Elastomeric Hoof Boots

Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin Masters Science 2003-01-01 Elastomeric hoof boots John Hanley Technological University Dublin Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/scienmas Part of the Veterinary Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Hanly, J. (2003). Elastomeric hoof boots. Masters dissertation. Technological University Dublin. doi:10.21427/D7NG7K This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Science at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License Elastomeric Hoof Boots John Hanley MPhil Dublin Institute of Technology 2003 Elastomeric Hoof Boots John Hanley MPhil Dublin Institute of Technology Supervisors: Dr. Steve Jerrams Dr. Gerry Woods School of Manufacturing Engineering August 2003 I certify that this thesis which I now submit for examination for the award of MPhil, is entirely my own work and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. This thesis was prepared according to the regulations for postgraduate study by research of the Dublin Institute of Technology and has not been submitted in whole or in part for an award in any other Institute or University. The Institute has permission to keep, to lend or to copy this thesis in whole or in part, on condition that any such use of the material of the thesis be duly acknowledged. Signature Date Candidate Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Dr. Steve Jerrams and Dr. Gerry Woods for their expertise and guidance in the supervision of this research, Mr. Derek McEvoy from D.I.T Bolton Street for assisting with the scanning and mould manufacture, Mr. Wilson Palokkaran of DIS EnbiSeals Portlaoise for the use of his moulding facilities, Mr. Amir Tabakovic for materials testing and Mr. Fergus Hanley for design advice and assistance in the moulding process. Abstract The design, manufacture and testing of a prototype elastomeric equine boot is described in this thesis. Thoroughbred horses may suffer from a number of serious hoof disorders. These include stone bruising, navicular syndrome and hoof wall separation. Excessive concussion in the equine hoof is a major contributory factor in most of the problems horses experience in their lower limbs. Bandaging of a horses foot after injury is time consuming as well as being labour intensive. The proposed boot serves a number of purposes; by replacing bandages during poulticing it plays a part in faster healing of foot ailments. It can also provide temporary protection during light working on hard surfaces or at grass. Another unique feature of the boot is to enhance performance, through optimising shock absorption and eliminating the need for unsafe fastening devices that are typical of many designs currently available. The sides of the boot are made up of an elastic material while the sole of the boot will consist of a wear resilient compound. The manufacture and moulding of an initial prototype is described, along with a discussion on how computer simulated models of horse movement were generated. The measurement and digitising of a typical horses foot and its modelling using computer software is discussed. Thereafter, manufacture and moulding of an initial prototype is described along with a discussion on how computer simulated models of horse movement were generated. The manufacture of prototype boots culminated in a series of field tests. The field test procedures are discussed and the results of these are compared with a finite element analysis (FEA) model of the boot. Finally, conclusions identifying the significant elements of the design, production and evaluation of a novel equine boot are offered, followed by proposals and recommendations for further work. Table of Contents Declaration i Acknowledgements ii iii Abstract Page No. Table of Contents 1 Table of Figures 9 Chapter 1 Introduction 15 1.1 The Motivation for the research program 15 1.2 Aims and objectives 16 1.3 Design criteria for the boot 16 1.4 An overview of the research 18 Chapter 2 Literature Review 20 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Market Research 20 2.2.1 Survey of Irish horse owners and farriers 21 2.2.2 Discussion of survey results 21 2.3 Existing Boot designs 22 2.3.1 Old Mac’s 22 1 2.3.2 Easyboot 23 2.4 Common hoof problems experienced by horses 24 2.4.1 Corns 26 2.4.2 Laminitis 26 2.4.3 Navicular Disease 26 2.4.4 Pedal Osteitis 27 2.4.5 Ringbone 27 2.4.6 Sand