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Zimbabwe - Researched and Compiled by the Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland on Monday 18 & Tuesday 19 April 2016 Zimbabwe - Researched and compiled by the Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland on Monday 18 & Tuesday 19 April 2016 Information on the respective histories of ZANU-PF & ZAPU including, establishment, rivalries, splits etc... A document issued by the United Kingdom Home Office in April 2001 utilizing secondary sources includes noting: “The Republic of Zimbabwe achieved formal independence from the United Kingdom on 18 April 1980…In 1965 the white-dominated Rhodesia Front administration of Prime Minister Ian Smith made an illegal unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) for Rhodesia from the United Kingdom…Following UDI, black nationalists fought for majority rule. The principal nationalist groups were the Ndebele-dominated Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), led by Joshua Nkomo, and the Shona- dominated Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), led initially by the Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole and later by Robert Mugabe…” (United Kingdom Home Office (April 2001) Zimbabwe Assessment, p.5). In April 2010 Reuters states that: “In the 1960s nationalist groups emerge - the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU)” (Reuters (18 April 2010) Factbox-Zimbabwe: a land of struggle and strife). A publication in March 2008 by Heinrich Boll Stiftung states: “The Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) was formed in 1961 with Joshua Nkomo as President, and Robert Mugabe as information and publicity secretary. The Rhodesian government banned ZAPU in 1962, which ultimately contributed to a guerilla war against the government. The Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) was founded in 1963 by Ndabaningi Sithole, Herbert Chitepo, Edgar Tekere, Leopold Takawira – and Robert Mugabe…” (Heinrich Boll Stiftung (26 March 2008) Robert Mugabe’s Liberation War Credentials: ZANU-PF’s Winning Card?, footnote 2,p2). Human Rights Watch in June 2013 points out that: “Beginning in the 1960s, ZANU-PF had a guerilla military wing, the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), while the Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) was the military wing of the Joshua Nkomo-led Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU), the rival political party” (Human Rights Watch (4 June 2013) The Elephant in the Room, Reforming Zimbabwe’s Security Sector Ahead of Elections, p.8). In November 1995 the United States Department of State notes that: “In 1974, the major African nationalists groups-- the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU), and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), which split away from ZAPU in 1963--were united into the "Patriotic Front" and combined their military forces, at least nominally” (United States Department of State (November 1995) Zimbabwe). In November 2005 the Institute for War and Peace Reporting states in a report that: “The schism came after ZAPU’s leadership failed to agree on how to confront the Rhodesian regime of Ian Smith, in the same way that the MDC is now unable to effectively oppose Mugabe's authoritarian ZANU-PF government. The moderate ZAPU faction led by Joshua Nkomo, an Ndebele widely regarded as the founding father of Zimbabwean nationalism, favoured negotiating a settlement with Smith and Britain, whereas the more militant wing under Ndabaningi Sithole believed armed resistance was the way to gain independence. After failing to get Nkomo to adopt a more aggressive stance, Sithole pulled out of ZAPU to form the breakaway Zimbabwe African National Union, ZANU, with Mugabe as its secretary-general” (Institute for War and Peace Reporting (16 November 2005) Zimbabwean Opposition Party Implodes). A report issued by Human Rights Watch in October 2003 notes: “Zimbabwe’s ten-year war for independence from Britain ended in late 1979 with the signing of the Lancaster House Agreement by Britain and the liberation forces led by Robert Mugabe of ZANU and Joshua Nkomo of Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU)” (Human Rights Watch (24 October 2003) Not Eligible, The Politicization of Food in Zimbabwe, p.12). In July 2009 a paper issued by Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna states that: “In December 1972 the first white farms were attacked by blacks who were frustrated with restricted rights on land ownership. The 'Patriotic Front' of major African nationalist groups was formed in 1974 when the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (PF-ZAPU) combined military forces with the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU-PF). In 1978 the white minority government of Ian Smith signed the Internal Settlement Agreement with United Methodist Church Bishop Abel Muzorewa, (Methodist) Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole, and Chief Jeremiah Chirau. The agreement provided for qualified majority rule and elections with universal suffrage. Bishop Muzorewa became the first black Prime Minister of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia until the elections