DOCSLIB.ORG

GC University Lahore

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GC University Lahore GC University Lahore PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF PAKISTAN SIWALIKS Name: MUHAMMAD TARIQ Session: 2007-2010 Roll No: 05-GCU-PHD-Z-07 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Nusrat Jahan Department: Zoology PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF PAKISTAN SIWALIKS Submitted to GC University Lahore in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology by Name: MUHAMMAD TARIQ Session: 2007-2010 Roll No: 05-GCU-PHD-Z-07 Department of Zoology GC University Lahore DEDICATION This work is dedicated to MY LOVING PARENTS (Gulzar Ahmad and Sugran Abdullah) through whom I acquired indefatigable temperament, morality, and determination for achieving objectives in every walk of life MY YOUNGER BROTHERS (Muhammad Yasin and Muhammad Noor-ul-Amin) who gave hope and strength to meet with the challenges of life MY YOUNGER SISTERS Zainab Gulzar, Shahida Gulzar and Shakeela Gulzar for their care, affection and cooperation MY DEAREST DAUGHTER (Kashaf Tariq) who proved great blessing for achieving goals of my life ALL GREAT SOULS who pursue their dreams with persistent efforts to make this world a better place to live in DECLARATION I, Mr. Muhammad Tariq Roll No. 05-GCU-PHD-Z-07 student of PhD in the subject of Zoology session: 2007-2010, hereby declare that the matter printed in the thesis titled “Palaeoenvironmental Study of Pakistan Siwaliks” is my own work and has not been printed, published and submitted as research work, thesis or publication in any form in any University, Research Institution etc in Pakistan or abroad. ________________ _____________________ Dated Signatures of Deponent RESEARCH COMPLETION CERTIFICATE Certified that the research work contained in this thesis titled “Palaeoenvironmental Study of Pakistan Siwaliks” has been carried out and completed by Mr. Muhammad Tariq Roll No. 05-GCU-PHD-Z-07 under my supervision Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Nusrat Jahan Department of Zoology GC University, Lahore Submitted through: Controller of Examinations GC University, Lahore Prof. Dr. Nusrat Jahan Chairperson Department of Zoology GC University, Lahore ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the name of Almighty Allah, the most compassionate, ever merciful, who bestowed upon me the wisdom and strength to accomplish this humble piece of research work. I am grateful to my research supervisor Prof. Dr. Nusrat Jahan for her immense support, innovative guidance and patience throughout this research project. I offer my profound thanks to Prof. Dr. Nikos Solounias from New York Institute of Technology, New York, USA for developing collaboration with me regarding microwear and mesowear studies of extinct and extant ungulates. Bundle of thanks to Gina Semprebon and Florent Rivals for sending research literature about microwear studies of ungulates and Mikael Fortelius for appreciating goat experiment on mesowear study and furnishing research literature about it. I am highly thankful to Prof. Christine Janis Marie from Brown University, USA for valuable guidance concerning hypsodonty studies on ungulates and sending masses of research literature. Many thanks to Sherry V. Nelson for her support and sending research literature on Sivapithecus and ungulates from Siwaliks of Pakistan. Best regards to Prof. Dr. John Barry from University of Harvard, USA, for help in estimating the ages of fossil localities of Potwar Siwaliks and sending valuable research papers. Many thanks to the members of departmental academic committee i.e. Dr. Abdul Qayyum Khan Sulehria, Dr. Muhammad Fiaz Qamar and Dr. Iram Liaqat for giving positive suggestions regarding improvement of this dissertation. I am pleased to specially acknowledge Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan for sponsorship and facilitation of this research project. My