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Eth-24417-01.Pdf Research Collection Working Paper Muster und Strategien der Ressourcennutzung eine Fallstudie aus einem Dayak Benuaq Dorf in Ost-Kalimantan, Indonesien Author(s): Gönner, Christian Publication Date: 2001 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-004251348 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library ISSN 1420-1143 Forstwissenschaftliche Beiträge 24 der Professur Forstpolitik und Forstökonomie Muster und Strategien der Ressourcennutzung: Eine Fallstudie aus einem Dayak Benuaq Dorf in Ost-Kalimantan, Indonesien Christian Gönner Zürich 2001 Empfohlener Katalog-Eintrag: Recommended Catalogue Entry: Gönner, Ch.: Muster und Strategien der Ressourcennutzung: Eine Fallstudie aus einem Dayak Benuaq Dorf in Ost-Kalimantan, Indonesien. Forstwissenschaftliche Beiträge der Professur Forstpolitik und Forstökonomie, Nr. 24; ETH, Zürich, 2001. XII+268 Seiten/Pages. Schlüsselwörter: Ethnologie; Kulturökologie; Borneo; Südostasien; Ressourcen Keywords: Ethnology; Cultural Ecology; Borneo; Southeast Asia; Resources ISSN 1420-1143 ISBN 3-9520829-7-X Zu beziehen bei: Professur Forstpolitik und Forstökonomie Available from: Departement Forstwissenschaften ETH-Zentrum Rämistrasse 101 CH - 8092 Zürich Tel. 01-632 32 17 / Fax 01-632 11 10 e-mail [email protected] http://www.fowi.ethz.ch/ppo Preis/Price: CHF 60.00 © Christian Gönner; Franz Schmithüsen, Chair Forest Policy and Forest Economics; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich Das unbewusste oder halbbewusste Bestreben, Ordnung in die Verwirrung der anthropologisch-ethnographischen Erscheinungen zu bringen, neigt sehr zur Annahme solcher grossen Ursachen, die, wenn sie thatsächlich als wirkende zu Grunde lägen, ungemein vereinfachende, klärende Erklärungen bieten würden. Friedrich Ratzel 1882:300 Für meinen Großvater Bakot und seinen kleinen Urenkel Timm Bakot. I Diese Arbeit wurde als Dissertation im August 2000 an der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg (Geowissenschaftliche Fakultät) eingereicht. Die Betreuung sowie die Begutachtung der Arbeit erfolgte durch Prof. Dr. Stefan Seitz (Institut für Völkerkunde, Universität Freiburg) sowie durch PD Dr. Klaus Seeland (Professur für Forstpolitik und Forstökonomie, ETH Zürich). Finanziell wurde die Studie durch ein Stipendium des Tropenökologischen Begleitprogramms der GTZ (TÖB, PN 90.2136.1) ermöglicht. In Indonesien wurde der Autor durch das SFMP-Projekt des indonesischen Forstministeriums sowie der GTZ unterstützt. II Danksagung An erster Stelle möchte ich meiner Frau, Susanne Schwarz, für ihre unermüdliche Unterstützung sowie für die kritische Durchsicht meiner Arbeit und die vielen anregenden Diskussionen danken. Ohne ihren ständigen Beistand wäre ich wohl gänzlich verwildert... Ebenfalls von Herzen kommender Dank gilt den Menschen in Lempunah und Tanjung Isuy, die mir geduldig meine unzähligen Fragen beantworteten und meiner Frau und mir stets das Gefühl einer echten zweiten Heimat gaben. Ausdrücklich gilt dieser Dank der Familie meines 'Benuaq-Professors' und Großvaters Kakah Abuk (Bakot), seiner Frau Itaq Abuk (Jonen), meinem Gastvater Kakah Seni (Teng), seiner Frau Itaq Seni (Uteng) sowie all ihren Kindern und Enkeln. Während meiner Feldstudien lernte ich zudem viel über die Wälder des Ohong von Taman Kadi (Acuy), Taman Tin (Asuy), Aling, Mexis, Ojot, Nyak, Tompo, Esmawati, Sandora, Maria Moy, Kaka und Taman Pikal (Sekot). Kritische Diskussionspartner waren mir über Jahre hinweg mein Feldassistent Benyamin sowie mein klarsichtiger 'Dozent' Akung. Tieferen Einblick ins Weltbild der Benuaq erlaubte mir neben meinem Großvater Kakah Abuk auch der verstorbene Kepala Adat in Tanjung Isuy, Dangud. Es würde an dieser Stelle leider zu weit gehen, all die Freunde und Bekannten, die uns in den Dörfern Gesellschaft geleistet haben, aufzuführen. Stellvertretend seien hier nur einige wenige genannt, darunter Sudirman, Suratno, Surni, Dah, Nomi, Sardi, Sehat, Mahlan, Ucun und Petrus. Freilich möchte ich die Reihe unserer guten Hilfsgeister nicht beenden, ohne Tinan Lukas und Taman Lukas dafür zu danken, dass sie mein Leben und das meiner Frau wiederholte Male mit vorzüglichem Wildschwein und einem kühlen Bier gerettet haben... In Samarinda gilt unser Dank Nera und Aseng für ihre formalen Hilfen sowie unseren Freunden von Puti Jaji, Plasma, und SHK. Großzügiges, bisweilen von uns sicherlich überstrapaziertes Asyl und herzliche Gastfreundschaft boten uns Hartmut Abberger sowie Anja Hoffmann und Michael Klingler, mit denen wir viele diskussions- und Durian-reiche Abende verbringen durften. Aber auch die übrigen Mitarbeiter von SFMP und IFFM, insbesondere Hans Beukeboom, Gottried und Michaela von Gemmingen, Dieter