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The Early History of the Counties of Carmarthen and Cardigan

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The Early History of the Counties of Carmarthen and Cardigan 90 SUMMONS TO A GREAT COUNCIL, 1313 January not appear to have been elected ; the barons ought to have been summoned singly and not through the sheriff;n the knights were summoned only ad loquendum and not as was usual ad tractandum, faciendum, et consentiendum. Prynne seems to have no idea that a Vjhodel' parliament was de- veloped only after a long period of experiment; he regards the parliament of 1265 as the first and the complete example of a representative assembly. It must be remembered, however, that Prynne had always a political axe to grind, and that his whole treatment of the origin of the lower house (particularly Downloaded from in 1649) was coloured by his antagonism to Ldlburne and by his scorn of earlier historians, such as Lambard. Perhaps, however, the last word on the subject lies with a contemporary critic M of Prynne, who suggests that it would have been better if the author had first defined the word parliament, before attempting to http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ decide whether the assembly of 1213 was or was not a parlia- ment. Certain it is that the idea of calling together representa- tive knights of the shire ' to talk with the king about the king- dom's business ' had occurred to John by 1213, and that this is of the essence of a parliament, although the motive and the significance of the summons remain obscure. A. ELIZABETH LEVETT. at University of Manitoba on September 9, 2015 The Early History of the Counties of Carmarthen and Cardigan THE royal lands in Wales during the later middle ages were grouped for purposes of government into two independent administrative districts known respectively in official language as 'North Wales' and 'West Wales'. The northern portion was created by the Statutum Walliae in 1284 ; but ' West Wales ', subdivided into the two counties of Cardigan and Carmarthen, was already in existence before that date. The object of the following notes is to trace some of the steps in the process of its evolution, and to indicate a few of the peculiarities of its organiza- tion. Carmarthen was seized for the king, and a castle erected there, early in the reign of Henry I.1 It appears as a recognized " It is just possible that some irregular summons of the barons through the sheriff (such as this writ seems to imply) led to the explicit demand in clause 14 of Magna Carta that the barons should be summoned separately. «• Cf. Historical and Political Discourse of the Laws and Government of England, together with A Vindication of the Ancient Way of Parliaments in England, collected from some manuscript notes of John Selden, Esq., by Nathaniel Bacon (1689). The criticism seems to be Bacon's, not Selden's. 1 J. E. Lloyd, History of Wales, ii. 427. 1916 COUNTIES OF CARMARTHEN AND CARDIGAN 91 administrative centre in 1130,2 but it was more than once retaken by the Welsh in the course of the following century, and was not permanently annexed to the Crown until 1241, after the death of Llywelyn the Great.3 Cardigan, after having been first held by Roger of Montgomery and his son Amulf, passed into the possession of the Clares, but after some vicissitudes was wrested from them by the Lord Rhys in 1165 ; 4 later it was surrendered by Rhys's son Maelgwn to King John,5 then once more regained for the Welsh by Llywelyn the Great,6 and like Carmarthen, was only finally secured by Henry III after the Downloaded from prince's death.7 That the counties dependent on these two fortresses were established before the enactment of the Statute of Wales is abundantly clear. Their existence, indeed, is implied by the language of the statute itself.8 Other evidence in support 9 of the fact was long ago adduced by Professor Tout, and a good http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ deal more has come to light since he wrote. Basing his opinion on a passage in the Annals of Dunstable, Mr. Tout inclined to the view that the two shires probably originated in 1256, as the result of an attempt made in that year (as the chronicler alleges) to introduce the shire and hundred organization into the Welsh lands granted by Henry III to the Lord Edward in 1254.10 It seems most likely, however, that the annalist's words were really intended to refer only to the Perfeddwlad.u At any rate they at University of Manitoba on September 9, 2015 can scarcely be applied to West Wales, for as a matter of fact there is mention of the ' counties ' of Carmarthen and Cardigan in the Patent Rolls as early as 1241, a**d in 1242 their ' county courts' and their ' metes and bounds' were already fixed and known.12 It was not until the