DOCSLIB.ORG

Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the Vicinity of Malaysian Waters

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the Vicinity of Malaysian Waters THE DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF STICHOPODIDAE (ECHINODERMATA: HOLOTHUROIDEA) IN THE VICINITY OF MALAYSIAN WATERS by WOO SAU PINN Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science SEPTEMBER 2013 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere and heartfelt gratitude as well as appreciation goes to Professor Dr. Zulfigar Yasin. Thank you for your inspirations that brought me to a wonderful journey of adventure, exploration and discovery to the ocean and its wonders. None could be achieved without your perseverance and your dedication in training and teaching towards developing fine young researchers. A special note of thank you goes to Associate Professor Dr. Aileen Tan Shau Hwai for her tireless and continuous care, advice and support throughout this study. Your diligence, attentiveness to details and critical comments are very much appreciated. I am indebted to all the members of the Marine Science Lab: Pn. Noraini and En. Bala, for their help and support; Semah, Chiew Peng, Hanis, Wala, Balkhis, Nana, Nithiyaa, Ivan, Reza and Amelia for your much assistance in the field and lab. Thank you all also for the wonderful experience, cheerfulness and warmth brought to the family of Marine Science Lab. I would also like to acknowledge the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) for the financial support through the PASCA scholarship offered to me. Lastly to my beloved family, I really appreciate all the patience, moral support and full confidence you have put on me in my selfish pursue of my dreams. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii ABSTRAK xii ABSTRACT xiv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Classification of Holothuroidea 1 1.2 Morphology and anatomy of sea cucumbers 1.2.1 The general morphology of sea cucumber 5 1.2.2 The general anatomy of sea cucumber 7 1.3 The life cycle of sea cucumbers 13 1.4 Ecological, economical and medical importance 1.4.1 The Ecological Importance and Roles of Sea Cucumber in the Ecology 14 1.4.2 Sea cucumber fisheries and trade in Malaysia 16 1.4.3 The Medical Properties and Potentials of Sea Cucumber 18 1.5 Research on the Taxonomy and Distribution of Stichopodids in 19 Malaysia 1.6 Objectives of the Study 20 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1 The study areas 21 2.2 Sample collection and preservation 21 2.3 Species identification 2.3.1 Identification to genus level using exterior morphology 25 2.3.2 Identification to species level using spicules 29 2.4 Ecological Descriptions 34 2.5 Species diversity indices (SDI) iii 2.5.1 Shahnon-Wiener Diversity Index 34 2.5.2 Evenness index 36 2.5.3 Dominance Index 36 2.6 The association of diversity and distribution of Stichopodids between 37 sampling locations CHAPTER 3: RESULTS 3.1 Species identification 3.1.1 Genus Stichopus 31 3.1.2 Genus Thelenota 90 3.2 Distribution of Stichopodiidae 3.2.1 Straits of Malacca 106 3.2.2 South China Sea 107 3.2.3 Sulu Sea 109 3.2.4 Sulawesi Sea 109 3.3 Ecological preferences of Stichopodiidae 3.3.1 Substrate and habitat preference 113 3.3.2 Depth preference 114 3.3.3 Nocturnal species 115 3.5 Species diversity indices 3.5.1 Shahnon-Wiener diversity Index 116 3.5.2 Evenness index 117 3.5.3 Dominance index 117 3.6 The association of diversity and distribution of Stichopodids 119 between sampling locations CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION 4.1 Species Identification 4.1.1 Genus Stichopus 4.1.1.1 Stichopus chloronotus Brandt, 1835 122 4.1.1.2 Stichopus vastus Sluiter, 1887 123 iv 4.1.1.3 Stichopus hermanni Semper, 1868 125 4.1.1.4 Stichopus ocellatus Massin, Zulfigar, Hwai, Boss, 2000 127 4.1.1.5 Stichopus rubermaculosus Massin, Zulfigar, Hwai, Boss, 2000 128 4.1.1.6 Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867 130 4.1.1.7 Stichopus sp. 131 4.1.2 Genus Thelenota 4.1.2.1 Thelenota anax Clark,1921 133 4.1.2.2 Thelenota ananas (Jaeger, 1833) 135 4.2 The Diversity of Stichopodidae in Malaysia 138 4.3 Association of Diversity and Distribution of Stichopodids between Sampling Locations 145 4.4 Ecological Preferences of Stichopodids 4.4.1 Substrate and Habitat Preference 148 4.4.2 Depth Preference 150 4.5 The distribution of Stichopodidae in the Indo-West Pacific 