und Ingrid Haury, Alexander und Sabine Hinrichs, Rolf und Christa Ulbricht, Hans-Wilhelm und Ulrike von Haugwitz sowie Sondra Wentzel gaben uns in Samarinda stets das Gefühl willkommen zu sein. Ir. Paulus Matius sei an dieser Stelle herzlich für die Bestimmung der vielen Pflanzenarten gedankt, während Dr. Mustofa Agung Sardjono mir ebenfalls ein geduldiger Ratgeber und Ansprechpartner war. Seinen beiden S1-Studenten, Kori Basuki und Sunaryo, möchte ich für die freundliche Überlassung ihrer Abschlussarbeiten danken. Doris Weidemann (GTZ- IFFM) sei für die Bereitstellung meteorologischer Daten gedankt. Ausdrücklicher Dank gilt Hans-Wilhelm von Haugwitz, der die Durchführung meiner Arbeit erst ermöglichte und gemeinsam mit seiner Frau stets auch ein Auge für die Entbehrungen des Feldlebens hatte... III Bei seinem Nachfolger Johannes Huljus möchte ich mich für die Hilfe bei der Verlängerung meiner Arbeit bedanken. Sondra Wentzel, die es nie müde wurde, meine fachlichen Fragen zu diskutieren, sei zudem für die vielen Gespräche und die konstruktive Durchsicht meines TÖB- Abschlussberichtes gedankt. Weitere ausgezeichnete Diskussionspartner waren mir Dietmar Stoian, der mich auf viele Ideen und Literaturstellen brachte, sowie Brian Belcher und Manuel Ruiz-Pérez von CIFOR. Anja Hoffmann war mir in Fragen geographischer Informationssysteme eine geduldige Lehrerin. Herzlicher Dank gebührt auch meinen beiden Betreuern Stefan Seitz und Klaus Seeland für die zahlreichen, oft stundenlangen Gespräche und Diskussionen, ihre stete Hilfe in formalen Dingen sowie die vielen konstruktiven Anregungen zur vorliegenden Arbeit. Klaus Seeland sei zudem für die Durchsicht der Arbeit gedankt. Besonderer Dank gilt ferner dem Tropenökologischen Begleitprogramm der GTZ, das diese Studie finanzierte, allen voran Günther Rietmacher, Richard Haep und Dorothea Otto, die mich nach besten Kräften durch meine Studie und so manchen Formaljungel begleiteten. Abschließend danke ich Franz Schmithüsen, dem Leiter der Professur für Forstpolitik und Forstökonomie der ETH Zürich, für seine wertvollen strukturellen Verbesserungsvor- schläge sowie für die unkomplizierte Abwicklung der Publikation meiner Arbeit. Es wäre allerdings vermessen, zu glauben, ich hätte an dieser Stelle alle Menschen ausreichend berücksichtigt, die mich in den vergangenen fünf Jahren in Indonesien und Deutschland unterstützt haben. Daher möchte ich zu guter Letzt einen herzlichen Dankesgruß an all meine Freunde sowie an meine Familie richten, für die vielen Briefe, E-Mails und Gedanken, die den weiten Weg nach Lempunah fanden... Christian Gönner Überlingen, im Februar 2001 IV Zusammenfassung Schlüsselwörter: Ethnologie, Kulturökologie, Borneo, Südostasien, Ressourcen Die Wälder rings um das Benuaq-Dorf Lempunah (Ost-Kalimantan, Indonesien) wurden über einen Zeitraum von mehr als dreihundert Jahren durch lokale Bevölkerungsgruppen extensiv genutzt. Heute besteht diese Waldlandschaft aus einer Vielzahl von Schwendfeldern, Brachewäldern und Waldgärten, in denen Rattan, Gummi und Fruchtbäume kultiviert werden. Die Dayak Benuaq bauen in Landwechselwirtschaft über hundert lokal unterschiedene Reissorten sowie einhundertfünfzig weitere Kulturpflanzentaxa an. Zusätzlich werden mindestens fünfhundert, in den Wäldern vorkommende Pflanzen- und Tierarten extraktiv verwendet. Dieses breite Spektrum an nutzbaren Ressourcen erlaubt den Benuaq neben der Absicherung ihrer Subsistenz auch den marktwirtschaftlichen Handel mit verschiedenen Waldprodukten. Vergleicht man die Komponenten der Ressourcennutzung über mehrere Jahre hinweg, so ergibt sich ein hoch dynamisches Bild mit häufigen Wechseln zwischen verschiedenen Einkommensquellen sowie einer stark variierenden Anzahl an Schwendfeldern. Diese unregelmäßigen zeitlichen Muster erklären sich aus dem Zusammenspiel allgemeiner Nutzungsstrategien und individueller Entscheidungsrationalitäten. Letztere lassen sich mit Hilfe multikausaler Netze unter Berücksichtigung wirtschaftlicher, ökologischer, sozialer, religiöser, politischer, historischer und emotionaler Aspekte plausibel nachvollziehen. Die wesentlichen Strategien zur Sicherung des Lebensunterhalts umfassen drei Prinzipien: (1) Ernährungssicherung durch Subsistenz, (2) flexible Nutzung diversifizierter Ressourcen, und (3) Ausnutzung natürlicher Wachstumsdynamiken. Vor allem das hohe Maß an individueller Flexibilität, das den Bauern eine rasche und effiziente Reaktion auf situative Veränderungen wie Marktpreisschwankungen oder Naturkatastrophen ermöglicht, wurde in bisherigen Studien zumeist unterschätzt. Das rasche Umschalten zwischen verschiedenen Ressourcen bringt Phasen intensiver Nutzung sowie längere Zeiträume ohne Nutzung mit
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