reign of Edward I that comitatus became the regular designation for them. Previously, several names were in use. Down to 1241 the terms found in the records are honor and casteliaria, both with the same meaning.13 From that date to the end of Henry Ill's reign, Hunter, The Pipe Roll of 31 Henry I, p. 90. Lloyd, ii. 699. * Ibid. pp. 400 f., 426, 519. Ibid. p. 618 ; the surrender was made in 1199. Ibid. pp. 674-6; it was captured in 1231. ' Ibid. p. 699. Statutes of the Realm (ed. 1810), i. 66. The closing sentences of section ii speak of Carmarthen, with its cantreds and commotes and ancient metes and bounds', and so also of Cardigan. The Welsh Shires, published in Y Gymmrodor, ix. 201-26, especially pp. 210-16. " Annals of Dunstable in Annales Monaslici (Rolls Series), iii. 200. Of. Annales Cambriae (Rolls Series), p. 90; Brut y Tywysogion (Rolls Series), p. 340. " Cal. of Patent Rolls, 30 October 1241, p. 265 ; ibid. 1 March 1242, p. 292-3. The original of the former entry (Patent Roll, 26 Henry m, part i, membrane 13) reads as follows: ' Rex baronibos, militibuB, liberis hominibus et probis hominibus de manerio et comitatu de Kardygan, et probis hominibus de manerio de Kaermerdin et comitatu de Kaermerdin ', &c. u The Pipe Roll of 81 Henry I, p. 90 (' honour of Carmarthen ') ; Cal. of Patent Rolls, 18 August 1226, p. 58 ('honour of Cardigan and of Carmarthen') ; so also 92 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE January Tumor alternates with comitatus, and the two are employed synonymously.14 The shires of Cardigan and Carmarthen were in origin, therefore, the older honours or castellaries—the terri- tories attached respectively to each stronghold for purposes of administration and justice—under i? new title. They were not definitely created as were those of North Wales ; like Lancashire they were pre-existing aggregations of territory which acquired the name of county.15 During the thirty-eight years following their definitive acquisition by Henry HI in 1241, the honour-counties of Cardigan Downloaded from and Carmarthen were in the hands of three successive lords. They were retained by the Tring himself until 1254, when they were granted by him to the Lord Edward along with the earldom of Chester and various other lands in Wales and elsewhere ;16 and in 1265 Edward in turn granted Carmarthen and Cardigan http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ to his brother Edmund,17 who remained in possession till 1279. None of these changes made any difference in the machinery of administration. The two counties were not administered by sheriffs, but were under the joint government of a single official called the bailiff or steward.18 The gntot to Edmund in 1265, however, introduced an important alteration in their status ; for the bailiff, hitherto appointed by the king, now became 19 Edmund's nominee, and the two shires were constituted at University of Manitoba on September 9, 2015 a marcher lordship.20 From the point of view of the Crown such a turn of events was under any circumstances unwelcome, and after his accession to the throne, Edward came to perceive more closely the unfortunate consequences of the change he had made in 1265. As a result of his viotory over LJywelyn in 1277, Edward found himself master of five out of the six commotes of Ceredigion, namely, Geneu'r Glyn, Perfedd, Creuddyn, An- huniog, and Mefenydd. In March 1275 these five commotes were joined for administrative purposes to ' the castle and honour of LJanbadarn Fawr ', that is, Aberystwyth, and com- ibid. 25 April 1228, p. 184, and 8 October 1229, pp. 276-7 ; ibid. 17 Maroh 1218, p. 143 (' de honoribus de castellariis de Kaermerdin et de Kardigan '). 14 For ' honour ' see Cal. of Patent RoOt, 3 November 1242, pp. 342 f., and 6 May 1254, p. 369; for ' county' see ibid. 13 March 1242, p. 276, 3 November 1242, pp. 342 f., and 10 February 1271, p. 516. CasteUaria occurs in 1246 ; ibid. 17 February 1246, p. 474. 11 The ' honour of Lancaster ' of Norman times became a shire under the Angevins. Pembroke and GUmorgan, it may be added, came to be called shires very much in the same way. 11 CaL of Patent BoOs, 14 February 1264; p. 270. " Ibid. 28 November 1266, p. 513. 11 e.g. Aid. 13 March 1242, p. 276; 20 August 1248, p. 26; 24 January 1277, p. 189. a Ibid. 10 February 1271, p. 516 ; 24 January 1277, p. 189. M Ibid. 6 November 1268, p. 299, especially the phrase ' as other marchers in the march of Wale* have their lands'. 1916 COUNTIES OF CARMARTHEN AND CARDIGAN 93 mitted to the charge of Roger de Molis, who bore the title of steward.21 The arrangement, however, cannot have been satis- factory to Edward, for if he had only kept Cardigan and Car- marthen, he would now have had a much larger tract of territory at his command in south-west Wales.
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