153 4.5.1 Stichopus chloronotus Brandt, 1835 154 4.5.2 Stichopus vastus Sluiter, 1887 154 4.5.3 Stichopus hermanni Semper, 1868 155 4.5.4 Stichopus ocellatus Massin, Zulfigar, Hwai, Boss, 2002 156 4.5.5 Stichopus rubermaculosus Massin, Zulfigar, Hwai, Boss, 2002 156 4.5.6 Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867 and Stichopus sp. 157 4.5.7 Thelenota anax Clark, 1921 157 4.5.8 Thelenota ananas (Jaeger,1833) 158 4.5.9 Effects of Oceanic Currents and Salinity Barriers to the Distribution of Stichopodids across Indo-Pacific Region 159 v CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 165 5.1 Recommendations for further studies 167 REFERENCES 168 LIST OF PUBLICATION 193 vi LIST OF TABLES Tables Page 1.1 Descriptions of sea cucumber classified into three subclasses 4 and six orders. 1.2 Descriptions of sea cucumber classified into three subclasses 4 and six orders 2.1 Coordinates and types of zone of each sampling locations 24 3.1 List and abundance of sea cucumber from the family 108 Stichopodidae found in the Malaysian waters. 3.2 List of Stichopodids according to the categories of diurnal 115 or nocturnal species found in Malaysian waters in this study. 3.3 Shahnon-Wiener index, H’, Eveness Index, J’ and Dominance 118 Index, D of each sampling location. 4.1 List of depth ranges of where stichopodids were found. 151 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 Classification of the family Stichopodidae with the two genus Stichopus and Thelenota which was found in Indo-West Pacific. 3 1.2 The different structures of tentacle in sea cucumber. 7 1.3 A general anatomy of a sea cucumber revealed by dissection. 8 1.4 Extension of the water-vascular ring forming radial canal that 9 give rise to tube feet. 1.5 The anatomy of the posterior of Holothuria forskali in the 11 attachment of the Cuvierian tubules. 1.6 A diagram to show the general life cycle of a sea cucumber. 14 2.1 Sampling locations in the Straits of Malacca, South Chinas Sea, 23 Sulu Sea and Sulawesi Sea. 2.2 Different cross sections and forms of the body of sea cucumbers. 26 2.3 Different categories of relative length found in sea cucumbers. 27 2.4 The basic structures of the tentacles. 28 2.5 Anchor, anchor plate and button spicules. 30 2.6 Fenestrated ellipsoid, end plate and miliary granule spicules. 31 2.7 Rosette, table and wheel spicules. 32 2.8 Flow chart for slide preparation of spicules extracted from samples. 33 3.1 The dorsal and ventral views of Stichopus chloronotus. 38 3.2 Spicules of Stichopus chloronotus from the dorsal body. 40 3.3 Spicules of Stichopus chloronotus from the papillae. 41 3.4 Spicules of Stichopus chloronotus from the ventral tube feet. 43 viii 3.5 Reduced table spicules of Stichopus chloronotus from the ventral 44 tube feet. 3.6 Spicules of Stichopus chloronotus from the tentacle. 44 3.7 The dorsal and ventral views of Stichopus vastus. 46 3.8 Spicules of Stichopus vastus from the dorsal body wall. 47 3.9 Spicules of Stichopus vastus from the papillae. 48 3.10 Spicules of Stichopus vastus from the tube feet. 50 3.11 Spicules of Stichopus vastus from the tentacles. 51 3.12 The dorsal and ventral views of Stichopus herrmanni. 53 3.13 Spicules of Stichopus herrmanni from the dorsal body. 54 3.14 Spicules of Stichopus herrmanni from the papillae. 55 3.15 Spicules of Stichopus herrmanni from the ventral tube feet. 57 3.16 Rod spicules of Stichopus herrmanni from the tentacles. 58 3.17 The dorsal and ventral views of Stichopus ocellatus. 59 3.18 Spicules of Stichopus ocellatus from the dorsal body wall. 61 3.19 Spicules of Stichopus ocellatus from papillae. 63 3.20 Spicules of Stichopus ocellatus from tube feet. 64 3.21 The dorsal and ventral views of Stichopus rubermaculosus. 66 3.22 The spicule of Stichopus rubermaculosus from the dorsal body. 68 3.23 The spicules of Stichopus rubermaculosus from the papillae. 69 3.24 The spicule of Stichopus rubermaculosus from the tube feet. 71 3.25 The spicule of Stichopus rubermaculosus from the tube feet. 72 3.26 The spicule of Stichopus rubermaculosus from the tentacles . 73 3.27 The dorsal and ventral views of Stichopus horrens. 75 3.28 The spicule of Stichopus horrens from the dorsal body. 77 3.29 The spicule of Stichopus horrens from the dorsal papillae. 78 3.30 The spicule of Stichopus horrens from the ventral tube feet. 79 ix 3.31 Rod spicules from the tentacles of Stichopus horrens. 80 3.32 The dorsal and ventral views of Stichopus sp. 82 3.33 The spicule of Stichopus sp. from the dorsal body. 83 3.34 The spicule of Stichopus sp. from the dorsal papillae. 85 3.35 The spicule of Stichopus sp. from the dorsal papillae. 86 3.36 The spicule of Stichopus sp. from the tube feet. 87 3.37 The spicule of Stichopus sp. in the tentacles. 89 3.38 The dorsal and ventral views of Thelenota anax. 91 3.39 Spicules of Thelenota anax from the dorsal body wall.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Profiles and Biological Values of Sea Cucumbers: a Mini Review Siti Fathiah Masre
