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Oregon Insane Asylum in 1883 and the Native American Boarding School (Chemawa) in 1885 (At Its Current Location)

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Oregon Insane Asylum in 1883 and the Native American Boarding School (Chemawa) in 1885 (At Its Current Location) NFS Form 10-900 OMB No. 10024-0018 (Oct. 1990) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instruction in How to Completellie1 Naflonal Register of Historic Places Registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classifications, materials and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer, to complete all items. 1. Name of Property historic name Oregon State Hospital Historic District other names/site number Oregon State Insane Asylum 2. Location street & number Roughly bounded by D Street. Park Avenue. 24 Street, and Bates Drive not for publication city or town Salem_______________________________________ n vicinity state OR___________ code OR county Marion____ code 047 zip code 97301 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this X nomination __ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property _X__ meets __ does not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this propertyjie-c.onsidered sjgqificant __ nationally X statewide __locally. Signature of certifying official/wtle - Deputy SHPO Date Oregon State Historic Preservation Office State or Federal agency and bureau 4. National Park Service Certification 1 hereby oertify that the property is: /O /*i [Signature otthe Keeper A / J Date of V entered in the National Reqister ( &Jj0&A / / V « *JZ&J^' L* +*W C/Q __ See continuation sheet. ^ f determined eliqible for the Najional Reqister __ See continuation sheet, determined not eliqible for the National Reqister removed from the National Reqister other (explain): 0MB No. 10024-0018 Oregon State Hospital Historic District Marion Co.. OR Name of Property County and State 5. Classification Ownership of Property Category of Property Number of Resources within Property (check as many as apply) (check only one box) (Do not include previously listed resources in the count) __ private __ building(s) Contributing Noncontributing __ public - local X district 50 3 buildinqs X public - state __site 2 sites __ public - Federal __ structure 9 3 structures __ object objects 61 6 Total Name of related multiple property listing Number of contributing resources previously (enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing) listed in the National Register N/A 0 6. Function or Use Historic Functions Current Functions (enter categories from instructions) (Enter categories from instructions) HEALTH CARE: hospital HEALTH CARE: hospital DOMESTIC: institutional housing DOMESTIC: institutional housing 7. Description Architectural Classification Materials (Enter categories from instructions) (Enter categories from instructions) LATE VICTORIAN: Italianate foundation: BRICK: CONCRETE LATE 19 m & 20 m CENTURY REVIVALS: walls: BRICK__________ Classical Revival WOOD: Weatherboard LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTRUY roof: ASPHALT______ AMERICAN MOVEMENTS:___________ Other: ____Commercial Style. Bungalow/Craftsman Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets) Oregon State Hospital Historic District___________ Marion Co., OR_______ Name of Property County and State NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 7 Page 1 DESCRIPTION SUMMARY The Oregon State Hospital (OSH) in Salem, Marion County, Oregon is the state's primary and oldest institution for the housing and treatment of those with mental disorders. 1 Opening in 1883 as a single three-story building, the institution expanded into a campus over a period of 75 years, reaching its current size and configuration in 1958. The physical character of the property today reflects both its origins in the long-term residential treatment philosophy of Dr. Thomas Story Kirkbride; and the subsequent transition, beginning in the early twentieth century, to a model favoring shorter term commitments and the use of physical and pharmacological interventions. The approximately 130 acre campus, comprised of buildings, structures, and designed landscapes, constitutes a highly intact historic district, virtually without non-historic elements. LOCATION AND SETTING Located approximately two miles east of downtown Salem, the Oregon State Hospital Historic District occupies the approximately northerly fifth of a large contiguous acreage of state-owned property housing a diversity of agencies and institutions. The district is bordered on the north by D Street, on the east by Park Avenue and facilities belonging to Marion County, on the south by the State Penitentiary complex, and on the west by 24th Street, and the grounds of the Salem Hospital General Unit. Center Street bisects the campus east to west. The institutional buildings occupy a level bench of ground approximately twenty feet higher than, and northeasterly of, the area where staff housing and the park-like entry grounds are located. Initially developed in a rural setting well beyond the edge of town, the Oregon State Hospital grounds were laid out orthogonally to the compass, unlike the then existing plats of Salem, which instead conformed to the eastern bank of the Willamette River. These two geometries come together along the western edge of the hospital property, making for misalignment of some streets and inconsistencies in their numbering pattern. The cardinal point orientation of the hospital may simply have been responsive to an existing rural road pattern, but in any event it clearly effected the development of later neighborhoods to the east and north, which are also laid out according to compass. By the close of the period of significance (1883-1958) the Oregon State Hospital had essentially acquired the setting that it displays today. Residential neighborhoods mostly dating from the first half of the twentieth century adjoin the complex to the north, northeast, northwest, west, and southwest, and public institutional uses abut the remainder of the perimeter. The campus itself, which is open and park-like by design, today exhibits a landscape of sweeping lawns, a wide variety of mature deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs, and a system of both curving ornamental avenues and practical roadways and paths. Underlying and linking much of the complex is an extensive system of tunnels which are used for the practical purpose of connecting and distributing infrastructure such as water, power, sewer, heat, and communication systems. It also serves as a distribution network for food (prepared in a central kitchen), laundry, furniture, and 1 OSH was originally called the Oregon State Insane Asylum. Oregon State Hospital Historic District__________ Marion Co., OR______ Name of Property County and State NPS Form 10-900-a 0MB Approval No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 7 Page 2 other supplies; and a secure, weather-protected transportation system for patients and staff. Historically, the tunnel system included a small rail-trolley system for moving people and materials. The tracks for this system emerge from underground, taking advantage of the significant change in grade south of the main treatment complex, in the vicinity of the physical plant buildings. Significantly, the tunnel system twice crosses under Center Street (originally Asylum Avenue), a major public street which is designated as an arterial thoroughfare. BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES For many years the Oregon State Hospital has employed both naming and numbering conventions to identify its buildings, building additions, and structures, with the numbering system being the more complete and consistently applied of the two. In addition to these methodologies, some of the buildings are known widely by common names. In the initial reference to a particular resource the nominators have adopted a hybrid system of: formal name, if any, followed by building number or numbers, and lastly any common name in parentheses, e.g. Cascade Hall - #30, #31, #41, #42, #43, #44, #45, #46, #48 - ("J" Building). In outward appearance the buildings followed closely the sequence of styles popular at their times of construction. They also tended to exhibit characteristics peculiar to public architecture, such as a conscious downplay of any ornament which might be construed as frivolous and an effort to make buildings appear substantial. In terms of their original functions, the built resources on the campus can be thought of as falling into four broad categories: administrative, patient treatment, utilitarian, and staff residential. These four categories will be used as an organizational framework for further discussion
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