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(Zierbena, Bizkaia): a Window Into the Middle Pleistocene in the Northern Iberian Peninsula

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(Zierbena, Bizkaia): a Window Into the Middle Pleistocene in the Northern Iberian Peninsula Quaternary Science Reviews 121 (2015) 52e74 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quascirev The Punta Lucero Quarry site (Zierbena, Bizkaia): a window into the Middle Pleistocene in the Northern Iberian Peninsula * Asier Gomez-Olivencia a, b, c, d, , Nohemi Sala d, Diego Arceredillo e, f, g, Nuria García h, d, Virginia Martínez-Pillado i, j, Joseba Rios-Garaizar k, Diego Garate l, Gonzalo Solar m, Inaki~ Libano m a Dept. Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV-EHU. Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain b IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Spain c Equipe de Paleontologie Humaine, UMR 7194, CNRS, Departement de Prehistoire, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Musee de l'Homme, 17, Place du Trocadero, 75016 Paris, France d Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigacion sobre Evolucion y Comportamiento Humanos, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 5 (Pabellon 14), 28029 Madrid, Spain e Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Internacional Isabel I de Castilla, C/ Fernan Gonzalez n 76, 09003 Burgos, Spain f Department of Geology, School of Science, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain g Laboratorio de Prehistoria, Edificio IþDþi, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Banuelos~ s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain h Department of Palaeontology, School of Geological Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain i Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, School of Science and Technology, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain j ARANZADI Geo-Q, b/ Kortasenebarri s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain k CENIEH, Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca, 3, 09002 Burgos, Spain l Arkeologi Museoa, Calzadas de Mallona, 2, 48006 Bilbao, Spain m Edestiaurre Kultur Elkartea, Spain article info abstract Article history: The period between the end of the Early Pleistocene and the mid-Middle Pleistocene (roughly between Received 2 February 2015 1.0 and 0.4 Ma BP) is of great interest in Western Europe. It witnessed several climatic oscillations and Received in revised form changes in the fauna, the demise of a hominin species and the appearance of another, along with 21 April 2015 important cultural and technological changes. Thus, the few available sites with these chronologies is Accepted 5 May 2015 vital to the understanding of the tempo and mode of these changes. Middle Pleistocene sites in the Available online 31 May 2015 Northern Iberian Peninsula are very rare. Here we present the study of the site found at the Punta Lucero Quarry (Biscay province, Northern Iberian Peninsula), which includes for the first time the complete Keywords: Galerian collection from the site. The fossil association from this site includes several ungulates, such as a Meg- Homotherium latidens acerine deer, Cervus elaphus, large bovids (likely both Bos primigenius and Bison sp. are present), Ste- Canis mosbachensis phanorhinus sp., and carnivores, such as Homotherium latidens, Panthera gombaszoegensis, Canis Panthera gombaszoegensis mosbachensis and Vulpes sp. This association is typical of a middle Middle Pleistocene chronology and Natural trap would be the oldest macro-mammal site in the Eastern Cantabrian region. This site would likely correspond to a chronology after Mode 1 technological complex and before the arrival of Mode 2 technology in this region. Thus, it offers a glimpse into the paleoecological conditions slightly prior to or contemporaneous with the first Acheulian makers in the northern fringe of the Iberian Peninsula. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The period between the end of the Calabrian and the mid part of the Ionian (roughly between 1.0 and 0.4 Ma; MIS 30 to MIS 12) is a very interesting period from different perspectives. At the end of * Corresponding author. Dept. Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencia y the Calabrian (ca 0.78e1.0 Ma BP), Europe was inhabited by a Tecnología, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV-EHU. Apdo. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain. hominin that used Mode 1 technology. Sites that have yielded ev- E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Gomez-Olivencia). idence of the presence of this hominin can be found in the Iberian http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.05.001 0277-3791/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. A. Gomez-Olivencia et al. / Quaternary Science Reviews 121 (2015) 52e74 53 Peninsula (Carbonell and Rodríguez, 1994; Rodríguez et al., 2011; 1.1. Objectives Vallverdú et al., 2014) and France (de Lumley et al., 1988), among others, reaching as far north as Pakefield (Parfitt et al., 2005). While The recent assessment of the paleontological remains from there are older hominin remains in Europe (Carbonell et al., 2008; Punta Lucero (PL) quarry, which included part of the collection Toro-Moyano et al., 2013), the fossil record of this hominin for the that was never published, has resulted in the identification of period between 0.8 and 1.0 is restricted to the TD6 layer from Gran new taxa and the re-identification of other taxa, which results in Dolina and has been used to name a new species, Homo antecessor a Galerian (Middle Pleistocene) association and is thereby older (Carbonell et al., 1995; Bermúdez de Castro et al., 1997). From a than the first assessment carried out by Castanos~ (1988),which faunal point of view, there was a total faunal turnover, which marks suggested it was from a time between Riss and Würm or at the the end of the Villafranchian and the beginning of the Galerian beginning of Würm. The objectives of this research are to pre- (ca 1.0e0.9 Ma; Azzaroli et al., 1988; Bellucci et al., in press, and sent for the first time a complete description of the faunal references therein). The period of co-existence between Villa- assemblage of the site, a taphonomic study of all the non-dental franchian faunas and Galerian elements (ca 1.2e0.8 Ma) is known remains, a geochemical analysis of the sediments attached to the as the Epivillafranchian by several authors (Kahlke, 2007; bones and a biochronological assessment of the assemblage. The Madurell-Malapeira et al., 2010; Kahlke et al., 2011; Bellucci et al., faunal association will be compared to other sites from the same in press) region. Around 600 kyrs BP, there is the oldest evidence available for the arrival of new macromammal taxa in Central and Western 1.2. Punta Lucero Quarry site Europe such as the aurochs (Bos primigenius). It is also roughly the earliest evidence in existence of a new hominin, generally known The construction and quarrying that was conducted in the as Homo heidelbergensis, and of the earliest appearance of Mode 2 building of the outer part of the port of Bilbao drastically altered technology in Europe. The phylogenetic relationship between the the NE flank of the Punta Lucero mountain (307 m.a.s.l.; Zierbena; late Early Pleistocene and the Middle Pleistocene hominins is still Bizkaia) when a quarry was established there. The work a matter of debate (Bermúdez de Castro et al., 1997, 2003; Arsuaga completed at the quarry revealed a large cave that was visible et al., 1999; Martinon-Torres et al., 2007; Gomez-Robles et al., from the right side of the Ría de Bilbao. In September of 1987 one 2007, 2013). member of our team (IL) together with M.C. Salas, visited and In summary the period roughly between 1.0 and 0.4 Ma BP, prospected the different artificial terraces that were being left thus, saw not only several climatic oscillations and changes in during the works at the quarry. In the uppermost artificial terrace the fauna (Kahlke et al., 2011; Rodríguez et al., 2011), but also an old karstic deposit was discovered that yielded several macro- cultural changes and the replacement of a hominin species by mammal remains. The main excavation of the site was performed another.Therefore,thescarcenumberofsitesofthesechro- by Pedro Castanos~ (PC) and by IL at different times during 1988 nologies is vital to our understanding of the tempo and mode of (Castanos,~ 1988, 1989). An additional excavation was performed by these changes as well as of the context for the latest technolo- PC in 1992 due to imminent destruction of the site by the quarry gies based on flakes and the first human occupations with hand (Castanos,~ 1993; see Supplementary Fig. 1) followed by a final visit axes. to the site by IL who discovered additional carnivore remains from The Iberian Peninsula contains some sites from both the end of a sediment patch at the highest point of the sedimentary infilling the Early Pleistocene (e.g., Gran Dolina levels TD4-6; Vallparadís (Fig. 1). Section; Madurell-Malapeira et al., 2010, 2014; Rodríguez et al., The karst of Punta Lucero extends throughout in the Lower 2011) and the middle part of the Middle Pleistocene: Gran Dolina Albian (Cretaceous) limestones from the southern flank of the level TD10, Galería, Sima de los Huesos, Ambrona, Aridos, among synclinorium of Bizkaia. The original entry to the site was within others (Sese and Soto, 2005; Yravedra et al., 2010; Arsuaga et al., argiolitic limestones, which currently comprise the majority of 2014). Most of these sites are either from the continental and the mountain, below a calcareous crest that runs along the peak Mediterranean region of the Iberian Peninsula, and whether or not of this mountain (Castanos,~ 1988). The sedimentary sequence is they are representative of the whole peninsula remains uncertain. typical of an intermediate carbonate ramp, which occasionally The Cantabrian Mountain range that extends to the East along the would receive shallower resedimented products from an unstable Basque mountain range until it reaches the Pyrenees currently acts shallower talus, corresponding to grainstone-type calcarenites as an ecogeographic barrier between the Northern part (Euro-Si- (García-Mondejar et al., 2006).
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