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1. Agriculture & Allied Services 1. AGRICULTURE & ALLIED SERVICES 1.1AGRICULTURE Agriculture a primary and traditional occupation is vitally important for the balanced and sustainable growth of economy of the State. Out of the total reported area of 56.72 lakh ha, 7.41 lakh ha (13%) is under cultivation. The net irrigated area of the state is 3.40 lakh ha. which is mostly confined to the plains while most of the area in hills is rainfed. The cropping intensity in Uttaranchal is 158% higher than India. The diverse agro climatic condition of the state gives it a unique advantage as well as a competitive edge over other states in production of vegetables (off-season vegetables in context of plains) that fetch high value crops in the market. The challenge before the state is to identify crops suitable for each zone depending on the climatic conditions, soil texture etc., and therefore have a focused approach in development of the agriculture in the state. Table- physiographic zones of the state (on basis of altitude form sea level) Sl. Zone Regions & Area Agriculture diversity No. 1 Zone A Tropical Zone: Plains, Tarsi, Paddy, Wheat, Sugarcane, (up to 1000m) Shivalik hills, valleys Maize, Mango, Litchi, Pulses, Oilseeds, Soybean etc. 2 Zone B Sub-tropical Zone: Largely un Paddy, Wheat, Mandua, (1000-1500 m.) irrigated area Pulses 3 Zone C Cool Temperate Zone Kharif crops, Horticulture, (1500 to 2400m) Floriculture, Medicinal and aromatic plants 4 Zone D Sub-Alpine, Alpine Zone Pastures, rare herbs, pine ect. (> 2400 m.) The soil of Foot hill region is very fertile and support to number of crops. On the other hand the hill region is prone to constant soil erosion due to steep slopes making it less and less fertile. The soil classification and the principal crops grown in subsequent areas are mentioned below : Farming Situation in Uttaranchal Sl. Farming situation Soil Principal crops No. 1- Irrigated lower hills Alluvial sandy soil Rice, Wheat, Onion, Chilies, Peas, (600-1200 m.) Potato, Radish, Cauliflower 2- Rain fed lower hills Residual sandy loan Finger millet, maize, Rice , Wheat (600-1200m.) 3- Mid hills south aspect Sandy loan Rice, Finger millet, wheat, potato, (1200-1700m) Tomato 4- Mid hills north aspect Brown forest soil Rice, finger millet, wheat, potato, (1200-1700m.) Tomato, Peas, Cole crops 5- High hills Red to dark Amaranth, Finger millet, French (1700-2500 m.) bean, Cole crops, Potato, Peas 6- Very high hills Red to dark Amaranth, Buckwheat, Peas, Cole (2500-3500 m.) Black clay crops, Potato Land Holding Among the cultivated land about 50% of the landholding are sub marginal and further 21% of the land holding is between 0.5-1 hectares. Thus we find that about 70 percent of land holding are less than 1 hectare in size and cover about 27 percent of the area under cultivation, while about 26 percent of land holding are between 1 to 4 hectares in size covering about 51 percent of the total cultivated area. Also just over 3 percent of land holdings are above 4 hectares in size and cover about 22 percent of the total cultivated area. As large number and area is under small and marginal holdings, scale of economies cannot be availed of, and so the input cost per unit of output is higher. Therefore, it becomes even more difficult task to make agriculture a profitable occupation. Irrigation In the state, farmers adopt generally two types of agricultural practices i.e. the rain-fed and the irrigated. Cereals are emphasized in the irrigated agriculture and two crops are taken in an agriculture year. However, in the rain-fed system millets, pulses and tuber crops are grown along with cereal and other oilseeds. Mono cropping is a common practice in the irrigated areas. Contrary to this, mixed cropping is common in rain fed areas. Mixed cropping practiced in the hill region helps in maintaining the crop diversity and reduce the risk of environmental uncertainty. Time and amount of precipitation have major impact on crops both in rainfed and irrigated areas. In rainfed areas sowing time, crop duration and productivity is directly linked to the quantum and distribution of rainfall, while in irrigated areas distribution of rainfall affects germination and harvesting of crops. The growth of foodgrain production is quite variable in different areas. As a result, agriculture scenario presents a mixed picture. Productivity of district Udham Singh Nagar, Haridwar, Nainital (plain) and Dehradun (plain) is very high, on the other side; productivity of the hilly area is very low, although the valleys are fertile. Plains and hill agriculture stand in stark contrast to each other. While productivity in plains can be compared with agriculturally developed regions of the country, productivity in hill lags far behind. Plains farming greatly benefitted from the advent of green revolution while this revolution neglected the hill completely. The following Table illustrate this dichtomy. Dichotomy of Agriculture in the State