special thanks to all the staff members and Ph. D Scholars from Zoology Department, GCU, Lahore, for moral support. I am highly indebted to Raja Jan Muhammad (Late), Raja Tahir Mehmood, Raja Khalid Mehmood and Raja Tariq from Dhok Mori Mothan (Padhri), Anar Khan and Ahmad Shah from Hasnot, Mr. Zakir Hussain from Domeli, Mr. Shahzad from village Ratial, Jhelum District, Muhammad Ajaib, Shukat Ali and Wajid Ali from Dhok Bin MirKhatoon, Chakwal District for their assistance in field work and hospitality. I am thankful to my colleague Muhammad Akram Jan for his help in the field as well as in research work. Kind regards to my younger brothers and sisters for their immense support and cooperation in every aspect of life. MUHAMMAD TARIQ i CONTENTS TOPIC PAGE # ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………… xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………… x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………… 1 1.1.CONSTRUCTION OF CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK… 5 1.1.1. LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY……………………………………………… 5 1.1.2. BIOSTRATIGRAPHY………………………………………………… 6 1.2. OVERVIEW OF PALEOENVIRONMENT…………………………….. 15 1.3.RESEARCH OBJECTIVES……………………………………………… 20 1.4.SIGNIFICANCE OF WORK……………………………………………… 20 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………… 25 CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………………… 32 3.1. MESOWEAR TYPE I&II METHOD……………………………………… 32 3.2. MESOWEAR TYPE III METHOD………………………………………… 33 3.2.1. DESCRIPTION OF METHOD…………………………………… 33 3.2.2. DEVELOPMENT OF SCORING SCALES...…………………… 34 3.2.2.1. BAND-2 SCORING SCALE…………………………………… 34 3.2.2.2. J-POINT SCORING SCALE…………………………………… 35 3.3. MICROWEAR METHOD………………………………………………… 36 3.3.1. ESTABLISHING MORPHOSPACES……………………………… 37 3.3.2. QUANTITATIVE CHARATERIZATION OF AVERAGE MICROWEAR COUNTS………………………………………… 38 3.4. HYPSODONTY METHOD………………………………………… 38 3.4.1. DIETARY AND HABITAT CHARACTERIZATION OF SIWALIK MAMMALS………………………………………… 39 3.4.2. MEAN HYPODONTY………………………………………… 41 ii CHAPTER 4 RESULTS..…………………………………………………………… 54 4.1. MESOWEAR TYPE-1 AND II ANALYSES…………………… 54 4.1.1. Giraffokeryx punjabiensis…………………………………… 54 4.1.2. Tragoportax sp…………………………………………… 54 4.1.3. Selenoportax sp………………………………………………… 55 4.1.4. Gazella lydekkeri……………………………………………… 55 4.2. MESOWEAR TYPE III ANALYSIS……………………………… 55 4.3. MICROWEAR ANALYSIS………………………………………… 57 4.3.1. DIETARY ADAPTATIONS OF UNGULATES BASED ON MICROWEAR................................................................ 57 4.3.1.1. Suidae…………………………………………………… 57 4.3.1.2. Tragulidae…………………………………………………… 58 4.3.1.3. Boselaphini…………………………………………………… 58 4.3.1.4. Giraffidae……………………………………………………… 59 4.3.1.5. Anthracotheriidae……………………………………………… 59 4.3.1.6. Hiparion sp…………………………………………………… 59 4.3.1.7. Rhinocerotidae……………………………………………….. 59 4.4. HYPSODONTY ANALYSIS……………………………………… 59 4.4.1. Boselaphini…………………………………………………… 59 4.4.2. Bovini………………………………………………………… 60 4.4.3. Reduncini and Antilopini...…………………………………… 60 4.4.4. Giraffids……………………………………………………….. 61 4.4.5. Tragulidae……………………………………………………… 61 4.4.6. Cervidae………………………………………………………… 62 4.4.7 Suidae…………………………………………………………… 62 4.4.8 Equidae………………………………………………………. 62 4.4.9. Rhinocerotidae……………………………………………….. 62 4.5. MEAN HYPSODONTY ANALYSIS………………………………… 63 iii CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………… 106 5.1. PALEOCLIMATIC RECONSTRUCTION…………………………… 106 5.1.1. IMPACT OF PALEOCLIMATE ON FAUNAL EVOLUTION…… 114 5.2. EXPLORATION OF PALEOVEGETATION..…………………………… 119 5.2.1. DRIVERS FOR CHANGE FROM FOREST TO C3-C4 TRANSITION………………………………………. 128 5.2.2. RATIONAL FOR DOMINANCE OF C4 GRASSLANDS………… 129 5.3. SPECIES DIVERSITY ………………….………………………………… 132 5.3.1. SPECIES RICHNESS IN SIWALIK UNGULATES……………… 132 5.3.2. RODENT (MURID-CRICETID) SPECIES RICHNESS (DIVERSITY) THROUGH THE MIO-PLIOCENE IN THE SIWALIKS…………………………………………….. 