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Custodians of Common Grounds: Unifying Historic Preservation and Environmental Conservation, 1850-2011

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Custodians of Common Grounds: Unifying Historic Preservation and Environmental Conservation, 1850-2011 CUSTODIANS OF COMMON GROUNDS: UNIFYING HISTORIC PRESERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION, 1850-2011 Erica Lynn Hague A Thesis Submitted to the University of North Carolina Wilmington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of History University of North Carolina Wilmington 2012 Approved by Advisory Committee Monica Gisolfi Kathleen Berkeley T. Robert Hart Chair Accepted by Dean, Graduate School Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... v Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1. —Beginnings: The Nineteenth Century ................................................................................ 14 Early Preservation in the United States ..................................................................................... 15 Role of Women in Preservation ................................................................................................ 19 Early Conservation in the United States ................................................................................... 21 The Suburban and Outdoors Movements .................................................................................. 24 Case Studies: Creek Farm, Orton Plantation, and Poplar Grove .............................................. 27 The End of The Gilded Age ...................................................................................................... 34 Conclusion................................................................................................................................. 37 2. – A New Departure: The Progressive Era and Beyond ......................................................... 39 How Architects Changed Historic Preservation ....................................................................... 41 The Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities ................................................. 44 Environmental Conservation and the Progressives ................................................................... 48 Tourism and the Management of Nature .................................................................................. 49 Creek Farm, Orton Plantation, and Poplar Grove in the Progressive Era ................................. 54 Conclusion................................................................................................................................. 62 3. — A Time of Peril Unmatched: 1920 - World War II .......................................................... 64 The Automobile, Preservation, and Conservation .................................................................... 65 The Great Depression, the New Deal, and the National Park Service ...................................... 71 Resource Rights and Dams ....................................................................................................... 75 ii Case Studies .............................................................................................................................. 78 Conclusion................................................................................................................................. 83 4. — A Future With Greater Meaning: 1945-1970s .................................................................. 85 The Rise of Automobiles and Suburbs ...................................................................................... 86 Deurbanization and Urban Renewal ......................................................................................... 89 Historic Urban Preservation ...................................................................................................... 90 Rise of Environmentalism ......................................................................................................... 94 Silent Spring .............................................................................................................................. 97 Beautification and Environmentalism ....................................................................................... 99 The Changing Use of Creek Farm, Orton Plantation, and Poplar Grove ................................ 100 Conclusion............................................................................................................................... 103 5. —A New Paradigm: The Past 30 years ............................................................................... 105 Urban Flight and Historic Preservation ................................................................................... 106 Conservation & Environmentalism in the Late Twentieth Century ........................................ 109 Development of Dual-Movement Sites: Creek Farm, Orton Plantation, and Poplar Grove ... 111 Creek Farm .............................................................................................................................. 112 Orton Plantation ...................................................................................................................... 117 Poplar Grove ........................................................................................................................... 122 6. Conclusion— Where Do We Go From Here?: The Twenty-First Century & Beyond ....... 126 7. Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 131 iii Abstract This thesis traces national developments and presents local examples of both the historical preservation and environmental conservation movements from the late nineteenth century until today, including tensions and opportunities for cooperation between the two movements. Focusing on three case studies, chosen for their particular involvement with historic preservation and environmental conservation groups, this thesis explores recent partnerships that are emerging between these two movements on a local level and provides suggestions for the facilitation of future partnerships. iv Acknowledgements I am indebted to many people who helped me make this happen. My first thanks go to my teachers, Mr. Jack Stoll who taught me to ask questions, Dr. Gordon Young who inspired me to change my major in undergrad, Drs. Michael Morrison, Nancy Gabin, and Michael Smith who made me at home in my new major, Dr. Sally Hastings for pushing me when I needed to be pushed, Dr. William Moore and Dr. Tammy Gordon, who gave me boundless opportunities for growth. I will forever be indebted to all of you. Many thanks to my family and friends, my grandparents, cousins, aunts and uncles who all supported me through this work, my brother Evan and his wonderful wife Jenna, my parents, Mike and Becky, who supported all my decisions, urged me to dream bigger, and have always listened to my questions and hypotheses with the most rapt attention, my friends and peers who dealt with my craziness, and tempted me out of my self-imposed hermitage when I most needed it. Special thanks go out to the countless archivists, librarians, and media specialists and library volunteers who I incessantly peppered with questions and who recommended many excellent books and resources, this thesis would not have happened without you; to the North Carolina Coastal Land Trust, who hired me as a summer intern and opened up Orton Plantation and Poplar Grove while showing me what environmental conservation was about; to Will Abbott of the Society for the Preservation of New Hampshire Forests, who graciously shared much of his time answering my questions; and to Dr. Richard Candee of Boston University who shared his knowledge of Creek Farm with me. v Many thanks to my thesis committee, Dr. Hart, who took on the role of thesis chair and shared his time and knowledge with me, Dr. Monica Gisolfi, who graciously stepped into the role of reader and worked with me even while she was on leave, and last but not least, Dr. Kathleen Berkeley who took over the position of reader, and gave me fabulous feedback when I most needed it. Even though I never had the chance to work with any of you before this, I feel very lucky to have had this committee. Finally, I would like to thank my Aunt, Dr. Judi Jennings, who when I was little, showed me the world through her own travels, took me on adventures through her postcards, and has been a constant source of support and inspiration throughout my life. Regardless of your own work you spent countless hours working with me, time is such a precious gift and you have given yours so freely. You are an amazing woman, and have truly been a beacon for me to guide my life by. All the merits of this work I claim for the people above, all the faults I must claim for myself. I hope you enjoy reading this work even more than I enjoyed researching and writing it. ---Erica “Iron” Hague Spring 2012 vi Introduction In North America there are over 4,500 different historical societies and preservation organizations.1 It is more difficult to find an estimate of the amount of environmental conservation groups, mainly because of the myriad of different causes that groups under this umbrella heading endorse. It is likely, however, that the number is also quite high as there are over 100 organizations
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