    Life Sciences, Medicine and Biomedicine, Vol 2 No 4 (2018) 25 Review Article Profiles and Biological Values of Sea Cucumbers: A Mini Review Siti Fathiah Masre Biomedical Science Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.28916/lsmb.2.4.2018.25 Received 8 October 2018, Revisions received 19 November 2018, Accepted 23 November 2018, Available online 31 December 2018 Abstract Sea cucumbers, blind cylindrical marine invertebrates that live in the ocean intertidal beds have more than thousand species available of varying morphology and colours throughout the world. Sea cucumbers have long been exploited in traditional treatment as a source of natural medicinal compounds. Various nutritional and therapeutic values have been linked to this invertebrate. These creatures have been eaten since ancient times and purported as the most commonly consumed echinoderms. Some important biological activities of sea cucumbers including anti-hypertension, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-asthmatic, anti-bacterial and wound healing. Thus, this short review comes with the principal aim to cover the profile, taxonomy, together with nutritional and medicinal properties of sea cucumbers. Keywords: sea cucumber; invertebrate; echinoderm; therapeutic; taxonomy. 1.0 Introduction Sea cucumbers are marine invertebrate under phylum Echinodermata (Kamarudin et al., 2017). This cylindrical invertebrate that lives throughout the worlds’ oceans bed is known as sea cucumber or ‘gamat’ in Malaysia (Kamarudin et al., 2017). There are more than 1200 sea cucumber species available of varying morphology and colours throughout the world (Oh et al., 2017). Within the coastal areas of Malaysia, sea cucumbers can be located in Semporna Island, Pangkor Island, Tioman Island, Langkawi Island and coastal areas within Terengganu.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Value Components and Bioactives from Sea Cucumbers for Functional Foods—A Review
    Mar. Drugs 2011, 9, 1761-1805; doi:10.3390/md9101761 OPEN ACCESS Marine Drugs ISSN 1660-3397 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Review High-Value Components and Bioactives from Sea Cucumbers for Functional Foods—A Review Sara Bordbar 1, Farooq Anwar 1,2 and Nazamid Saari 1,* 1 Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; E-Mails: [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (F.A.) 2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +60-389-468-385; Fax: +60-389-423-552. Received: 3 August 2011; in revised form: 30 August 2011 / Accepted: 8 September 2011 / Published: 10 October 2011 Abstract: Sea cucumbers, belonging to the class Holothuroidea, are marine invertebrates, habitually found in the benthic areas and deep seas across the world. They have high commercial value coupled with increasing global production and trade. Sea cucumbers, informally named as bêche-de-mer, or gamat, have long been used for food and folk medicine in the communities of Asia and Middle East. Nutritionally, sea cucumbers have an impressive profile of valuable nutrients such as Vitamin A, Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), and minerals, especially calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc. A number of unique biological and pharmacological activities including anti-angiogenic, anticancer, anticoagulant, anti-hypertension, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antithrombotic, antitumor and wound healing have been ascribed to various species of sea cucumbers. Therapeutic properties and medicinal benefits of sea cucumbers can be linked to the presence of a wide array of bioactives especially triterpene glycosides (saponins), chondroitin sulfates, glycosaminoglycan (GAGs), sulfated polysaccharides, sterols (glycosides and sulfates), phenolics, cerberosides, lectins, peptides, glycoprotein, glycosphingolipids and essential fatty acids.