137 5.3.3. FAUNAL TURNOVER, RELATIVE ABUNDANCE AND CHANGE OF PALEOCOMMUNITY STRUCTURE…… 138 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………… 160 APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………… 189 iv LIST OF TABLES RESULTS Table 4.1; Absolute and relative mesowear scorings of upper M2s of Giraffokeryx punjabiensis………………………………… 64 Table 4.2; Absolute and relative mesowear scorings of upper M2s of Tragoportax sp…………………………………………… 64 Table 4.3; Absolute and relative mesowear scorings of upper M2s of Selenoportax,sp. ……………………………………… 64 Table 4.4; Absolute and relative mesowear scorings of upper M2s of Gazella lydekkeri …………………………………… 64 Table 4.5; Data for Mesowear II and III for Extant Ruminants……… 65 Table 4.6; Data for Mesowear II and III for Extinct species of ungulates from Siwaliks of Pakistan and of Giraffids from late Miocene of China……………………………………………… 66 Table 4.7; Fossil species from late Miocene of Pakistan Siwaliks and their dental microwear results………………………… 67 Table 4.8; Ecomorphic data of boselaphines of Siwaliks of Pakistan…………………………………………… 68 Table 4.9; Ecomorphic data of antilopines of Siwaliks…………………….. 69 Table 4.10; Ecomorphic data of boviines of Siwaliks………………………. 69 Table 4.11; Ecomorphic data of giraffids of Siwaliks………………………. 70 Table 4.12; Ecomorphic data of Siwalik tragulids…………………………… 70 Table 4.13; Ecomorphic data of cervids of Siwaliks……………………….... 71 Table 4.14; Ecomorphic data of suids of Siwaliks…………………………… 71 Table 4.15; Ecomorphic data of Siwalik horses…………… ……………… 72 Table 4.16; Ecomorphic data of Siwalik rhinoceroses……………………… 72 Table 4.17; Mean hypsodonty values of major localities included in the study… 73 Table 4.18; Dietary characterization in extict giraffids based on p-values for the sample……………………………………………. 75 Table 5.1; Infrences of mean annual precipitation from mean ordinate hypsodonty values ……………………………………… 149 v Table 5.2; Species richness in ungulates recorded from Siwaliks of Pakistan… 150 Table 5.3; Relative abundance among different ungulate groups from Pakistan Siwaliks………………………………………………… 152 Table 5.4; Summary of evolution of ungulate
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fossil Bovidae from the Malay Archipelago and the Punjab
    FOSSIL BOVIDAE FROM THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO AND THE PUNJAB by Dr. D. A. HOOIJER (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden) with pls. I-IX CONTENTS Introduction 1 Order Artiodactyla Owen 8 Family Bovidae Gray 8 Subfamily Bovinae Gill 8 Duboisia santeng (Dubois) 8 Epileptobos groeneveldtii (Dubois) 19 Hemibos triquetricornis Rütimeyer 60 Hemibos acuticornis (Falconer et Cautley) 61 Bubalus palaeokerabau Dubois 62 Bubalus bubalis (L.) subsp 77 Bibos palaesondaicus Dubois 78 Bibos javanicus (d'Alton) subsp 98 Subfamily Caprinae Gill 99 Capricornis sumatraensis (Bechstein) subsp 99 Literature cited 106 Explanation of the plates 11o INTRODUCTION The Bovidae make up a very large portion of the Dubois collection of fossil vertebrates from Java, second only to the Proboscidea in bulk. Before Dubois began his explorations in Java in 1890 we knew very little about the fossil bovids of that island. Martin (1887, p. 61, pl. VII fig. 2) described a horn core as Bison sivalensis Falconer (?); Bison sivalensis Martin has al• ready been placed in the synonymy of Bibos palaesondaicus Dubois by Von Koenigswald (1933, p. 93), which is evidently correct. Pilgrim (in Bron- gersma, 1936, p. 246) considered the horn core in question to belong to a Bibos species closely related to the banteng. Two further horn cores from Java described by Martin (1887, p. 63, pl. VI fig. 4; 1888, p. 114, pl. XII fig. 4) are not sufficiently well preserved to allow of a specific determination, although they probably belong to Bibos palaesondaicus Dubois as well. In a preliminary faunal list Dubois (1891) mentions four bovid species as occurring in the Pleistocene of Java, viz., two living species (the banteng and the water buffalo) and two extinct forms, Anoa spec.
