1964 ~-,-\t ii I," - ~ <" . , Preface There are a number of people whose assistance has made this project possible. Without their aid I literally would have been unable to complete this thesis and obtain my degree. xy" profoundest acknowledgment goes to Dr. Kiyoshi Ikeda, whose knowledge of theory and methodology literally shaped this project. The influence of Professors Richard R. xy"ers, George E. Simpson, .J. Milton Yinger, and Donald P. Warwick is also evident at various points through- out this work. Mr. Thomas Bauer, Dr. Leonard Doob, Miss Nancy Durham, and Miss .June Wright have given valuable assistance at different stages of the process. Christopher B. Doob Oberlin College June 1964 09\,~O\A4 'i::l "\ ~ S iii Table of Contents Page Preface 11 r. Introduction The Problem 1 An Historical Approach to the Dynamics of Social Stratification 2 Broad Sociological Propositions Concerning Social Mobility 3 Empirical Studies 4 Status Crystallization 6 Static Structural Variables in This Study 7 Some Observations on Voting Behavior 11 The Hypotheses 12 II. Methodology The Sample 17 The Major Independent Variables 18 Intermediate Variables 25 The Dependent Variables 26 A Concluding Note 28 III. Description of the Findings The Relationship of Mobility, Class, and Intermediate Variables to Liberalism-Conservatism 30 The Intermediate Variables 31 Status Crystallization, Class, and Liberalism­ Conservatism • iv III.
    [Show full text]