    [Show full text]
  • Echinodermata) De Águas Rasas Da Costa Brasileira
    Programa de Pós-graduação em Diversidade Animal Universidade Federal da Bahia Luciana Ribeiro Martins Estudo Taxonômico dos Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) de águas rasas da costa Brasileira Salvador 2012 2 Luciana Ribeiro Martins Estudo Taxonômico dos Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) de águas rasas da costa Brasileira Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia para a obtenção do Título de Mestre em Zoologia pelo Programa de Pós-graduação em Diversidade Animal. Orientador (a): Carla M. Menegola Salvador 2012 3 Ficha catalográfica Martins, Luciana “Estudo Taxonômico dos Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) de águas rasas da costa Brasileira”. 134 páginas. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia. Departamento de Zoologia. Programa de Pós- graduação em Diversidade Animal. 1. Taxonomia 2. Holotúria. I. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Biologia. Departamento de Zoologia. Programa de Pós- graduação em Diversidade Animal. 5 Epígrafe O princípio da sabedoria é chamar as coisas pelos seus nomes corretos. Provérbio Chinês. 6 Agradecimentos Ao Programa de Pós Graduaçao em Diversidade Animal (PPGDA-UFBA). À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela concessão da bolsa durante o mestrado e (PROAP-PPGDA) pelo auxílio financeiro. À Drª. Carla Menegola pela orientação e oportunidade. Aos Drs. Ahmed Thandar (University of KwaZulu-Natal), David Pawson (USNM), Francisco Solís-Marín (UNAM) e Gustav Paulay (FLMNH) por todas as sugestões. Aos Drs. David Pawson (USNM), Rich Mooi (CAS), Carstern Lueter (ZMB), Martin Lindsey Christoffersen & Carmem Alonso (UFPB), Walter Cerqueira (MZUEFS) e César Carqueja (MZFTC) pelo empréstimo de espécimes. Aos Drs. Aline Benetti (MZUSP), Lucia Campos (UFRJ) e Renato Ventura (MNRJ) pela visita as suas respectivas coleções.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of the Echinoderms of British Columbia (April 2007) by Philip
    Checklist of the Echinoderms of British Columbia (April 2007) by Philip Lambert, Curator Emeritus of Invertebrates Royal British Columbia Museum [email protected] This checklist is based on the information contained in three echinoderm books on Sea Stars, Sea Cucumbers and Brittle Stars (Lambert 1997, 2000; and Lambert and Austin 2007) as well as on unpublished data from the collections of the Royal BC Museum and from Dr. Bill Austin. Many references in the primary literature were consulted for distribution, and the classifications are based in part on the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (Moore 1966); Austin (1985); crinoid monograph by A.H. Clark (1907 to 1967); asteroids by Fisher (1911 to 1930) and Smith Paterson and Lafay (1995) for ophiuroids. This is a work in progress as we process the deep water collections that Fisheries and Oceans Canada has collected over the last 6 years. Several new species have been recorded for BC and more are expected. Species in bold occur in less than 200 metres in BC. The stated depth range refers to the entire geographic range of the species. Species not yet recorded in BC but occurring nearby to the north and south of BC have been included in the list with *. CLASS CRINOIDEA (7 species in BC) Sea Lilies and Feather Stars Depth (metres) Order Hyocrinida Family Hyocrinidae 1. Ptilocrinus pinnatus A.H. Clark, 1907 Five-Armed Sea Lily 2904 Order Bourgueticrinida Family Bathycrinidae 2. Bathycrinus pacificus A.H. Clark, 1907 Ten-armed Abyssal Sea Lily 1655 Order Comatulida Family Pentametrocrinidae 3. Pentametrocrinus cf. varians (P.H.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Texas at Arlington Dissertation Template
    MICROFAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES OF THE PLACID SHALE (MISSOURIAN, UPPER PENNSYLVANIAN), BRAZOS RIVER VALLEY, NORTH-CENTRAL TEXAS by BRITTANY E. MEAGHER Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON August 2012 Copyright © by Brittany Meagher 2012 All Rights Reserved DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this thesis to my granddad Pope Meagher who as a geologist instilled in me, at a young age, my love for rocks. I don’t believe I would have gotten as far without this early love he planted and nurtured to grow within me. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people that I would like to thank for their guidance and patience throughout this thesis project. Without these people, this thesis would not have been possible. I would like to thank Dr. Merlynd Nestell, Committee Chairman, for suggesting this project to me. His advice and assistance throughout this research project has helped me learn as much as possible about various types of microfauna. His review and editing of this manuscript is greatly appreciated. Dr. Galina Nestell, thesis committee member, for teaching me exactly what goes into taxonomically describing a microfossil. Her expertise on the identification of foraminifers contributed to the completion of this thesis. Dr. John Wickham, thesis committee member, for his guiding and teaching me various topics throughout my time at University of Texas Arlington. His time, in both reviewing this manuscript and serving on my committee, is invaluable and greatly appreciated.
