Diseminación De La Investigación Celaya 2019

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Diseminación De La Investigación Celaya 2019 Diseminación de la investigación en la Celaya, Guanajuato, México educación superior: Celaya 2019 © Academia Journals 2019 Noviembre 6, 7, y 8 de 2019 REDISEÑO DE UN SISTEMA BÁSCULA DE PESADO DE ALIMENTOS PARA MASCOTA TSU Raúl Castillo Macias1, Dra. en E. María Concepción Gómez González2, M. en E. María Guadalupe César Mauleón3 Resumen—En una empresa que se dedica al desarrollo de soluciones integrales en el manejo de materiales, se identificó con uno de sus clientes que en el área de calidad se entregaba producto con mayor peso del establecido, por lo que ofreció una solución, la cual fue realizar una banda transportadora. Para ello, se verificó el funcionamiento del proceso de empaquetado, con lo que se identificó la falla. Se rediseñó a partir de elaborar, primero un boceto con las medidas y las tolerancias exactas. Por otra parte, se realizó el diseño digital en formato 2D, evaluando los costos totales para hacerlo en formato 3D. Posteriormente se ensambló la banda y se seleccionaron los componentes eléctricos y mecánicos, se conectó y programó el PLC en el software “Connected Components Workbend”. Con la aplicación del diseño y programación se logró agilizar el proceso y prevenir fallas a corto y mediano plazo en la calidad del producto. Palabras clave— Banda transportadora, diseño, ensamble, empaquetado. Introducción Uno de los clientes de la empresa, pidió una solución para una máquina dispensadora de croquetas para mascotas, la razón es que en el área de calidad una máquina dejaba pasar más producto del establecido generando pérdidas. Debido a esto se necesitaba que la máquina tuviera mayor precisión al momento de empaquetar producto para cumplir con los parámetros de calidad que se tienen normalizados. Con base en lo anterior, la empresa le ofreció a su cliente adecuar a la máquina una banda transportadora con un sistema de báscula integrado para garantizar el cumplimiento de las normas de calidad. Para lo cual se consideró el diseño y algunos elementos de la automatización. “Diseñar es formular un plan para satisfacer una necesidad específica o resolver un problema particular” (Budynas & Nisbett, 2012). Si el proyecto resulta en la creación de algo físico, entonces el producto debe ser funcional, seguro, confiable, competitivo, útil, que pueda manufacturarse y venderse. El diseño es un proceso innovador y altamente iterativo, a la vez de que es un proceso en el que se toman decisiones, que en ocasiones deben tomarse con muy poca información, en otras con apenas la cantidad adecuada y en ocasiones con un exceso de información parcialmente contradictoria. También, es una actividad que requiere una intensa comunicación, en la cual se usan tanto palabras como imágenes y se emplean las formas escritas y orales. Los ingenieros deben comunicarse en forma eficaz y trabajar con gente con formación en muchas disciplinas. Éstas son habilidades importantes y el éxito de un ingeniero depende de ellas. Las capacidades personales del diseñador en cuanto a creatividad, habilidad para comunicarse y destreza para resolver problemas, están entrelazadas con el conocimiento de la tecnología y sus principios fundamentales. Las herramientas de la ingeniería (como las matemáticas, la estadística, la computación, las gráficas y el lenguaje), se combinan para producir un plan, que cuando se lleva a cabo, crea un producto funcional, seguro, confiable, competitivo, útil, que se puede fabricar y comercializar, sin importar quién lo construya o lo use (Eppinger, 2004). Las bandas transportadoras modulares, son fabricadas con módulos y pasadores plásticos con diferentes características y propiedades. Están diseñadas para ser utilizadas en transportadores rectos, curvos, en elevación, con aceleración o freno; permiten la utilización de accesorios para aplicaciones específicas (Correntes, 2018). Estas bandas presentan bajo peso, alto rendimiento, fácil limpieza e instalación simplificada. Las bandas transportadoras se han desarrollado de tal forma que sus componentes de trabajo se vuelven más sofisticados, uno de estos, es el controlador lógico programable (PLC); también otro componente destacado son los sensores, motores, entre otros; estos componentes en conjunto aportan un proceso más rápido del producto, logrando así la calidad que se requiere en los sistemas de transporte. Gracias a estos elementos se ha podido reducir de forma muy notable algunos riesgos y/o enfermedades de trabajo, reduciendo las operaciones que realiza el personal. Así, se ayuda a que las producciones para el empresario sean más competitivas, eficientes y con menos pérdida de producto.1 1 1 El TSU Raúl Castillo Macias estudia Ingeniería en Mecatrónica en la Universidad Tecnológica de Nezahualcóyotl, Estado de México, México [email protected] 2 La Dra. en E. Maria Concepción Gómez González es Profesora Investigadora de la Universidad Tecnológica de Nezahualcóyotl, Estado de México, México [email protected] 3 La M. en E. María Guadalupe