    [Show full text]
  • Original Giraffokeryx Punjabiensis (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia, Giraffidae) from Lower Siwaliks (Chinji Formation) of Dhok Bun
    Original Giraffokeryx punjabiensis (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia, Giraffidae) from Lower Siwaliks (Chinji Formation) of Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon, Pakistan Khizar Samiullah1*, Muhammad Akhtar2, Abdul Ghaffar3, Muhammad Akbar Khan4 Received : 28 January 2011 ; Accepted : 13 September 2011 Abstract Fossil remains of Giraffokeryx punjabiensis (premolar and molar teeth belonging to the upper and lower jaws) have been collected and discussed from Chinji Formation of Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon (32o 47’ 26.4” N, 72° 55’ 35.7” E). All these (twenty one) specimens are isolated teeth, which provide new data and give valuable information on the biostratigrphy and paleoecology of Giraffokeryx punjabiensis as well as the stratigraphy and paleoclimates of these Miocene rocks of the Chakwal district, Pakistan. Keywords: Giraffokeryx punjabiensis, isolated teeth, Chinji Formation, biostratigraphy Miocene rocks, Chakwal district. Introduction Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon (DBAK) is poorly known fossil ramii and a number of isolated teeth. Mathew4 studied site of the Siwaliks. Previous pioneer workers 1,2,3,4,5 did the material of this species at the Indian Museum, not visit this site nor mentioned it in their faunal list. Kolkata (Calcutta), and recognized a larger and a During the last decade, this site had got attraction of smaller form. However, Colbert5 suggested there was researchers when few fossils were unearthed during a continuous size gradation of the dental material of the mechanical work for construction of dam for water the species through the Chinji to the Nagri Formation storage purposes. Girafids, bovids, tragulids, suids, and therefore that no such size division exists in the hominids, rhinos, chilothers anthracothers and carnivors material of the genus Giraffokeryx.
    [Show full text]
  • ΓΕΩΡΓΙΟΣ ΗΛΙΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ Phd University of Leicester
    ΓΕΩΡΓΙΟΣ ΗΛΙΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ PhD University of Leicester Επίκουρος Καθηγητής Τμήματος Γεωλογίας Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών Βιογραφικό Σημείωμα Σπουδές – Τίτλοι – Δημοσιεύσεις, Ερευνητικό και Εκπαιδευτικό Έργο ΠΑΤΡΑ, ΜΑΡΤΙΟΣ 2018 1 ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ Α. Βιογραφικά στοιχεία............................................................................................. 3 I. Προσωπικά στοιχεία……………………………………......…………….…….......3 II. Σπουδές – Τίτλοι……..……………………………………………......................... 3 III. Διδακτορική Διατριβή……………………..…………………………….................. 3 IV. Υποτροφίες – Ακαδημαϊκά βραβεία……….……..……………….…………........ 4 V. Ξένες γλώσσες……….….……………………………………….……………........ 4 VI. Επαγγελματική εξέλιξη..……………………..……………………………............. 4 VII. Διοικητικό έργο………..…………...………………………………………….......... 5 VIII. Άλλες δραστηριότητες……………………………………………..……................ 5 Β. Διδακτική δραστηριότητα......................................................................................6 I. Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών……………………………………….……….........………. 6 II. Πανεπιστήμιο Κρήτης..…………………………………..…………………..........12 III. University College Northampton.………………………….………………..........14 IV. University of Leicester…………..………………………………………...............14 V. Εθνικό & Καποδιστριακό Πανεπιστήμιο Αθηνών…………..……………...…....14 Γ. Ερευνητική δραστηριότητα..................................................................................15 I. Τομείς έρευνας………………………...………………….……….........………... 15 II. Τρέχουσα ερευνητική δραστηριότητα...……………….………………….......… 15 III. Συμμετοχή σε ερευνητικά προγράμματα……………….……………………….