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa,Phylum Echinodermata
    Zootaxa 1668: 749–764 (2007) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2007 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Phylum Echinodermata* DAVID L. PAWSON National Museum of Natural History, Mail Stop MRC163, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20013-7012, USA. E-mail: [email protected] *In: Zhang, Z.-Q. & Shear, W.A. (Eds) (2007) Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy. Zootaxa, 1668, 1–766. Table of contents Introduction . 749 Echinodermata as Deuterostomes . 750 Interrelationships among Classes. 751 Concentricycloids—enigmatic, or not? . 752 Class Asteroidea (sea stars, starfish) . 753 Extant asteroids . 753 Extinct asteroids . 754 Class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars, serpent stars, basket stars) . 754 Extant ophiuroids . 754 Extinct ophiuroids . 754 Class Echinoidea (sea urchins, sand dollars, heart urchins) . 755 Extant and fossil echinoids . 755 Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers, beche de mer) . 755 Extant holothuroids . 755 Extinct holothuroids . 756 Class Crinoidea (sea lilies, feather stars) . 756 Extant crinoids . 756 Extinct crinoids . 756 Other Extinct Classes of Echinoderms . 757 Some New Horizons . 758 Acknowledgements . 759 References . 759 “…this highly diverse, successful, and ancient phylum.” (Littlewood et al., 1997) Introduction The Phylum Echinodermata, comprising approximately 7,000 living species, and 13,000 fossil species, is epitomized by the familiar sea star, a universal symbol of the marine realm. This distinctive group of animals may be briefly defined as possessing a skeleton of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite; a unique water- vascular system which mediates feeding, locomotion, and other functions; and a more or less conspicuous five-part radial symmetry. A closer look at some extant echinoderms will show that some taxa of sea cucum- Accepted by Z.-Q.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Cucumber Glycosides: Chemical Structures, Producing Species and Important Biological Properties
    marine drugs Review Sea Cucumber Glycosides: Chemical Structures, Producing Species and Important Biological Properties Muhammad Abdul Mojid Mondol 1, Hee Jae Shin 2,*, M. Aminur Rahman 3 and Mohamad Tofazzal Islam 4,* 1 School of Science and Technology, Bangladesh Open University, Board Bazar, Gazipur 1705, Bangladesh; [email protected] 2 Marine Natural Products Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 787 Haeanro, Ansan 427-744, Korea 3 World Fisheries University Pilot Programme, Pukyong National University (PKNU), 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea; [email protected] 4 Department of Biotechnology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.J.S.); [email protected] (M.T.I.); Tel.: +82-31-400-6172 (H.J.S.); +880-2920-5310-14 (ext. 2252) (M.T.I.); Fax: +82-31-400-6170 (H.J.S.); +880-2920-5333 (M.T.I.) Received: 27 June 2017; Accepted: 11 October 2017; Published: 17 October 2017 Abstract: Sea cucumbers belonging to echinoderm are traditionally used as tonic food in China and other Asian countries. They produce abundant biologically active triterpene glycosides. More than 300 triterpene glycosides have been isolated and characterized from various species of sea cucumbers, which are classified as holostane and nonholostane depending on the presence or absence of a specific structural unit γ(18,20)-lactone in the aglycone. Triterpene glycosides contain a carbohydrate chain up to six monosaccharide units mainly consisting of D-xylose, 3-O-methy-D-xylose, D-glucose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, and D-quinovose. Cytotoxicity is the common biological property of triterpene glycosides isolated from sea cucumbers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Sea Cucumbers ( Echinodermata: Holothuroidea )
