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GC University Lahore PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF PAKISTAN SIWALIKS Name: MUHAMMAD TARIQ Session: 2007-2010 Roll No: 05-GCU-PHD-Z-07 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Nusrat Jahan Department: Zoology PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF PAKISTAN SIWALIKS Submitted to GC University Lahore in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology by Name: MUHAMMAD TARIQ Session: 2007-2010 Roll No: 05-GCU-PHD-Z-07 Department of Zoology GC University Lahore DEDICATION This work is dedicated to MY LOVING PARENTS (Gulzar Ahmad and Sugran Abdullah) through whom I acquired indefatigable temperament, morality, and determination for achieving objectives in every walk of life MY YOUNGER BROTHERS (Muhammad Yasin and Muhammad Noor-ul-Amin) who gave hope and strength to meet with the challenges of life MY YOUNGER SISTERS Zainab Gulzar, Shahida Gulzar and Shakeela Gulzar for their care, affection and cooperation MY DEAREST DAUGHTER (Kashaf Tariq) who proved great blessing for achieving goals of my life ALL GREAT SOULS who pursue their dreams with persistent efforts to make this world a better place to live in DECLARATION I, Mr. Muhammad Tariq Roll No. 05-GCU-PHD-Z-07 student of PhD in the subject of Zoology session: 2007-2010, hereby declare that the matter printed in the thesis titled “Palaeoenvironmental Study of Pakistan Siwaliks” is my own work and has not been printed, published and submitted as research work, thesis or publication in any form in any University, Research Institution etc in Pakistan or abroad. ________________ _____________________ Dated Signatures of Deponent RESEARCH COMPLETION CERTIFICATE Certified that the research work contained in this thesis titled “Palaeoenvironmental Study of Pakistan Siwaliks” has been carried out and completed by Mr. Muhammad Tariq Roll No. 05-GCU-PHD-Z-07 under my supervision Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Nusrat Jahan Department of Zoology GC University, Lahore Submitted through: Controller of Examinations GC University, Lahore Prof. Dr. Nusrat Jahan Chairperson Department of Zoology GC University, Lahore ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the name of Almighty Allah, the most compassionate, ever merciful, who bestowed upon me the wisdom and strength to accomplish this humble piece of research work. I am grateful to my research supervisor Prof. Dr. Nusrat Jahan for her immense support, innovative guidance and patience throughout this research project. I offer my profound thanks to Prof. Dr. Nikos Solounias from New York Institute of Technology, New York, USA for developing collaboration with me regarding microwear and mesowear studies of extinct and extant ungulates. Bundle of thanks to Gina Semprebon and Florent Rivals for sending research literature about microwear studies of ungulates and Mikael Fortelius for appreciating goat experiment on mesowear study and furnishing research literature about it. I am highly thankful to Prof. Christine Janis Marie from Brown University, USA for valuable guidance concerning hypsodonty studies on ungulates and sending masses of research literature. Many thanks to Sherry V. Nelson for her support and sending research literature on Sivapithecus and ungulates from Siwaliks of Pakistan. Best regards to Prof. Dr. John Barry from University of Harvard, USA, for help in estimating the ages of fossil localities of Potwar Siwaliks and sending valuable research papers. Many thanks to the members of departmental academic committee i.e. Dr. Abdul Qayyum Khan Sulehria, Dr. Muhammad Fiaz Qamar and Dr. Iram Liaqat for giving positive suggestions regarding improvement of this dissertation. I am pleased to specially acknowledge Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan for sponsorship and facilitation of this research project. My special thanks to all the staff members