    [Show full text]
  • New Hominoid Mandible from the Early Late Miocene Irrawaddy Formation in Tebingan Area, Central Myanmar Masanaru Takai1*, Khin Nyo2, Reiko T
    Anthropological Science Advance Publication New hominoid mandible from the early Late Miocene Irrawaddy Formation in Tebingan area, central Myanmar Masanaru Takai1*, Khin Nyo2, Reiko T. Kono3, Thaung Htike4, Nao Kusuhashi5, Zin Maung Maung Thein6 1Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan 2Zaykabar Museum, No. 1, Mingaradon Garden City, Highway No. 3, Mingaradon Township, Yangon, Myanmar 3Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8521, Japan 4University of Yangon, Hlaing Campus, Block (12), Hlaing Township, Yangon, Myanmar 5Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan 6University of Mandalay, Mandalay, Myanmar Received 14 August 2020; accepted 13 December 2020 Abstract A new medium-sized hominoid mandibular fossil was discovered at an early Late Miocene site, Tebingan area, south of Magway city, central Myanmar. The specimen is a left adult mandibular corpus preserving strongly worn M2 and M3, fragmentary roots of P4 and M1, alveoli of canine and P3, and the lower half of the mandibular symphysis. In Southeast Asia, two Late Miocene medium-sized hominoids have been discovered so far: Lufengpithecus from the Yunnan Province, southern China, and Khoratpithecus from northern Thailand and central Myanmar. In particular, the mandibular specimen of Khoratpithecus was discovered from the neighboring village of Tebingan. However, the new mandible shows apparent differences from both genera in the shape of the outline of the mandibular symphyseal section. The new Tebingan mandible has a well-developed superior transverse torus, a deep intertoral sulcus (= genioglossal fossa), and a thin, shelf-like inferior transverse torus. In contrast, Lufengpithecus and Khoratpithecus each have very shallow intertoral sulcus and a thick, rounded inferior transverse torus.
    [Show full text]
  • J Indian Subcontinent
    Intercontinental relationship Europe - Africa and the Indian Subcontinent 45 Jan van der Made* A great number of Miocene genera, and even Palaeogeography, global climate some species, are cited or described from both Europe and Africa and/or the Indian Subconti- nent. In other cases, an ancestor-descendant re- After MN 3, Europe formed one continent with lationship has been demonstrated. For most of Asia. This land mass extended from Europe, the Miocene, there seem to have been intensive through north Asia to China and SE Asia and is faunal relationships between Europe, Africa and here referred to as Eurasia. This term does not the Indian Subcontinent. This situation may seem include here SE Europe. At this time, the Brea normal to uso It is, however, noto north of Crete was land and SE Europe and During much of the Tertiary, Africa and India Anatolia formed a continuous landmass. The Para- were isolated continents. There were some peri- tethys was large and extended from the valley of ods when faunal exchange with the northern the Rhone to the Black Sea, Caspian Sea and continents occurred, but these periods seem to further to the east. The Tethys was connected have been widely spaced in time. During a larga with the Indian Ocean and large part of the Middle part of the Oligocene and during the earliest East was a shallow sea. During the earliest Mio- Miocene, Africa and India had been isolated. En- cene, Africa and Arabia formed one continent that demic faunas evolved on these continents. Fam- had been separated from Eurasia and India for a ilies that went extinct in the northern continents considerable time.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Mamíferos Del Plioceno Y Pleistoceno De La Península Ibérica
    94 investigación Los mamíferos del Plioceno y Pleistoceno de la Península Ibérica Bienvenido Martínez-Navarro | IPHES, Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), ICREA Sergio Ros-Montoya, María-Patrocinio Espigares | Dpto. de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga Joan Madurell-Malapeira | Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont Paul Palmqvist | Dpto. de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga URL de la contribución <www.iaph.es/revistaph/index.php/revistaph/article/view/4203> RESUMEN España es el país con mayor número de yacimientos bien conservados, cantidad y calidad de fósiles de todo el continente europeo. Aquí se describe el patrimonio paleobiológico correspondiente al Plio-Pleistoceno (últimos 5,3 millones de años) registrado en los principales yacimientos con presencia de fósiles de grandes mamíferos de la Península Ibérica. Ningún otro país de nuestro entorno al norte del Mediterráneo ofrece mayores posibilidades para el estudio y disfrute de los registros paleontológicos del Plioceno y Pleistoceno. En este contexto destacan las principales cuencas sedimentarias como las de Besalú-Bañolas, Vallés, Calatayud-Teruel, o ya en el sur las cuencas intrabéticas, donde merece especial interés la de Baza y Guadix, con localidades emblemáticas como Baza 1 para el Plioceno, y como los yacimientos de Orce (Fuente Nueva 1 y 3, Venta Micena o Barranco León, entre otros) para el Pleistoceno inferior. También se hace referencia a otro tipo de yacimientos, como son los maares volcánicos pliocénicos del Camp dels Ninots en Cataluña, o el de las Higueruelas en la Mancha, a las terrazas fósiles de los grandes ríos peninsulares, así como a los extraordinarios registros kársticos, donde destaca el de Atapuerca en Burgos.