of 1980. Approximately 20,000 people were killed in the guerilla actions from 1972 - 1980. The country was in a state of civil war until 1980 when Robert Mugabe and his ZANU-PF party won elections. Starting in the early 1980s a campaign of dissidence against the Mugabe government began. It was centered mainly in the south in Matabeleland, home of the Ndebeles, who were primarily PF- ZAPU followers, and who perceived themselves and their party to be persecuted by the government. The government responded by declaring a state of emergency and deployed the army throughout Matabeleland. In late 1989 the PF-ZAPU and ZANU- PF parties merged and won an overwhelming victory in the elections in March 1990. Martial law was ended soon after the election. It is believed that 10,000 - 25,000 civilian were killed during the state of emergency in the 1980s” (Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna (21 July 2009) ITPCM Newsletter No. 21 July 2009). In July 2008 the Institute for War and Peace Reporting points out in a report that: “Joshua Nkomo's PF- ZAPU emerged as a rival to Mugabe soon after Zimbabwe became independent in 1980…[Next came] the military offensive that Mugabe launched to eliminate Nkomo's support base in the Matabeleland and Midlands provinces in the first half of the Eighties…A badly battered PF-ZAPU was then forced to sign up to a unification deal with ZANU in December 1987, creating the present ZANU-PF, still entirely dominated by Mugabe's people. Nkomo was appointed vice- president of Zimbabwe and held the post until his death in 1999, but wielded little real power” (Institute for War and Peace Reporting (21 July 2008) Zimbabwe: Opposition warned of power-sharing risks). In April 2009 a document issued by the Institute for Security Studies notes: “In Zimbabwe in 1980, the guerrilla movements of Robert Mugabe's ZANU party united with Joshua Nkomo's PF-ZAPU to form what is now known as "ZANU-PF". Mugabe's ZANU had a larger following and through compromises made by the merging of these two ethnically diverse groups a united front was formed that would govern Zimbabwe. Having assimilated PF-ZAPU into ZANU's ranks, Mugabe set out to win the 1985 elections and he became the country's first post-colonial democratically elected president” (Institute for Security Studies (14 April 2009) Post- election power-sharing governments and the future of democracy in Africa). IRIN News in April 2010 notes: “Soon after independence from Britain in 1980, President Robert Mugabe's ZANU-PF launched Operation Gukhurundi - a Shona phrase for "the early rain which washes away the chaff before the spring rains" - on the pretext of tackling insurgents and counter-revolutionaries sponsored by apartheid South Africa. He unleashed the Zimbabwean army's North Korean-trained 5th Brigade in the provinces of Matabeleland North and South, and Midlands in southwestern Zimbabwe, strongholds of the rival ZAPU party, led by Joshua Nkomo. More than 20,000 people were killed in Operation Gukhurundi” (IRIN News (12 April 2010) Zimbabwe: North Korea's soccer team brings bad memories). In January 2011 Zimonline states: “According to a source -- who is a senior official in the Ministry of Defence -- Major General Engelbert Rugeje will be in charge of Masvingo province. Rugeje, a notorious Mugabe fanatic who took part in atrocities committed by the army in the Matabeleland and Midlands provinces in the 1980s, has allegedly already started terrorising MDC supporters in Masvingo where he has in recent weeks been blamed of several acts of violence and intimidation against the former opposition party's supporters. At least 20 000 innocent civilians died in the army campaign in the Matabeleland and the Midlands provinces that was ostensibly launched to crush anti- Mugabe rebels but randomly targeted civilians from the Ndebele ethnic community dominant in the area and which mainly supported the then main PF-ZAPU opposition party of the late nationalist, Joshua Nkomo” (Zimonline (19 January 2011) Zimbabwe: Military plot to keep Mugabe in power). In January 2015 Voice of America states: “Nearly 200 people were killed in the run-up to Zimbabwe’s presidential run-off in 2008. There are also thousands of victims of violence who died at the height of political clashes between Zanu PF and PF Zapu in the 1980s” (Voice of America (12 January 2015) Zimbabweans in Diaspora Set up Violence Victims' Fund). A BBC News report in November 2008 states that: “Five senior officials from Zimbabwe's ruling Zanu-PF party have resigned amid attempts to revive a defunct liberation movement, Zapu. The officials are from Matabeleland in the south, the base for Zapu until it merged with President Robert Mugabe's Zanu to form Zanu-PF in 1987” (BBC News (19 November 2008) Officials quit Zimbabwe's Zanu-PF) An Australian Refugee Review Tribunal report issued in September 2010 states: “On 22 December 1987 ZANU and ZAPU signed a peace deal, which today is marked in Zimbabwe as National Unity Day. Prior to this peace deal, ZANU PF demonised ZAPU/ZIPRA supporters as ‘enemies of the state’. Consequently, post- 1987, being a former member of ZAPU no longer made you a target of ZANLA or other ZANU PF militants.
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