    ISSN 2538-1016; 52 NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH BULLETIN 201 The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Sea Cucumbers ( Echinodermata: Holothuroidea ) by DAVID L. PAWSON New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir No. 52 1970 NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH BULLETIN 201 The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Sea Cucumbers ( Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) by DAVID L. PAWSON New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir No. 52 Price: $2.50 June 1970 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ This publication should be referred to as: Bull. N.Z. Dep. scient. ind. Res. 201 Received for publication May 1968 © Crown Copyright 1970 A. R. SHEARER, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND-1970 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ FOREWORD Since the early nineteenth century there has been continuous marine biological research in New Zealand. Up to 1900 over 850 papers on the marine zoology of New Zealand had been published. Most of this and later work has appeared as discrete papers, there being relatively few monographic or serial comprehensive treatments of particular taxonomic groups. Despite some substantial contributions in this form, the lack of detailed accounts enabling the ready recognition of species in many other groups has hampered the development of ecological work dependent on such identification. Since 1955 the N.Z.
    [Show full text]
  • Cucumaria Frondosa) Fishery
    Status of the Maine Sea Cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) Fishery Submitted to: Standing Legislative Committee on Marine Resources Submitted by: Department of Marine Resources Prepared by: Scott Feindel February, 2002 CONTENTS SUMMARY 2 BACKGROUND Biology 4 History of the fishery 7 Market 10 Global context 10 Management in other sea cucumber fisheries 11 CURRENT STATUS AND RESEARCH Landings and endorsements 12 Logbook analysis 12 Sea sampling 14 Interviews and industry meeting 14 Drag and diver surveys 21 Biometrics 23 Review of past work 30 Research needed 30 OUTLOOK AND RECOMMENDATIONS Long-term sustainability of resource 32 Impact of harvesting on other fisheries 32 Management recommendations, enforcement and administration 33 REFERENCES 34 1 SUMMARY Background Sea cucumbers were first harvested in Maine in 1988, but it was not until 1994 that the fishery began in earnest. Between 1997 and 2000, landings of sea cucumbers increased from less than 1 million pounds in 1997 to over 9 million pounds in 2000 as Asian markets opened. Concern over harvesting of sea cucumbers originated due to encounters with lobster gear. However, as the DMR examined the fishery, it became apparent that continued exploitation at that rate was likely unsustainable. The ecology of this species was poorly understood and little information had been collected on its distribution or biometrics that would allow for monitoring the fishery. This prompted the enactment of emergency regulations under the 1999 Sustainable Development of Emerging Fisheries Act (12 M.R.S. B 671-B) in March 2000 – limiting the fishing season, drag size, and number of endorsements issued for harvesting the species, and requiring submission of harvester logbooks.
    [Show full text]
  • RECENT ADVANCES in UNDERSTANDING IDGHER-LEVEL SEA CUCUMBER RELATIONSHIPS and CLASSIFICATION [Talk]
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325569855 Recent advances in understanding higher-level sea cucumber relationships and classification Conference Paper · May 2018 CITATIONS READS 0 99 2 authors: Mike Reich Gustav Paulay Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie University of Florida 453 PUBLICATIONS 1,451 CITATIONS 172 PUBLICATIONS 8,763 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Upper Cretaceous benthic Foraminifera View project Neogene Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) View project All content following this page was uploaded by Mike Reich on 05 June 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. RECENT ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING IDGHER-LEVEL SEA CUCUMBER RELATIONSHIPS AND CLASSIFICATION [talk] REICH, M.l·2•3* and Paulay, G.4 1 SNSB -Bavarian State Collection of Palaeontology and Geology, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 Mlinchen, Germany 2 Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Mtinchen, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology & Geobiology, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 Mtinchen, Germany 3 GeoBio-CenterMu, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 Mtinchen, Germany 4 Florida Museum ofNatural History, University ofFlorida, 3215 Hull Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA * e-mail: [email protected] The evolutionary history and phylogeny of sea cucumbers remains the most incompletely understood of the modem classes of Echinodermata. Although recently used (multi-gene) molecular data, complemented by taxonomy and morphological phylogeny revealed that a detailed revision of fossil and modem Holothuroidea is still necessary. Since the time of the 'Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology' (Pawson; Frizzell & Exline), with the three extant major clades Apodacea (Apodida, Molpadida), Aspidochirotacea (Aspidochirotida, Elasipodida), and Dendrochirotacea (Dendrochirotida, Dactylochirotida) our understanding of higher-level relationships within the Holothuroidea changed fundamentally.