    [Show full text]
  • Sivatherium (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia, Giraffidae) from the Upper Siwaliks, Pakistan
    Khan et al. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 21(2): 2011, Page: J.202 Anim.-206Plant Sci. 21(2):2011 ISSN: 1018-7081 SIVATHERIUM (ARTIODACTYLA, RUMINANTIA, GIRAFFIDAE) FROM THE UPPER SIWALIKS, PAKISTAN A. A. Khan, M. A. Khan*, M. Iqbal**, M. Akhtar*** and M. Sarwar*** Institute of Pure & Applied Biology, Zoology Division, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan *Zoology Department, GC University, Faisalabad, **Zoology Department, Government College Science, Wahdat Road, Lahore ***Zoology Department, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Punjab University, Lahore Correspondence author e-mail: <[email protected]>; ABSTRACT A complete lower molar series of giraffid remains from the Pleistocene locality of the village Sardhok (Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan) has been identified as belonging to Sivatherium sp. The comparison of the material was made with several Siwalik representatives of the giraffids. The giraffid Sivatherium is a gigantic giraffid found in the early Pleistocene sediments of the Upper Siwaliks. The village Sardhok locality has yielded one of the best collections of Giraffidae from the early Pleistocene of the Siwaliks. The locality belongs to the Pinjor Formation of the Upper Siwaliks (2.6-0.6 Ma). Key words: Giraffids, Sivatherium, Upper Siwaliks, Pleistocene, Pinjor Formation. INTRODUCTION The material described here comes from the outcrops of the village Sardhok, Gujrat district, Punjab, The fossil Chinese record shown by Bohlin Pakistan. In the Potwar Plateau, the Upper Siwalik is well (1927) and that of Asia shown by Colbert (1935) exposed in the Pabbi hills situated in the east of the River indicates that the giraffids had their origin in the Jhelum. The village Sardhok is situated in these low Holarctic Region.