Plain Agriculture Hill Agriculture Characterized by commercial farming Characterized by subsistence farming Mono cropping is common Mixed cropping is prevalent Consolidated holdings Scattered and fragmented holdings Percent of irrigation is 92% Percent of irrigated area is 11% Seed replacement rate 20-25% Seed replacement rate 4-5% Use of chemical fertilizer- 150-200 kg/ha / year Use of chemical fertilizer- 5-7 kg/ha / year Productivity of main crops- Rice-13 q/ha Rice-23q/ha Wheat-12q/ha Wheat-33q/ha Ragi-13 q/ha Sawan-13 q/ha 2 The trend of foodgrain and oilseed production is shown in the following Table. Total Foodgrains Total Oilseeds Average Year Production Average Production Area (ha) Area (ha) Yield (M.T.) Yield (q/ha) (M.T.) (q/ha) 2000-01 985047 1647022 16.72 25283 14752 5.83 2001-02 981475 1644858 16.76 25486 15325 6.01 2002-03 962447 1527484 15.87 27669 15525 5.61 2003-04 972351 1631431 16.78 30444 27259 8.95 2004-05 990560 1719877 17.36 32401 30233 9.33 2005-06 970145 1518772 15.66 34003 29827 8.77 2006-07 967615 1723564 17.81 28308 23293 8.23 2007-08 942591 1723499 18.28 26775 23171 8.65 2008-09 960386 1685591 17.55 25272 21196 8.39 2009-10 940955 1727612 18.36 26221 27691 10.56 2010-11* 1816000 28000 *provisional Highlights of the XI Five Year Plan XI Five year Plan Initiatives To achieve the goal of sustaining agriculture production Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana introduced during the 11th FYP has played a vital role. Special efforts were made under the Promotion of Pulse Production Programme (PPPP), Maize Development Programme, Promotion of SRI technique programme, Programme for Improvement of Soil Health Management and Area extension programme in lentil. Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan (C-DAP) also been got formulated for each district with the help of NIRD Hyderabad and PSI. Special programmes undertaken during XI Plan period are hereunder; To disseminate the technical knowhow, delivery of agricultural inputs and services, Krishi Mahotsava vs Government at the door step of farmers is being organized twice in a year before kharif and rabi sowing. This Mahotsava runs for 10 days with the collaboration of all agriculture and allied departments and institutions engaged in promotion of agricultural activities. This mahotsava established direct contact of farmers with agriculture scientists, field functionaries, subject matter specialists and the likewise organizations. Considering the typical geography and a large area under rainfed farming Single Window System through Agriculture Input Stores in each Nyaya Panchayat has been established. Farmers can get inputs at nearby center along with the technical advice. 3 To increase productivity of wheat under rainfed condition, fertilizer promotion programme has been approved for rainfed areas covering 21 thousand ha area in the year 2011-12. Simultaneously the pigeon pea cultivation program is approved for the next five year to ensure 1 lakh ha additional area coverage under this crop. The State consists about 1 lakh ha area as fallow land under rainfed condition. Efforts are being made to cover this land under pulse and oilseed production programme. In rainfed condition, ragi-fallow crop rotation trend is traditionally prevalent among farmers. Farmers are being encouraged to adopt ragi- pulse crop rotation. It is significant that the pulse crops fix nitrogen in the soil and so the soil health does not deteriorate. Fragmented land holdings are the constraint in the development of rainfed hill agriculture. Farmers are being encouraged to move the campaign for voluntary land consolidation. Such villages will receive special package of assistance as incentive. Most of the rainfed agriculture lies in the hilly area where tilling cannot be operated by tractors. For such areas light weight power tillers and power weeders are being promoted. In the year 2011-12 a special Project under RKVY- Multipurpose Integrated Water Harvesting Programme has been approved. This will bear low cost of construction of water harvesting tanks. Water will be used for irrigation, fisheries with integration of hatcheries and banana plantation. Target for XII Five Year Plan At present the State is surplus in cereal production while deficient in pulses and oilseeds. However, the State has ample opportunities of enhancement in production and productivity of foodgrain and oilseeds provided the focus is drawn on the following fields. Proper nutrient management especially in rain-fed hilly areas where the application of nutrient is much less or negligible than the recommended rate. Promotion of hybrid varieties in plain areas. Intensive agriculture extension work for women. Promotion of gender eco-friendly tools and light weight farm machinery like power tiller/ weeder in hilly areas. Promotion of Integrated Pest Management with pest surveillance work. Promotion of intensive cropping system in hilly areas to cultivate the fallow land.
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