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Anadolu'nun Geç M Yosen Zürafalari

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Anadolu'nun Geç M Yosen Zürafalari T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ANTROPOLOJİ (PALEOANTROPOLOJİ) ANABİLİM DALI ANADOLU’NUN GEÇ MİYOSEN ZÜRAFALARI (MAMMALIA-GIRAFFIDAE) Yüksek Lisans Tezi N. Damla Yılmaz Ankara-2005 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ANTROPOLOJİ (PALEOANTROPOLOJİ) ANABİLİM DALI ANADOLU’NUN GEÇ MİYOSEN ZÜRAFALARI (MAMMALIA-GIRAFFIDAE) Yüksek Lisans Tezi N. Damla Yılmaz Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Erksin Güleç Ankara-2005 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ANTROPOLOJİ (PALEOANTROPOLOJİ) ANABİLİM DALI ANADOLU’NUN GEÇ MİYOSEN ZÜRAFALARI (MAMMALIA-GIRAFFIDAE) Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Erksin Güleç Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı İmzası .................................................................... ........................................ .................................................................... ........................................ .................................................................... ........................................ .................................................................... ......................................... .................................................................... ......................................... .................................................................... ......................................... Tez Sınavı Tarihi: .................................. ÖNSÖZ Anadolu’da, bugüne kadar paleontoloji ve jeoloji alanlarında yapılmış araştırmalar, Geç Miyosen çökellerinin geniş alanlar kapladığını göstermiştir. Sözü edilen bu çalışmalarda ve hala devam eden kazı ve araştırmalarda Anadolu’daki Geç Miyosen faunalarından çok sayıda memeli hayvan fosili kaydedilmiş olmasıyla birlikte, Giraffidae’nin de bu fosil kalıntıları arasında önemli bir çoğunluğa sahip oldukları görülmüştür. Anadolu’daki Geç Miyosen giraffid bulgu yerlerinin, buralardan determine edilmiş cins/türlerin ve Avrupa Geç Miyosen biyokronolojisine göre mevcut bulundukları zonların belirlenmesini, ayrıca bulguların Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika kıtalarında yer alan eşdeğer yaşlı benzer giraffid bulgularıyla korele edilmesini ve bunlara göre Giraffidae’nin Anadolu Geç Miyosen’indeki evrimsel eğilimlerinin anlaşılmasını amaçlayan “Anadolu’nun Geç Miyosen Zürafaları (Mammalia- Giraffidae)” çalışmasının oluşmasında bana destek olan ve yönlendiren hocam ve danışmanım Prof. Dr. Erksin Güleç’e en derin saygılarımla teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Ayrıca, tezime yardımları olan Antropoloji Bölümü hocalarından Prof. Dr. Ayla Sevim’e, Doç. Dr. Ayhan Ersoy’a, Yard. Doç. Dr. İsmail Özer’e, Coğrafya Bölümü hocalarından Doç. Dr. İhsan Çiçek’e, Biyoloji Bölümü hocalarından Prof. Dr. Nuri Yiğit’e, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Antropoloji Bölümü hocalarından Prof. Dr. Engin Ünay’a, ODTÜ Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümünden Araş. Gör. Ayşe Atakul’a, yakın ilgisini gördüğüm “British Museum Natural History”den Dr. Alan W. Gentry’e, tercümelerimde yardımlarını esirgemeyen TÖMER Fransızca Bölüm i Başkanı Sn. Çelebi Akdaş’a ve en önemlisi yıllardan beri yaptıkları kazı ve araştırmalarla