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RELIGION, CULTURE, SOCIETY Yearbook of the MTA-SZTE

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RELIGION, CULTURE, SOCIETY Yearbook of the MTA-SZTE RELIGION, CULTURE, SOCIETY Yearbook of the MTA-SZTE Research Group for the Study of Religious Culture Szeged, Hungary RELIGION, CULTURE, SOCIETY Yearbook of the MTA-SZTE Research Group for the Study of Religious Culture Szeged, Hungary 2 RELIGION, CULTURE, SOCIETY 2 Yearbook of the MTA-SZTE Research Group for the Study of Religious Culture Edited by Gábor Barna and Orsolya Gyöngyössy MTA-SZTEMTA-SZTE RESEARCHRESEARCH GROUP GROUP FOR THE STUDY FOR OF RELIGIOUSTHE STUDY CULTURE OF RELIGIOUS CULTURE Szeged, 2015 Published with the support of the MTA-SZTE Research Group for the Study of Religious Culture, the University of Szeged and the Devotio Hungarorum Foundation (Szeged) International editorial board: Arne Bugge Amundsen (Oslo), Marion Bowman (Milton Keynes), Frank Korom (Boston), Leonard Norman Primiano (Radnor), Michael Prosser-Schell (Freiburg i.Br.), Vilmos Tánczos (Kolozsvár – Cluj-Napoca). Address of the editorial board: MTA-SZTE Research Group for the Study of Religious Culture Egyetem utca 2, H-6722 Szeged, Hungary Cover design: Gábor Barna ISSN 1416-7972 Printed in Hungary Innovariant Nyomdaipari Kft., Algyő General manager: György Drágán www.innovariant.hu https://www.facebook.com/Innovariant CONTENTS Foreword. Barna, Gábor ................................................................................. 7 Frauhammer, Krisztina: Examples, Patterns, Models. The Prayer Book as a Source of Female Identification Models ................................................... 9 Gyöngyössy, Orsolya: Conflicts in Religious Life in Csongrád in the Early 19th Century. Reactions and Attempted Solutions ........................................................ 25 Szőcsné Gazda, Enikő: Identities Side by Side. The Practice of Faith in Denominationally Mixed Marriages ....................................................... 40 Fábián, Gabriella: The Sacrifice of Atonement in Roman Catholic Communities in the Székelyföld Region ................................................ 58 Povedák, Kinga: From the Singing Rabbi to the King of Hasidic Reggae ....................... 87 Povedák, István: Mythicised History. The deconstructed – Reconstructed Legend of Saint Stephen ......................................................................... 100 Belhaj, Abdessamad: “What does God say that I should be?” Muslim Intellectuals in Europe and the Imagined „Muslim identity” ...................................... 117 Belhaj, Abdessamad – Speidl, Bianka: The Sacred Body and the Fascination of Orthopraxy: the Religious Corpus of Hungarian Muslim Woman ........................ 134 Eade, John: The Changing Role of Railways in the Life of European Pilgrimage Shrine .................................................................. 154 Bowman, Marion: Railways, Rivalry and the Revival of Pilgrimage in Glastonbury, 1895 and 1897 ................................................................... 168 Barna, Gábor: National Pilgrimages, Pilgrim Trains and Identity-building ............ 191 Glässer, Nobert: Orthodox Jewish Pilgrimages by Train before 1944 in Hungary ...... 213 Gábor Barna Change – Conflict – Adjustment Foreword A change in social and economic circumstances often questions the usefulness of existing cultural models, imposing the transformation of previously valid so- cial and cultural practice. This also applies to the functioning of religious life, the practical ways in which religion is experienced. Together, the change, the conflicts appearing as a consequence, and the adjustment strategies raise the question of modernisation conceived as a process seen as a long series or cycle of transfor- mations. Modernity is characterised by combination with traditional values and continual transformation, as a result of which modernity comes to have differing meanings and programmes in the different societies. The studies in our volume, emphasising the diversity of modernity and cul- ture, examine local adaptations of modernity and local manifestations of change in the 19th-21st centuries. Thus in the individual studies we find among the genera- tors of this transformation, the technical, societal and civilisational changes of the Industrial Revolution, as well as of globalisation, transnationalism or the migra- tion processes of the present time. The case studies thus focus on the transforma- tion that took place in pilgrimages – that had for centuries remained unchanged – with the appearance of mass transport and the railways; the way Orthodox Jewry as a group culture adapted railway travel to its own world; the prayer books that responded to the changing female roles from the 19th century; the 20th-21st century movements urged by private revelations, or the changing role and relationship