and Ph. D Scholars from Zoology Department, GCU, Lahore, for moral support. I am highly indebted to Raja Jan Muhammad (Late), Raja Tahir Mehmood, Raja Khalid Mehmood and Raja Tariq from Dhok Mori Mothan (Padhri), Anar Khan and Ahmad Shah from Hasnot, Mr. Zakir Hussain from Domeli, Mr. Shahzad from village Ratial, Jhelum District, Muhammad Ajaib, Shukat Ali and Wajid Ali from Dhok Bin MirKhatoon, Chakwal District for their assistance in field work and hospitality. I am thankful to my colleague Muhammad Akram Jan for his help in the field as well as in research work. Kind regards to my younger brothers and sisters for their immense support and cooperation in every aspect of life. MUHAMMAD TARIQ i CONTENTS TOPIC PAGE # ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………… xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………… x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………… 1 1.1.CONSTRUCTION OF CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK… 5 1.1.1. LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY……………………………………………… 5 1.1.2. BIOSTRATIGRAPHY………………………………………………… 6 1.2. OVERVIEW OF PALEOENVIRONMENT…………………………….. 15 1.3.RESEARCH OBJECTIVES……………………………………………… 20 1.4.SIGNIFICANCE OF WORK……………………………………………… 20 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………… 25 CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………… 32 3.1. MESOWEAR TYPE I&II METHOD……………………………………… 32 3.2. MESOWEAR TYPE III METHOD………………………………………… 33 3.2.1. DESCRIPTION OF METHOD…………………………………… 33 3.2.2. DEVELOPMENT OF SCORING SCALES...…………………… 34 3.2.2.1. BAND-2 SCORING SCALE…………………………………… 34 3.2.2.2. J-POINT SCORING SCALE…………………………………… 35 3.3. MICROWEAR METHOD………………………………………………… 36 3.3.1. ESTABLISHING MORPHOSPACES……………………………… 37 3.3.2. QUANTITATIVE CHARATERIZATION OF AVERAGE MICROWEAR COUNTS………………………………………… 38 3.4. HYPSODONTY METHOD………………………………………… 38 3.4.1. DIETARY AND HABITAT CHARACTERIZATION OF SIWALIK MAMMALS………………………………………… 39 3.4.2. MEAN HYPODONTY………………………………………… 41 ii CHAPTER 4 RESULTS..…………………………………………………………… 54 4.1. MESOWEAR TYPE-1 AND II ANALYSES…………………… 54 4.1.1. Giraffokeryx punjabiensis…………………………………… 54 4.1.2. Tragoportax sp…………………………………………… 54 4.1.3. Selenoportax sp………………………………………………… 55 4.1.4. Gazella lydekkeri……………………………………………… 55 4.2. MESOWEAR TYPE III ANALYSIS……………………………… 55 4.3. MICROWEAR ANALYSIS………………………………………… 57 4.3.1. DIETARY ADAPTATIONS OF UNGULATES BASED ON MICROWEAR................................................................ 57 4.3.1.1. Suidae…………………………………………………… 57 4.3.1.2. Tragulidae…………………………………………………… 58 4.3.1.3. Boselaphini…………………………………………………… 58 4.3.1.4. Giraffidae……………………………………………………… 59 4.3.1.5. Anthracotheriidae……………………………………………… 59 4.3.1.6. Hiparion sp…………………………………………………… 59 4.3.1.7. Rhinocerotidae……………………………………………….. 59 4.4. HYPSODONTY ANALYSIS……………………………………… 59 4.4.1. Boselaphini…………………………………………………… 59 4.4.2. Bovini………………………………………………………… 60 4.4.3. Reduncini and Antilopini...…………………………………… 60 4.4.4. Giraffids……………………………………………………….. 61 4.4.5. Tragulidae……………………………………………………… 61 4.4.6. Cervidae………………………………………………………… 62 4.4.7 Suidae…………………………………………………………… 62 4.4.8 Equidae………………………………………………………. 62 4.4.9. Rhinocerotidae……………………………………………….. 62 4.5. MEAN HYPSODONTY ANALYSIS………………………………… 63 iii CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………… 106 5.1. PALEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTION…………………………… 106 5.1.1. IMPACT OF PALEOCLIMATE ON FAUNAL EVOLUTION…… 114 5.2. EXPLORATION OF PALEOVEGETATION..…………………………… 119 5.2.1. DRIVERS FOR CHANGE FROM FOREST TO C3-C4 TRANSITION………………………………………. 128 5.2.2. RATIONAL FOR DOMINANCE OF C4 GRASSLANDS………… 129 5.3. SPECIES DIVERSITY ………………….………………………………… 132 5.3.1. SPECIES RICHNESS IN SIWALIK UNGULATES……………… 132 5.3.2. RODENT (MURID-CRICETID) SPECIES RICHNESS (DIVERSITY) THROUGH THE MIO-PLIOCENE IN THE SIWALIKS…………………………………………….. 