Türkiye’nin paleontolojik ve paleocoğrafik potansiyelini aydınlatmaya çalışan Türk ve yabancı tüm bilim adamlarına şükranlarımı sunarım. ii Sayfa İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ i TABLOLAR DİZİNİ v ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ v ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ v GİRİŞ 1 1- GENEL BİLGİLER 4 1.1. Jeolojik Zamanlar ve Geç Miyosen 4 1.1.1. Jeolojik Zamanlar 4 1.1.2. Geç Miyosen (5-11 Milyon Yıl Öncesi) 9 1.2. Anadolu’nun Geç Miyosen Paleocoğrafik Evrimi 12 1.3. Anadolu’nun Geç Miyosen’de Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika ile Jeokronolojik, Kronostratigrafik ve Biyokronolojik İlişkileri 18 1.4. Artiyodactyla Takımı 25 1.4.1. Ruminantia Alttakımı 29 1.4.1.1. Giraffidae Ailesi 33 2- AMAÇ, MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM 39 2.1. Amaç 30 2.2. Materyal ve Yöntem 40 3- ANADOLU’NUN GEÇ MİYOSEN GIRAFFID’LERİ 43 3.1. Geç Miyosen Giraffid Fosil Bulgu Yerleri 43 3.1.1. Batı Anadolu 44 3.1.2. Kuzeybatı Anadolu 49 3.1.3. Orta Anadolu 51 3.2. Geç Miyosen Giraffidleri ve Sistematik Özellikleri 57 3.2.1. Altaile: Giraffinae Zittel, 1893 57 3.2.1.1. Cins: Paleotragus Gaudry, 1861 59 3.2.1.1.1. Paleotragus sp. 60 3.2.1.1.2. Paleotragus coelophrys Rodler ve Weithofer, 1890 65 iii 3.2.1.1.3. Paleotragus quadricornis Bohlin, 1926 72 3.2.1.1.4. Paleotragus hoffstetteri Ozansoy, 1965 73 3.2.1.1.5. Paleotragus roueni Gaudry, 1861 76 3.2.1.2. Cins: Samotherium Major, 1888 81 3.2.1.2.1. Samotherium sp. 81 3.2.1.2.2. Samotherium majori Bohlin , 1926 86 3.2.1.2.3. Samotherium boissieri Major, 1888 93 3.2.1.2.4. “ Samotherium pamiri ” Ozansoy, 1965 96 3.2.1.2.5. Samotherium decipiens Bohlin, 1926 97 3.2.1.2.6. Samotherium neumayri Rodler ve Weithofer, 1890 99 3.2.1.3. Cins: Bohlinia Matthew, 1929 100 3.2.1.3.1. Bohlinia attica Gaudry ve Lartet, 1856 101 3.2.1.4. Cins: Giraffa Brunnich, 1771 103 3.2.2. Altaile: Sivatheriinae Zittel, 1893 104 3.2.2.1. Cins: Decennatherium Crusafont Pairo, 1952 105 3.2.2.1.1. Decennatherium macedoinae Geraads, 1989 106 3.2.2.2. Cins: Helladotherium Gaudry, 1860 108 3.2.2.2.1. Helladotherium sp. 108 3.2.2.2.2. Helladotherium duvernoyi Gaudry, 1862 109 3.2.2.3. Cins: Bramatherium Falconer, 1845 117 3.3. Geç Miyosen Giraffidlerinin Yaşadıkları Ortamlar 120 4- BULGULAR VE TARTIŞMALAR 125 SONUÇ 140 ÖZET – SUMMARY 148 KAYNAKÇA 152 iv TABLOLAR DİZİNİ 1. Jeolojik Zamanlar ve Yaşları. 2. Geç Miyosen Avrupa Memeli Zonları ile Akdeniz’in Denizel-Karasal Kronolojisi ve İlişkileri. 3. Avrupa ve Orta Asya’nın Geç Miyosen Kronostratigrafik ve Biyostratigrafik İlişkileri. 4. Avrupa, GD Avrupa-Anadolu, Hindistan Altkıtası ve Afrika-Arabistan’ın Geç Miyosen Stratigrafileri ve İlişkileri. 5. Türkiye’deki Geç Miyosen Giraffidlerinin Stratigrafik Yayılımları. 6. Anadolu Geç Miyosen’inde yer alan Giraffidae bulgularınınAvrupa, Asya ve Afrika kıtalarındaki biyocoğrafik ve biyostratigrafik dağılımları. ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ 1. Kuzey ve Güney Peri-Tetis Plakalarının Geç Miyosen (Geç Tortoniyen) Paleocoğrafya Haritası. 2. Türkiye’nin Geç Miyosen Paleocoğrafik Haritası. 2 3 3. Ruminantların Diş Terminolojisi (a: M , b: M , c: M 3, d: P 4). 4. Kemiklitepe Paleotragus roueni Kafatası Örneği. 5. Kemiklitepe Paleotragus roueni P 3-M3 diş dizisi örneği (Occlusalden Görünümü). 6. Kemiklitepe S. majori Kafatası Örneği. 7. Anadolu’daki Geç Miyosen Giraffid Bulgu Yerleri ve Biyokronolojik Yaşları. 8. Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika’daki Anadolu ile benzer bulguların kaydedildiği Geç Miyosen Giraffid Bulgu Yerleri. ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ 1. Giraffidae Sistematiği. v GİRİŞ Türkiye, Geç Miyosen’e ait geniş alanlar kaplayan karasal çökellere sahiptir. Bu yaygın karasal çökellerde Geç Miyosen stratigrafisini oluşturabilmek ve Geç Miyosen paleocoğrafik evrimini ayrıntılı olarak ortaya koyabilmek için uygulanması gereken yöntemlerden birisi de memelilere dayalı biyostratigrafik-biyokronolojik çalışmalardır. Jeolojik tarihte Senozoik Çağ’ın başlarından itibaren bir yükselme sürecine giren Anadolu, özellikle insanın da dahil olduğu Hominoidea üstailesine ait primatları da içeren memeli faunalarının çok çeşitlendiği dönem olan Geç Miyosen’de Asya, Avrupa ve Afrika kara parçaları arasında önemli bir kara bağlantısı halindeydi. Bu kara köprüsünün kuzeyden güneye, doğudan batıya uzanan önemli göçlere imkan tanımış olduğunun bilinmesi, Anadolu’nun özellikle memeli havyan potansiyeli açısından zenginliğini akla getirmekte ve bu bağlamda paleontoloji ve jeoloji alanlarında yapılmış araştırmalar bunu açıkça ortaya koymaktadır. Anadolu’ya ait karasal memeli faunalarının çokluğu ve cins/tür zenginlikleri, özellikle Geç Miyosen’de kuraklık derecesine bağlı olarak artmaktadır (Sickenberg ve ark., 1975). Bu geniş karasal alanları kaplayan ve zengin tür sayısı ile dikkat çeken Geç Miyosen memeli faunalarının önemli temsilcilerinden biri de Giraffidae üyeleridir. Memeliler arasında Giraffidae (Mammalia-Artiyodactyla), Dünya’nın büyük bir bölümüne Geç Miyosen’de hızla dağılmışlar ve bu devrin değişik ortamlarına başarıyla uyum sağlamışlardır. Değişen ortam koşullarına evrimsel 1 uyum yaparak (adaptasyon), göç ederek, ya da tamamen yok olarak tepki göstermişler ve bu özellikleriyle de kısa zaman dilimleri içinde gözle izlenebilir morfolojik değişiklikler kazanmışlardır. Değinilen bu özellikleri, ayrıntılı biyostratigrafik - biyokronolojik ve kronostratigrafik çalışmaların yapılabilmesine olanak sağlamasıyla birlikte, Giraffidae’nin kıta içi ve hatta kıtalararası karşılaştırmalarında kullanılabilen önemli paleontolojik veriler olmalarını sağlamıştır. Sıcak iklim ortamlarına son derece bağımlı olan giraffidler, Geç Miyosen memeli faunalarının ortamı hakkında sentez çalışmaları yapılmasına ve Türkiye’nin komşu ülke faunalarıyla biyokronolojik-biyostratigrafik ve paleoekolojik ilişkilerinin kurulmasına ve bu sayede hominoid faunalarının daha açık anlaşılmasına imkan vermeleri açısından da önemlidirler. Giraffidae ailesinin en yaşlı örnekleri Miyosen başlarında Batı Avrupa’dan gelmektedir. Miyosen’in ilerleyen evrelerinde bunların Avrupa, Afrika ve Asya kıtalarına yayılması ve Geç Miyosen’de diğer bir çok memeli grubu gibi çok çeşitlenerek devir sonunda bir çok türün ortadan kalktığının bilinmesiyle birlikte, Anadolu’dan da bu zaman aralığına ait oldukça fazla fosil buluntu kaydedilmiştir. Bu buluntuların bir çoğunun araştırıcıları tarafından cins/tür determinasyonları gösterilmiş, bazı çalışmalarda ise bulgu yerinden Giraffidae’nin sadece aile bazında temsil edildiği açıklanmıştır. Bunlarla birlikte, hala devam eden kazı ve araştırmalardan da giraffid bulguları kaydedildiği belirtilmiş, ancak henüz cins/tür determinasyonları verilmemiştir. Bu çalışmada
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