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Wound Healing Potential of Terminalia Sericea

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Wound Healing Potential of Terminalia Sericea Wound Healing Potential of Terminalia sericea by Hafiza Parkar Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Scientiae in Pharmacology in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Pretoria Supervisor Professor V Steenkamp Co-supervisor Dr OA Aiyegoro May 2016 © University of Pretoria i © University of Pretoria Declaration University of Pretoria Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Pharmacology I, Hafiza Parkar, Student number: 10229184 Subject of work: Wound healing potential of Terminalia sericea Declare that; 1. I understand what plagiarism entails and am aware of the University’s policy in this regard 2. I declare that this thesis is my own, original work. Where someone else’s work was used, (whether from printed source, the internet, or any other source) due acknowledgement was given and reference was made according to departmental requirements. 3. I did not make use of another student’s previous work and submitted it as my own 4. I did not allow and will not allow anyone to copy my work with the intention of presenting it as his or her own work _____________________ (Signature of candidate) ____07______ day of _________July 2017___________ ii © University of Pretoria Dedication To Hajiera Parkar, who was taken from us too soon… For teaching me the importance of independence through education and making me the women I am today. iii © University of Pretoria Acknowledgements All that I have accomplished thus far and all that I am still trying to achieve, would not be possible without the blessings and the guidance of the Almighty Allah (SWT). To my supervisors Prof Vanessa Steenkamp, without whom none of this would have been possible. Thank you for encouraging, supporting and believing me from the conception of this project till the very end. For being not only a supervisor but also a mentor, role model and a friend. You truly are phenomenal. Dr Aiyo, who brought out the microbiologist in me, thank you for all your support and encouragement. Thank you for welcoming me into your lab and taking the time teach me. To my mentors Mr Werner Cordier, thank you for the genuine interest you have taken in this study, for all the time you took to assist and advise me with experimental work. Your input has been instrumental in the progression of this study, and invaluable to me. Ms Tracey Hurrell, thank you for your patience, for taking the time to teach me and assist me. For answering all my questions, regardless of how ridiculous, and providing sound advice. Prof Duncan Cromarty, for turning chromatography into a language I could understand and have learnt to appreciate. Thank you for the time you took to patiently teach me. To those who contributed A special thank you to Prof Paul Steenkamp at the CSIR for assistance with UPLC- MS-TOF analysis. To the staff and students at the ARC for hosting me in your lab and the assistance provided during my time there. The NRF for providing funding which made this all possible. To my family My parents Alim and Aysha Parkar, thank you for your love, prayers, always supporting me and believing in my abilities. Thank you for giving me the freedom and opportunity to become who I was meant to be. My sisters Ameera and Zaakirah Parkar, all I hope to be is a better version of myself for you girls. Thank you for putting up with me and for your unconditional love and support. Zaakirah, thank you for being my PA when I needed order in all my chaos. Ameera, for all the car counselling and for singing at me in the car every morning. To my Imaan, for your unconditional love and for being a constant reminder that there is more to life than work. iv © University of Pretoria My big sis Shahkirah Parker, for the use of your couch and WIFI while I was writing up. Thank you for spoiling me, all the pep talks and coffee late at night when I needed it. Ridwaan Eshak, thank you for the laptop and for assisting with all IT related issues, like a boss. Rabia Allie thank you for all the microbiology related advice. My soul sisters, Aqillah Ebrahim and Areeg Omar, thank you for your unconditional love, your blind faith in my abilities and all the encouragement you have provided over the years. To my friends My girls Kim Sheva, Chanelle Monique Pillay and Keagile Lepule. Thank you for forcing me to take breaks when I didn’t want to, for encouraging me to keep going when I needed to and for making me feel normal when I felt like I was losing my mind. Thank you for celebrating my small victories and picking me up when I failed, for all the pep talks and 15 min coffee breaks that turned into hours of laughter. My BFF Aykanyang Rapholo, who started this journey with me, thank you for always having my back, for believing in me and for all your support over the years. Mr Joao Cardeano, for a steady supply of trance music, pep talks and saving me from chem sketch. To all those I have not mentioned but contributed in some way or another, thank you. “The women who follows the crowd will usually go no further than the crowd. The women who walks alone is likely to find herself in places no one has ever been before” ~ Albert Einstein v © University of Pretoria Table of Contents List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................... x List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... xii List of abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1: Literature review ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Overview ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Structure of the skin .......................................................................................................... 1 1.3. Classification of a wound ................................................................................................ 3 1.4. The wound healing process ............................................................................................ 4 1.4.1. The haemostasis phase .............................................................................................. 4 1.4.2. The inflammatory phase .............................................................................................. 5 1.4.3. The proliferation phase ................................................................................................ 6 1.4.4. The remodelling phase ................................................................................................ 7 1.5. Factors affecting wound healing ................................................................................... 7 1.5.1. The role of reactive oxygen species in wound healing ........................................... 7 1.5.2. The role of antioxidants in wound healing ................................................................ 8 1.5.3. Wound healing and infection ...................................................................................... 9 1.6. Models to assess wound healing ................................................................................ 12 1.6.1. In vitro assays ............................................................................................................. 12 1.6.2. In vivo models ............................................................................................................. 14 1.7. Treatment of wounds ...................................................................................................... 15 1.7.1. Western pharmaceuticals .......................................................................................... 15 1.7.2. Medicinal plants .......................................................................................................... 20 1.7.3. Phytochemicals responsible for wound healing..................................................... 37 1.7.4. Terminalia sericea investigated in this study ......................................................... 41 1.8. Aim and objectives .......................................................................................................... 42 1.8.1. Study aim ..................................................................................................................... 42 1.8.2. Objectives .................................................................................................................... 42 1.8.3. Project outline ............................................................................................................. 43 Chapter 2: Materials and methods .............................................................................................. 44 2.1. Plant material .................................................................................................................... 44 2.2. Extract preparation .......................................................................................................... 44 2.3. Phytochemical analysis.................................................................................................. 45 2.3.1. Thin layer chromatography ....................................................................................... 45 2.3.2. UPLC-TOF-MS ..........................................................................................................
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