    [Show full text]
  • Πληθυσμιακά Χαρακτηριστικά Του Ολοθουρίου Holothuria Tubulosa Gmellin, 1788 Στον Παγασητικό Κόλπο»
    ΤΜΗΜΑ ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΑΣ ΙΧΘΥΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΝΤΟΣ & ΥΔΑΤΙΝΟΥ ΠΕίΨΜφ Αρ. Πρώτο*........ Ημερομηνία: (?.&!. ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΚΩΝ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΓΕΩΠΟΝΙΑΣ ΙΧΘΥΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΥΔΑΤΙΝΟΥ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΟΣ ΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΗ ΔΙΑΤΡΙΒΗ ΘΕΜΑ: «Πληθυσμιακά χαρακτηριστικά του ολοθουρίου Holothuria tubulosa Gmellin, 1788 στον Παγασητικό Κόλπο» ΓΕΩΡΓΙΟΣ Ε. ΚΑΖΑΝΙΔΗΣ ΕΠΙΒΛΕΠΩΝ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ ΒΑΦΕΙΔΗΣ ΕΠΙΚΟΥΡΟΣ ΚΑΘΗΓΗΤΗΣ ΒΟΛΟΣ 2008 Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 08/12/2017 01:26:15 EET - 137.108.70.7 Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλίας ΒΙΒΛΙΟΘΗΚΗ & ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΗΣΗΣ Ειαικη Συλλογή «Γκρίζα Βιβλιογραφία» Αριθ. Εισ.: 6823/1 Ημερ. Εισ.: 14-1-2009 Δωρεά: Συγγραφέας Ταξιθετικός Κωδικός: ΠΤ - ΙΥΠ 2008 ΚΑΖ «ΠΛΗΘΥΣΜΙΑΚΑ ΧΑΡΑΚΤΗΡΙΣΤΙΚΑ ΤΟΥ ΟΑΟΘΟΥΡΙΟΥ HOLOTHURIA TUBULOSA GMELLIN, 1788 ΣΤΟΝ ΠΑΓΑΣΗΤΙΚΟ ΚΟΛΠΟ» Institutional Repository - Library & Information Centre - University of Thessaly 08/12/2017 01:26:15 EET - 137.108.70.7 Τοιαελτκ Εξεταστικά Επιτοοπιί • Δημήτριος Βαφείδης, Επίκουρος Καθηγητής Βιοποικιλότητα των Θαλάσσιων Βενθικών Ασπόνδυλων και άμεση-έμμεση χρηστικότητά τους, Τμήμα Γεωπονίας Ιχθυολογίας και Υδάτινου Περιβάλλοντος, Σχολή Γεωπονικών Επιστημών, Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλίας Επιβλέπων • Χρήστος Νεοφύτου, Καθηγητής Ιχθυολογία-Υδροβιολογία, Τμήμα Γεωπονίας Ιχθυολογίας και Υδάτινου Περιβάλλοντος, Σχολή Γεωπονικών Επιστημών, Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλίας Μέλος • Αθανάσιος Εξαδάκτυλος, Επίκουρος Καθηγητής Γενετική Υδρόβιων Ζωικών Οργανισμών, Τμήμα Γεωπονίας Ιχθυολογίας και Υδάτινου Περιβάλλοντος, Τμήμα Γεωπονίας Ιχθυολογίας και Υδάτινου Περιβάλλοντος,
    [Show full text]