    [Show full text]
  • Hemibos (Bovini, Bovidae, Mammalia) from the Pinjor Formation of Pakistan
    The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 19(2): 2009, Pages: 98-100 ISSN: 1018-7081 HEMIBOS (BOVINI, BOVIDAE, MAMMALIA) FROM THE PINJOR FORMATION OF PAKISTAN M. A. Khan, M. Iqbal* and M. Akhtar** Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. * Department of Zoology, Government Science College Wahdat Road, Lahore, Pakistan ** Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan *Correspondence author: [email protected] ABSTRACT The dental material of Hemibos from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Pinjor Formation (2.6 – 0.6 Ma) in the Upper Siwaliks (Pakistan) is reported here. The new specimens consist of two fragmentary maxillae. The comparative morphological and matric study of Hemibos dental fossils provide interesting information about individual variation. Key words: Hemibos, Bovine, Pinjor Formation, Upper Siwaliks, Plio-Pleistocene. INTRODUCTION 73°34´55 E), district Jhelum and Pir Jaffar (32°46´44 N, 74°05´01 E), district Gujrat from the Pinjor Formation of Bovines (clade Bovini) are widespread group Pakistan (Fig. 1). The anatomy of the specimens confirms including extant wild and domesticated species such as that it is a member of the genus Hemibos, the ancestor of the African Cape buffalo, the American bison, the Asian the water buffalo Bubalus. water buffalo, kouprey, banteng, gaur, anoa, and yak, as well as the progenitor of domesticated cattle, the auroch (Bibi, 2007) as well as extinct species such as Bos namadicus, B. acutifrons, Leptobos falconeri, Proleptobos birmanicus, Hemibos spp., Bison spp., Bubalus spp., Bucapra daviesii and Proamphibos spp. (Pilgrim, 1937, 1939; Hooijer, 1958; Nanda, 2008, Khan et al., 2009). Bovines display a suite of craniodental characters that has facilitated their identification in the archaeological and fossil records (Bibi, 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Iannucci Et Al 2021 Proofcopy.Pub
    Available online http://amq.aiqua.it ISSN (print): 2279-7327, ISSN (online): 2279-7335 Alpine and Mediterranean Quaternary, 34 (1), 2021, 1-10 https://doi.org/10.26382/AMQ.2021.07 LARGE MAMMALS FROM THE MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE (MIS 11) SITE OF FONTIGNANO 2 (ROME, CENTRAL ITALY), WITH AN OVERVIEW OF “SAN COSIMATO” ASSEMBLAGES. Alessio Iannucci 1, Beniamino Mecozzi 1, Raffaele Sardella 1 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, PaleoFactory, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy Corresponding author: B. Mecozzi <[email protected]> ABSTRACT: Here we describe fossil mammal remains recovered from the late Middle Pleistocene (MIS 11) of Fontignano 2 (Rome, central Italy). Two species are recognized: the aurochs Bos primigenius and the red deer Cervus elaphus. The presence of B. primigenius represents one of the earliest diagnostic evidence of the species. Conversely, remains of C. elaphus are not fully diagnostic at a subspecies level, despite being long considered among the reference occurrences of C. e. eostephanoceros in Italy. This reconsideration, concurrent with the revised chronology of several localities of the area of Rome, questions the validity of the chronosubspecific and evolutionary repartition of the red deer as often envisioned in the literature, i.e., C. e. acoronatus, C. e. eostephanoceros, C. e. rianensis, C. e. elaphus. Remains of Fontignano 2 are part of those recovered within the San Cosimato Formation, also including Via di Brava (MIS 13 or MIS 11), with Palaeoloxodon antiquus, and San Cosimato (MIS 11), with Steph- anorhinus sp., B. primigenius, Castor fiber, and Emys orbicularis. Keywords: Fossil vertebrate, Biochronology, Galerian, Quaternary, Italian Peninsula. 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovery of a Bramatherium (Giraffid) Horn-Core From
    Geol. Bull. Punjab Univ. Vol. 40-41, 2005-6, pp 21-25 21 DISCOVERY OF A BRAMATHERIUM (GIRAFFID) HORN CORE FROM THE DHOK PATHAN FORMATION (MIDDLE SIWALIKS) OF HASNOT, POTWAR PLATEAU, PAKISTAN MUHAMMAD AKBAR KHAN, MUHAMMAD AKHTAR Department of Zoology, Quid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore (54590), Pakistan Email: [email protected] AND MUHAMMAD ANWAR QURESHI Institute of Geology, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffrabad, Pakistan Abstract: The recent collection from Hasnot has brought about the discovery of a horn core belongs to a gigantic Upper Tertiary giraffe. The giraffids are abundant in the Upper Tertiary rocks of the Siwaliks and mostly diverse in the Tertiary rocks of Hasnot and Dhok Pathan. The studied specimen is found from the locality