137 5.3.3. FAUNAL TURNOVER, RELATIVE ABUNDANCE AND CHANGE OF PALEOCOMMUNITY STRUCTURE…… 138 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………… 160 APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………… 189 iv LIST OF TABLES RESULTS Table 4.1; Absolute and relative mesowear scorings of upper M2s of Giraffokeryx punjabiensis………………………………… 64 Table 4.2; Absolute and relative mesowear scorings of upper M2s of Tragoportax sp…………………………………………… 64 Table 4.3; Absolute and relative mesowear scorings of upper M2s of Selenoportax,sp. ……………………………………… 64 Table 4.4; Absolute and relative mesowear scorings of upper M2s of Gazella lydekkeri …………………………………… 64 Table 4.5; Data for Mesowear II and III for Extant Ruminants……… 65 Table 4.6; Data for Mesowear II and III for Extinct species of ungulates from Siwaliks of Pakistan and of Giraffids from late Miocene of China……………………………………………… 66 Table 4.7; Fossil species from late Miocene of Pakistan Siwaliks and their dental microwear results………………………… 67 Table 4.8; Ecomorphic data of boselaphines of Siwaliks of Pakistan…………………………………………… 68 Table 4.9; Ecomorphic data of antilopines of Siwaliks…………………….. 69 Table 4.10; Ecomorphic data of boviines of Siwaliks………………………. 69 Table 4.11; Ecomorphic data of giraffids of Siwaliks………………………. 70 Table 4.12; Ecomorphic data of Siwalik tragulids…………………………… 70 Table 4.13; Ecomorphic data of cervids of Siwaliks……………………….... 71 Table 4.14; Ecomorphic data of suids of Siwaliks…………………………… 71 Table 4.15; Ecomorphic data of Siwalik horses…………… ……………… 72 Table 4.16; Ecomorphic data of Siwalik rhinoceroses……………………… 72 Table 4.17; Mean hypsodonty values of major localities included in the study… 73 Table 4.18; Dietary characterization in extict giraffids based on p-values for the sample……………………………………………. 75 Table 5.1; Infrences of mean annual precipitation from mean ordinate hypsodonty values ……………………………………… 149 v Table 5.2; Species richness in ungulates recorded from Siwaliks of Pakistan… 150 Table 5.3; Relative abundance among different ungulate groups from Pakistan Siwaliks………………………………………………… 152 Table 5.4; Summary of evolution of ungulate
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  • Discovery of a Bramatherium (Giraffid) Horn-Core From

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    Geol. Bull. Punjab Univ. Vol. 40-41, 2005-6, pp 21-25 21 DISCOVERY OF A BRAMATHERIUM (GIRAFFID) HORN CORE FROM THE DHOK PATHAN FORMATION (MIDDLE SIWALIKS) OF HASNOT, POTWAR PLATEAU, PAKISTAN MUHAMMAD AKBAR KHAN, MUHAMMAD AKHTAR Department of Zoology, Quid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore (54590), Pakistan Email: [email protected] AND MUHAMMAD ANWAR QURESHI Institute of Geology, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffrabad, Pakistan Abstract: The recent collection from Hasnot has brought about the discovery of a horn core belongs to a gigantic Upper Tertiary giraffe. The giraffids are abundant in the Upper Tertiary rocks of the Siwaliks and mostly diverse in the Tertiary rocks of Hasnot and Dhok Pathan. The studied specimen is found from the locality H 7 situated at 4 kilo meters west of the Hasnot village. INTRODUCTION giraffids (Bohlin, 1926) and has already been noted in Middle Miocene ones (Gentry et al., 1999). The Hasnot The Late Miocene to early Pleistocene deposited in the village (Lat. 32° 49′ N: Long. 73° 18′ E) is situated at elongated foreland basin of the Himalayas are well known about 70 km west of the Jhelum city in the Potwar Plateau and have been studied intensively for many years of the northern Pakistan (Fig. 1). The village is (Biswas, 1994; Behrensmeyer et al., 1997). Although surrounded by extensive Neogene freshwater sedimentary Tertiary Vertebrate remains have been known from the rocks. The region of the Hasnot exposes the most Siwaliks for more than a century however there had been complete sequence of the Siwalik Group and yields a mostly foreigners who collected the remains (Falconer diversified assemblage of the Middle Siwalik Formation.
