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Forestry Policies in the Near East Region: 111 Analysis and Synthesis

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Forestry Policies in the Near East Region: 111 Analysis and Synthesis ISSN 0256-6150 Forestry policies in the Near East region: 111 analysis and synthesis and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forestry policies in the Near East region: analysis and synthesis Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. The de6lgnallons employed and the presentation of matertal In this publication do not Imply the expression of any opinion whalllOeVer on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any counlry, territory, city or area or of III authorltlel, or concerning the delimitation of III Irontlera or boundaries. M-36 ISBN 92-5-1 03382-X All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani· cal, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction,should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme dl CaracaJla, 00100 Rome, Italy. © FAO 1113 FORWARD .................................................. - I- 1) INTRODUCTION ......................................... - 3- 2) FORESTRY IN THE NEAR EAST REGION: A BACKGROUND ........... - 4 - 2.1. The Region ......................................... - 4- 2.2. ,Forest Resources in the Region. .. - 7 - 2.3. Forest Plantations . .. - 8 - 2.4. Place of Forestry in Near East Society ....................... - 10 - 2.5. Forest Protection and Conservation ......................... - 11 - 2.6. Forest Industries and Trade . .. - 12 - 2.7. Issues and Conflicts of the Forestry Sector. .. - 12 - 3) FOREST OWNERSHIP AND ADMINISTRATION ................... - 15 - 3.1. Ownership and Tenure of Forest Lands. .. - 15 - 3.2. Rights of Usage and Access to Forest Lands and Products . .. - 16 - 3.3. Legal Status of Ownership. .. - 18 - 3.4. Organization of Forestry Administ.ration . .. - 20 - 3.5. Evolving Role of Private Sector and NGO's in Forestry Management and Development . .. - 24 - 4) MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION OF THE RESOURCE BASE ........ - 27- 4.1. Management Concepts .•.............. .. - 27 - 4.2. Land-Use and Management Systems. .. - 28 - 4.3. Budget Allocations ................................... - 31 - 4.4. Social Aspects of Management . .. - 33 - 4.5. Urban Forestry ....................... ; . .. - 33 - 4.6. Desertification....... .. - 34 - 4.7. Fuelwood and Energy ................................. - 37 - 4.8. Wood Industries . .. - 39 - 4.9. Non-Wood Forest Products .............................. - 42 - 4.10. Nature Conservation ................................... - 43 - 5) FORESTRY POLICIES IN THE NEAR EAST ...................... - 46- 5.1. General Principles, Implications and Evaluation of Forestry Policies . .. - 46 - 5.2. Forestry Policies in the N'ational Development Plans .............. - 46 - 5.3. Constraints to the Implementation of National Forestry Policies. .. - 47 - 5.4. Factors Affecting Forestry Policies ......................... - 48 - 5.5. Administrative Implications . .. - 49 - 6) RESEARCH, TRAINING AND EXTENSION ....................... - 51 - 6.1. Research Activities ... .. - 51 - 6.2. Education and Training ................................ - 55 - 6.3. Extension..................... .. - 58 - 6.4. Constraints to Forestry Research, Training and Extension in the Near East Region . .. - 59 - 7) CONCLUDING REMARKS .................................. - 61 - 7.1. Lessons Learnt from the Analysis .......................... - 61 - 7.2. Major Policy Issues and Changes Needed ..................... - 6S - 7.3. Policy Instruments for Implementation ....................... - 68 - 8) REFERENCES -70 - - 1 - mRWARD As a part of its programme on forestry policy analysis and advice, the F AO Forestry Policy and Planning Division is carrying out a series of regional reviews of forestry policies. This FORESTRY PAPER synthesizes information on forestry policies in the Near East Region as a result of the regional review carried out in 1990-92. The Paper is based on the responses of several countries of the Region to questionnaires prepared by FAO country reports, case studies, FAO reports and statistics, as well as other material produced and published by FAO. The emerging role of the forest in securing food and protecting the environment is gaining popular and official support in the Near East. The two issues are intricately interrelated in this Region, thus they must be addressed simultaneously. For instance, land degradation and reduced productivity due to soil erosion, salinization, sand encroachment, deforestation, over-grazing, urbanization, etc., invariably lead to a reduction in the land available for food production. The growing