H 7 situated at 4 kilo meters west of the Hasnot village. INTRODUCTION giraffids (Bohlin, 1926) and has already been noted in Middle Miocene ones (Gentry et al., 1999). The Hasnot The Late Miocene to early Pleistocene deposited in the village (Lat. 32° 49′ N: Long. 73° 18′ E) is situated at elongated foreland basin of the Himalayas are well known about 70 km west of the Jhelum city in the Potwar Plateau and have been studied intensively for many years of the northern Pakistan (Fig. 1). The village is (Biswas, 1994; Behrensmeyer et al., 1997). Although surrounded by extensive Neogene freshwater sedimentary Tertiary Vertebrate remains have been known from the rocks. The region of the Hasnot exposes the most Siwaliks for more than a century however there had been complete sequence of the Siwalik Group and yields a mostly foreigners who collected the remains (Falconer diversified assemblage of the Middle Siwalik Formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Giraffa (Giraffidae, Mammalia) from the Lower Siwaliks of Pakistan
    Aftab et al., The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 26(3): 2016, Page:J.833 Anim.-841 Plant Sci. 26(3):2016 ISSN: 1018-7081 GIRAFFA (GIRAFFIDAE, MAMMALIA) FROM THE LOWER SIWALIKS OF PAKISTAN K. Aftab1*, M. A. Khan2, M. A. Babar2, Z. Ahmad1 and M. Akhtar2 1 Zoology Department, GC University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2 Dr. Abu Bakr Fossil Display and Research Centre, Zoology Department, Quid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Corresponding author Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT New remains of Giraffa priscilla are recorded from the Middle Miocene localities of Pakistan. The material originates from Chinji Rest House, Rakh Wasnal, Dhok Bun Amir Khatoon, Dhulian, Ghungrilla, Dial, Lava, Phadial, Bhelomar and Ratial. These localities are also well known for the rich Middle Miocene mammalian fauna of the Siwaliks. The estimated age of these localities is 14.2–11.2 Ma, belonging to the Chinji Formation of the Lower Siwaliks. The findings contribute to our understanding of the presence of this species in the Middle Miocene of Pakistan. Key words: Mammalia, Vertebrates, Giraffa priscilla, Miocene, Siwaliks. INTRODUCTION Wynn et al., 2006). Giraffa pygmaea was smaller than G. camelopardalis and G. stillei. It has been recognized Siwalik Hills are famous for its mammalian from Ethiopia, Kenya and Malawi (Taieb et al., 1976; fossil fauna (Pilgrim, 1910, 1911, 1913; Matthew, 1929; Kalb et al., 1982; Harris, 1991; Schrenk et al., 1993; Colbert, 1935; Sarwar, 1977; Thomas, 1984; Akhtar, Bromage et al., 1995). Giraffa stillei was larger than G. 1992; Barry et al., 2002; Bhatti et al., 2007, 2012a, b; jumae and G.
    [Show full text]
  • 144A © 2009 by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
    Technical Session X, Friday 10:30 Formation at Riodeva (Teruel, Spain). Characters shared with T. riodevensis holotype SEDIMENTOLOGY, TAPHONOMY, AND ICHNOLOGY OF LATE JURASSIC include: curvature and asymmetry of tooth crown, expansion of crown, outline of humerus, DINOSAUR TRACKS FROM THE JURA CARBONATE PLATFORM (NW medial deflection of the proximal end of humerus, shape and prominence of deltopectoral SWITZERLAND): INSIGHTS INTO THE TIDAL-FLAT PALEOENVIRONMENT crest, vertical ridge in the distal half of the ulna (considered as diagnostic of Turiasauria), AND DINOSAUR DIVERSITY, LOCOMOTION, AND PALEOECOLOGY configuration of metacarpals, and bone proportions. It differs from T. riodevensis holotype MARTY, Daniel, Palaeontology A16, Section d’archeologie et paleontologie, Porrentruy, by the smaller size and the more rectangular ungual phalanx in lateral view. The sediments Switzerland from which the Riodeva specimen was recovered were previsouly thought to be Tithonian to Berriasian in age. The presence of this species in Portugal, in beds confidently dated as Early This study is based on dinosaur tracks from the Swiss Jura Mountains, excavated on multiple Tithonian, may allow a more precise date for the Riodeva type locality of early Tithonian in superimposed paleosurfaces located within Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) biolaminite age. The humerus of the Portuguese T. riodevensis is 152 cm long. Although shorter than the intervals. The approach is first actualistic by studying processes acting during the formation Spanish specimen (790 mm), it represents a large individual. All adult sauropods recovered and taphonomy of human footprints on tidal-flats, notably the stabilizing role of microbial in Portugal thus far are very large individuals: Dinheirosaurus (estimated body length is 20- mats.
    [Show full text]