Crack 27 2.4.7 Seedy Toe 27 2.4.8 Side Bone 28 2.4.9 Thrush 28 2.5 Studies of concussion on the horse’s limbs 28 2.5.1 Existing motion studies 29 2.6 Selection of rubber as a material 29 2.6.1 Rubber types and vulcanisation 30 2.6.2 Use of fillers in rubbers 30 2.7 Summary 31 Chapter 3 Computer modelling and manufacture of 32 prototypes 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Plaster Model creation 33 2 3.2.1 Making the prototypes 36 3.2.2 Sand Casting 37 3.2.3 Prototype Manufacture 38 3.3 Three-dimensional computer modelling of the hoof 42 3.3.1 Scanning using the Microscribe Stylus 42 3.3.2 Scanning using Renishaw Cyclone 44 3.3.3 Creating the solid model 46 3.4 Generation of mould image using CAD/CAM and 49 prototype manufacture 3.4.1 Machining the mould 52 3.4.2 Manufacture of prototypes using machined mould 53 3.4.3 Modifying the mould 54 3.4.4 Preparation of the rubber before moulding. 55 3.4.5 Moulding of prototypes with modified mould. 57 3.5 Use of existing motion studies 57 3.5.1 Computer simulation of leg movement 60 3.5.2 Results of simulation of horse movement 64 3.6 Internal Modelling of hoof anatomy 64 3.6.1 Scanning the sagittal plane 65 3.6.2 Scanning in the transverse plane 66 3.6.3 Modelling the anatomical components 66 3 3.6.4 Results of internal modelling 68 3.7 Summary 69 Chapter 4 The physical properties of rubbers and finite 70 element analysis 4.1 Introduction 70 4.1.1 Hyperelasticity 70 4.1.2 Determining principal stresses using statistical/kinetic 73 theory 4.1.3 The kinetic theory applied to simple extension 75 4.1.4 Applying the kinetic theory to a simple shear problem 76 4.1.5 Phenomenological theories 78 4.1.6 The Mooney equation 78 4.1.7 Rivlin's development of the Mooney theory 80 4.1.8 Multi-term Rivlin functions 83 4.2 Strain energy functions based on stretch ratios 84 4.2.1 Ogden's formulation 84 4.2.2 Expressions for simple stress cases determined from the 85 Ogden equation. 4.3 Viscoelastic properties of rubber 85 4.3.1 Viscoelasticity 85 4.3.2 Creep 86 4.3.3 Stress relaxation 88 4 4.3.4 Set 88 4.3.5 Stress softening 89 4.4 Material Model Plausibility 89 4.5 Finite Element Analysis using Neo-Hookean Models 91 4.6 FEA Model Creation 93 4.7 Applying a mesh 94 4.8 Material Properties and Boundary Conditions 97 4.9 Contact 102 4.10 Results of the Neo-Hookean analysis 105 4.10.1 Removing elements from the frog area of the sole 107 4.11 Finite Element Analysis using Ogden Models 110 4.11.1 Tensile Testing and applying the curve fit 110 4.11.2 Applying material constants to the FEA model 112 4.11.3 Results of Analyses using Ogden models 112 4.11.4 Node plots of the analysis 114 4.11.5 Displacement values of the analysis 115 4.12 Summary 117 Chapter 5 Prototyping of designs 118 5.1 Rapid Prototyping 118 5.1.1 Methodology of Rapid Prototyping 118 5 5.2 Stereolithography 119 5.2.1 Stereolithography Process 119 5.3 Fused Deposition Modelling 121 5.3.1 Using FDM to manufacture boot prototypes 122 5.4 Summary 123 Chapter 6 Field Testing 124 6.1 Introduction 124 6.2 Preparation for initial field testing 124 6.2.1 Bonding of rubber cutouts 125 6.3 Results from initial tests 126 6.4 Preparation of boots prior to field testing 126 6.5 Proposed Plan for Field Tests 127 6.6 Field Testing 128 6.6.1 Preparation 128 6.6.2 Walking on concrete 129 6.6.3 Trotting on concrete 129 6.6.4 Walking on gravel 130 6.6.5 Trotting on gravel 130 6.6.6 Grass Tests 131 6.7 Alterations to the boot 131 6 6.7.1 Allowing the heel buds to breathe 132 6.7.2 Removing the boot collar 132 6.8 Wear Testing 133 6.9 Testing for irritation to heel 135 6.10 Summary 136 Chapter 7 Conclusions and recommendations for future work 137 7.1 The initial problem and the design brief 137 7.2 The solution 137 7.3 Expert opinion on boot design 138 7.4 FEA Conclusions 139 7.5 Recommendations for Future work 140 7.5.1 Recommendations for further FEA work 140 7.5.2 Recommendations for future design work on the boot 140 7.5.3 Recommendations for future boot development work 141 References 142 Glossary 150 Appendices 154 Appendix A Engineering Drawings 154 Appendix B Equine Foot Disorders 155 7 Appendix C Concussion in the Equine Hoof 169 Appendix D Products available on Market 177 Appendix E Market Research 181 Appendix F Kinematic Studies 186 Appendix G Model and Mould Manufacture 191 Appendix H Published Work 207 8 Table of Figures Page No.

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