  • Giraffa (Giraffidae, Mammalia) from the Lower Siwaliks of Pakistan

    Giraffa (Giraffidae, Mammalia) from the Lower Siwaliks of Pakistan

    Aftab et al., The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 26(3): 2016, Page:J.833 Anim.-841 Plant Sci. 26(3):2016 ISSN: 1018-7081 GIRAFFA (GIRAFFIDAE, MAMMALIA) FROM THE LOWER SIWALIKS OF PAKISTAN K. Aftab1*, M. A. Khan2, M. A. Babar2, Z. Ahmad1 and M. Akhtar2 1 Zoology Department, GC University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2 Dr. Abu Bakr Fossil Display and Research Centre, Zoology Department, Quid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Corresponding author Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT New remains of Giraffa priscilla are recorded from the Middle Miocene localities of Pakistan. The material originates from Chinji Rest House, Rakh Wasnal, Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon, Dhulian, Ghungrilla, Dial, Lava, Phadial, Bhelomar and Ratial. These localities are also well known for the rich Middle Miocene mammalian fauna of the Siwaliks. The estimated age of these localities is 14.2–11.2 Ma, belonging to the Chinji Formation of the Lower Siwaliks. The findings contribute to our understanding of the presence of this species in the Middle Miocene of Pakistan. Key words: Mammalia, Vertebrates, Giraffa priscilla, Miocene, Siwaliks. INTRODUCTION Wynn et al., 2006). Giraffa pygmaea was smaller than G. camelopardalis and G. stillei. It has been recognized Siwalik Hills are famous for its mammalian from Ethiopia, Kenya and Malawi (Taieb et al., 1976; fossil fauna (Pilgrim, 1910, 1911, 1913; Matthew, 1929; Kalb et al., 1982; Harris, 1991; Schrenk et al., 1993; Colbert, 1935; Sarwar, 1977; Thomas, 1984; Akhtar, Bromage et al., 1995). Giraffa stillei was larger than G. 1992; Barry et al., 2002; Bhatti et al., 2007, 2012a, b; jumae and G.
  • 144A © 2009 by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology

    144A © 2009 by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology

    Technical Session X, Friday 10:30 Formation at Riodeva (Teruel, Spain). Characters shared with T. riodevensis holotype SEDIMENTOLOGY, TAPHONOMY, AND ICHNOLOGY OF LATE JURASSIC include: curvature and asymmetry of tooth crown, expansion of crown, outline of humerus, DINOSAUR TRACKS FROM THE JURA CARBONATE PLATFORM (NW medial deflection of the proximal end of humerus, shape and prominence of deltopectoral SWITZERLAND): INSIGHTS INTO THE TIDAL-FLAT PALEOENVIRONMENT crest, vertical ridge in the distal half of the ulna (considered as diagnostic of Turiasauria), AND DINOSAUR DIVERSITY, LOCOMOTION, AND PALEOECOLOGY configuration of metacarpals, and bone proportions. It differs from T. riodevensis holotype MARTY, Daniel, Palaeontology A16, Section d’archeologie et paleontologie, Porrentruy, by the smaller size and the more rectangular ungual phalanx in lateral view. The sediments Switzerland from which the Riodeva specimen was recovered were previsouly thought to be Tithonian to Berriasian in age. The presence of this species in Portugal, in beds confidently dated as Early This study is based on dinosaur tracks from the Swiss Jura Mountains, excavated on multiple Tithonian, may allow a more precise date for the Riodeva type locality of early Tithonian in superimposed paleosurfaces located within Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) biolaminite age. The humerus of the Portuguese T. riodevensis is 152 cm long. Although shorter than the intervals. The approach is first actualistic by studying processes acting during the formation Spanish specimen (790 mm), it represents a large individual. All adult sauropods recovered and taphonomy of human footprints on tidal-flats, notably the stabilizing role of microbial in Portugal thus far are very large individuals: Dinheirosaurus (estimated body length is 20- mats.