of minister and congregation in local communities. The trend in religious popular music in all denominations shows the ambivalent connection between tradition and change or innovation, reflecting the new religious demands and the tensions generated as a consequence. On the other hand, the modern mythologies that arise show the constant presence of a turning back to tradition and past values, in which the persons of mediaeval saints can gain new interpretations in the light of the present circumstances and can show how the view of the past is changing. The interactions between different Christian denominations, new religious move- ments, atonement devotions that have risen to oppose secularisation convey the same message. In the light of current political events it is becoming of vital impor- tance to know about how Muslim identity is being restructured in the interaction of European Christian societies and European Islam. Consequently, the studies in our volume are of interest and value not only for specialist researchers in the study of religion, but for representatives of all disciplines dealing with the past and present, as well as for the enquiring general reader. 7 Krisztina Frauhammer* EXAMPLES, PATTERNS, MODELS THE PRAYER BOOK AS A SOURCE OF FEMALE IDENTIFICATION MODELS Abstract: In this study I show the examples used by the Hungarian Catholic church at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century for the moral edification of female believers. My sources were prayer books of the period compiled especially for women and young girls. These books were intended to play a role in religious and moral training, in construction of the ideal Catholic girl, and especially in the urban environment, in counterbalancing popular literature and the secular ideals it offered. The female and male saints held up as models are given an important part in the prayer and meditation texts. In the texts of the period they appear not as intercessors with miraculous powers but as the perfect examples of virtuous lives. In their life careers and the values they represent we can see a Catholic female identification model intended by the clergy to serve as a guide in every- day life. Here, both secular society and church discourse identified the place of women in the triple role of wife, mother and housewife. The female prayer books examined held up for them as a model the virtues of the Virgin Mary (purity, obedience, renunciation). Keywords: prayer books, women, examples, saints, Virgin Mary The use of examples, models that can be followed is an important tool in shap- ing social norms and in education. Values and events can be stressed in the way of life and characteristics of the persons held up as examples that can serve as a guide and provide points of reference in the difficulties of everyday life. It can also be said that they are actually social and cultural products, as the moral and cultural values of a given age or social milieu are manifested through them.1 From this point of departure I would like to show the examples used by the Hungarian Catholic church at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century to construct the female model it held to be ideal. Who did it hold up as an example and what episodes from their life stories, what ideals and moral properties, did it stress? Prayer * MTA-SZTE Research Group for the Study of Religious Culture, H-6722 Szeged, Egyetem u. 2. Hungary. Email: [email protected] 1 Mihály 2006. http://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00035/00099/2006-01-vt-Mihaly-Hosfogyatkozas.html accessed on: 1 December 2015. 9 Krisztina Frauhammer books published in the period especially for women and girls serve as the sources for my investigation. A few words about the period The chosen period of my investigation is the long 19th century that brought a radi- cal change in the social role of women in Hungary too. With the introduction of compulsory schooling girls too were able to participate in public education, resulting in a rapid increase in female literacy. By the first years of the 20th cen- tury, especially after the First World War, Hungarian women too were able to continue their studies in higher education, to enrol in certain university faculties, and many female professions were also open to them.2 All this created the pos- sibility for their own vocation and independent life. The image of the reading woman also belongs to this period: the changes in literacy produced a multitude of new genres. Thanks to the spread of public education, by the end of the 19th century close to half of the Hungarian female population was able to read and write and a further 17% was able to read.3 Beside the Bible and the prayer book, cookery books, women’s magazines, press products for women and above all cheap popular novels in which intimate details of pri- vate life and
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