César Mauleón es Profesora Investigadora de La Universidad Tecnológica de Nezahualcóyotl, Estado de México, México [email protected] Elibro Online con ISBN 520 978-1-939982-50-6 Diseminación de la investigación en la Celaya, Guanajuato, México educación superior: Celaya 2019 © Academia Journals 2019 Noviembre 6, 7, y 8 de 2019 En este documento podremos observar todas y cada una de las tareas de cada componente de la banda transportadora que se desarrolló en la empresa, la cual permitió mejorar la calidad del producto durante el proceso de empaquetado de producto a granel para uno de sus clientes. Descripción del Método En esta investigación se identificaron las etapas indicadas en la figura 1 para resolver la problemática, a continuación se describen las acciones derivadas de cada una de las fases indicadas en el método. Figura 1. Método para el rediseño de un sistema de báscula de pesado Fuente: Elaboración Propia Rediseñar la máquina transportadora Con la fabricación de la banda transportadora, lo primero que se realizó fue determinar con el cliente las características para la máquina y la problemática específica que tenía la empresa. La creación de la máquina surgió bajo la necesidad de que el producto cumpla con las especificaciones de las normas de operación, con la finalidad de tener mayor eficacia en la productividad. En la figura 2, se muestra el diseño de la máquina en formato 2D, en un software de diseño llamado Auto CAD (Jensen, 2004). Figura 2. Diseño 2D Fuente Elaboración Propia Elibro Online con ISBN 521 978-1-939982-50-6 Diseminación de la investigación en la Celaya, Guanajuato, México educación superior: Celaya 2019 © Academia Journals 2019 Noviembre 6, 7, y 8 de 2019 La primera banda transportadora, en moldeado 3D, se muestra en la figura 3 Figura 3. Banda principal Fuente: Elaboración propia Esta es la banda principal que recibe el producto después de ser llenado y comienza la operación de traslado. La figura 4, es un bloque el cual fue realizado en la empresa “Loma System”, este bloque tiene integrado un detector de metales; como el producto con el que se trabaja lleva una cantidad baja de hierro, éste detector ayuda a que el producto no sobrepase los límites establecidos de hierro y no sea dañino para la salud. También, cuenta con un sistema de báscula, éste ayuda a que el producto no sobrepase o que le falte cantidad de alimento. Sí en dado caso, el producto sobrepasa alguno de los límites establecidos para esta máquina, será rechazado. Figura 4. Bloque de calidad Fuente: Elaboración propia Cálculos y Tolerancias Se realizaron los diseños de las bandas y las tolerancias que deben de tener, así como las piezas que la conforman para su uso e instalación correcta. La figura 5, muestra manera de ejemplo, los diseños del aplastador y sus medidas correspondientes, tales como los rodillos, la polea automotriz y conducida y los tornillos principalmente. Figura 5. Medidas del aplastador Fuente: Elaboración propia Elibro Online con ISBN 522 978-1-939982-50-6 Diseminación de la investigación en la Celaya, Guanajuato, México educación superior: Celaya 2019 © Academia Journals 2019 Noviembre 6, 7, y 8 de 2019 También se definieron las medidas de los soportes y ajustadores para que el producto se embolse de manera correcta. Igualmente, se definió el tipo de material, el tamaño de los tornillo y el barrenado que se debe de hacer para que tenga un mejor ajuste e inclinación. Adicionalmente se muestran la cantidad de piezas que se tienen que fabricar o mandar a manufacturar con corte laser. Ensamble manual En la figura 6, se muestra como se fue realizando el ensamble de las bandas transportadoras, en los ensambles se adicionan los rodillos soportes móviles chumaceras, polea motriz y polea conducida. Los ensambles están compuestos por diferentes tipos de materiales y piezas, entre éstas se encuentran: resbaladillas, ajustadores, soportes para banda, el soporte móvil (ruedas) y los rodillos. Figura 6. Banda principal Fuente: Elaboración propia En la figura 7, se muestra el ensamble de la tercera banda en esta banda se adicionaron, la banda modular blanca de la serie 900, los pistones y todos los componentes neumáticos que lleva la máquina (Tarapacá, 2018), también los gabinetes de rechazo y el soporte. Figura 7. Ensamble tercera Banda Fuente: Elaboración propia Cableado y Programación Se realizó el cableado de los gabinetes y se programó la banda para asegurar su funcionamiento (ver figuras 8 y 9, a manera de ejemplo). Figura 8. Gabinete con cableado Fuente: Elaboración propia Elibro Online con ISBN 523 978-1-939982-50-6 Diseminación de la investigación en la Celaya, Guanajuato, México educación superior: Celaya 2019 © Academia Journals 2019 Noviembre 6, 7, y 8 de 2019 Figura 9. Ejemplo de Programación de escalera Fuente: Elaboración propia Costos Por motivos de confidencialidad, los costos de los materiales que se utilizaron no se muestran. Sin embargo, el costo del rediseño, sin duda fue mucho menor que si el cliente de la empresa, hubiera optado por adquirir otra máquina.
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