demand for food beyond the capabilities of productive soils - (food imports rose from US$ 1.4 billion in 1970 to US$ 20 billion in 1990) - has meanwhile necessitated expansion into marginal land and encouraged deforestation. On the other hand, the needs to extract wood and other products from the forest often conflicts with conservation strategies, hindering the conceptualization and implementation of sound forest policies. Environmental, social, economic and political diversities of the region have joined forces to exacerbate this problem. Nonetheless, some Near East countries do have well conceived and administered Forestry Policies, which could be mutually reinforcing if shared with other countries. It is recognized that, although each country must determine its forestry policy within the context of its own development priorities, socio-economic parameters and conservation strategies, certain aspects of forestry policies are common and valid for the Region as a whole. Foremost among these are: forest land rehabilitation, afforestation, desertification control, protection, watershed management, amenity, environmental conservation, public awareness, education, training and extension. While it is unrealistic to design and implement a common regional forestry policy for the Near East, it is crucial that the countries of the region coordinate their respective policies to avoid fragmented efforts and instead ensure complementarity and coherence of action. This is especially important in view of the rising awareness regarding sustainable development and environmental conservation in response to AGENDA 21 of UNCED. Some member states are undergoing macro economic reforms and structural adjustments, which will no doubt be reflected in their policies for natural resource management. This paper is intended to analyze the Policy Statements of Near East countries, where they exist, and to highlight their attributes and deficiencies. The policies which have proved to be valid in some countries, could guide the preparation and/or revision in others countries. This publication would hopefully facilitate the exchange of information and experiences as well as the pooling of comparative advantages, in an era of global interdependence and reciprocity. This analysis and synthesis was first drafted by Mr. A. Potycarpou, and subsequently revised by Dr. M.H. EI-Lakany, Regional Forestry Officer, RNEA. It is published as a joint activity between the Forestry Policy and Planning Division of the Forestry Department .md the F AO Regional Office for the Near East in Cairo, Egypt. ~. Murray A.Y. Bukhari Assistant irector-General, ~Assistant Director-General, Forestry Department, Regional Representative, FAO/HQ - Rome RNEA, Cairo, Egypt - 3 - n INTRODUCTION It is a well-established fact now that the countries of the Near East region are consumers of wood and other forest products. They are also characterized by highly degraded forests as a result of centuries of overuse and high human and animal pressures, exacerbated by harsh environmental conditions. The role of the forest in maintaining fragile ecosystems; providing energy, food and shelter to rural, and sometimes urban populations; and conserving the bio-diversity is diminishing at an alarming rate in the Near East. Nevertheless, several countries in the region have good potential for forestry development and sound management of their forest resources, if proper pol icies are drawn and implemented. Unlike many industrialized countries, the forests of the Near East are largely on public land and the governments assume the authority and responsibility of managing them. Meanwhile, the indigenous communities exploit the forest, according to their own traditions, which sometimes do not concur with government policies. Such a conflict exerts more pressure on the forest, rendering its systematic management a difficult task. Based upon available "Country Reports" prepared by national authorities, FAO documents, interviews and personal observations, it appears that each country of the Near East region has a Forestry Policy Statement. Yet, there are major differences, and often contradictions, in understanding the meaning of the term "Policy", on the basis of devising policy statements and in the procedures of implementation. The stated objectives, or at least the intentions of all policy statements are, however, achieving social welfare and protecting the forests. But while these are the ultimate objectives of practically all forestry policies everywhere in the relevant world, well conceived and effectively implemented policies are quite rare in the Near East region. The aim of the present paper is not to induce the Near East governments
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