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The Search for Ritual Activity in the Middle Woodland Period

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The Search for Ritual Activity in the Middle Woodland Period INVESTIGATING ANTHROSOLS: THE SEARCH FOR RITUAL ACTIVITY IN THE MIDDLE WOODLAND PERIOD A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS BY JOSHUA A. DONALDSON DR. KEVIN C. NOLAN- ADVISOR BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA JULY 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………………...… iv LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………………….. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………………..…… x CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………….. 1 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………………. 4 Ohio Hopewell……………………………………………………………………………………. 4 Fort Ancient Earthworks…………………………………………………………………..……… 9 The Moorehead Circle…………………………………………………………………………... 13 Phosphate and Magnetic Susceptibility……………………………………………………...….. 17 Environmental Setting…………………………………………………………………………... 24 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH OBJECTIVES………………………………………………………….…. 26 CHAPTER IV: METHODS…………………………………………………………………………….... 29 Fieldwork………………………………………………………………………………………... 29 Laboratory Analysis……………………………………………………………………………... 31 CHAPTER V: RESULTS………………………………………………………………………………... 33 The Central Feature…………………………………………………………………………...…. 33 Upper Layer………………………………………………………………………………...…… 34 Lower Layer……………………………………………………………………………………... 35 ii CHAPTER VI: DISCUSSION…………………………………………………………………..……….. 38 The Central Feature……………………………………………………………………………… 39 Upper Layer………………………………………………………………………………..……. 39 Concentration 1…………………………………………………………………………. 40 Concentration 2……………………………………………………………………..…... 41 Concentration 3……………………………………………………………………...….. 42 Lower Layer……………………………………………………………………………..………. 43 Concentration 4…………………………………………………...…………………….. 44 Concentration 5………………………………………………………………...……….. 46 Issues with Interpretation…………………………………………………...…………………… 47 Further Testing…………………………………………………………………………..………. 48 CHAPTER VII: CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………… 49 REFERENCES CITED………………………………………………………………………………..…. 52 APPENDIX A Tables……………………………………………………………………………………….…… 62 APPENDIX B Figures………………………………………………………………………………………...…. 74 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Sample Relocations………………………………………………………………………...…. 62 Table 5.1: Soil Collection Data………………………………………………………………………...… 63 Table 5.2: Soil Collection Statistics……………………………………………………………………… 72 Table 5.3: Central Feature Soil Analysis Results……………………………………………………...… 73 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Fort Ancient Earthworks………………………………………………………………….…. 74 Figure 2.2: Excavations at the Moorehead Circle as of 2013……………………………………………. 75 Figure 2.3: Central Feature………………………………………………………………………….…… 76 Figure 2.4: Red line indicating the basin with a sand strata at its current surface………………….……. 77 Figure 2.5: Entrance Pavement………………………………………………………………………..…. 78 Figure 2.6: Moorehead Circle Features……………………………………………………………..……. 79 Figure 2.7: Location of the 2x2 m southwest field unit…………………………………………..……… 80 Figure 2.8: Topographic Location of the Survey Area………………………………………………...… 81 Figure 3.1: Sample collection locations……………………………………………………………..…… 82 Figure 5.1: Upper Layer phosphate semivariogram……………………………………………………… 83 Figure 5.2: Lower Layer phosphate semivariogram………………………………………………..……. 83 Figure 5.3: Upper Layer low frequency semivariogram………………………………………….……… 84 Figure 5.4: Upper Layer high frequency semivariogram………………………………………………… 84 Figure 5.5: Lower Layer low frequency semivariogram……………………………………………….... 85 Figure 5.6: Lower Layer high frequency semivariogram……………………………………………..…. 85 Figure 5.7: Upper Layer frequency dependence semivariogram………………………………………… 86 Figure 5.8: Lower Layer frequency dependence semivariogram……………………………………..….. 86 Figure 5.9: Upper Layer phosphate…………………………………………………………………….… 87 Figure 5.10: Lower Layer phosphate………………………………………………………………….…. 88 v LIST OF FIGURES CONTINUED Figure 5.11: Upper Layer low frequency map…………………………………………………………… 89 Figure 5.12: Upper Layer high frequency map……………………………………………………..……. 90 Figure 5.13: Lower Layer low frequency map……………………………………………………...…… 91 Figure 5.14: Lower Layer high frequency map…………………………………………………….……. 92 Figure 5.15: Upper Layer Frequency dependence………………………………………………..……… 93 Figure 5.16: Lower Layer frequency dependence…………………………………………………….…. 94 Figure 5.17: Upper Layer phosphate Histogram…………………………………………………….…… 95 Figure 5.18: Phosphate results with Moorehead Circle features………………………………………… 96 Figure 5.19: Upper Layer low frequency histogram…………………………………………...………… 97 Figure 5.20: Upper Layer high frequency histogram…………………………………………………….. 98 Figure 5.21: Upper Layer Low frequency with Moorehead Circle features………………………...…… 99 Figure 5.22: Upper Layer frequency dependence histogram…………………………………………… 100 Figure 5.23: Upper Layer frequency dependence with Moorehead Circle and Oval features………….. 101 Figure 5.24: Lower Layer phosphate histogram………………………………………………….…….. 102 Figure 5.25: Lower Layer phosphate with arrows indicating similar phosphate concentration locations to Upper Layer…………………………………………………...…… 103 Figure 5.26: Lower Layer low frequency histogram…………………………………………………… 104 Figure 5.27: Lower Layer high frequency histogram……………………………………………….….. 105 Figure 5.28: Lower Layer low frequency with Moorehead Circle and Oval features……………….…. 106 vi LIST OF FIGURES CONTINUED Figure 5.29: Lower Layer frequency dependence histogram……………………………………..……. 107 Figure 5.30: Lower Layer frequency dependence spikes………………………………………………. 108 Figure 5.31: Areas within the Lower Layer frequency dependence that are slightly similar to the upper layer ……………………………………………………………………………….… 109 Figure 6.1: Upper Layer low frequency Central Feature…………………………………….....………. 110 Figure 6.2: Upper Layer high frequency Central Feature…………………………………………….… 111 Figure 6.3: Upper Layer frequency dependence Central Feature………………………………………. 112 Figure 6.4: Lower Layer low frequency Central Feature……………………………………………..… 113 Figure 6.5: Lower Layer high frequency Central Feature…………………………………………...…. 114 Figure 6.6: Lower Level frequency dependence Central Feature…………………………………….… 115 Figure 6.7: Upper Layer phosphate concentrations with Excavation overlay…………………….……. 116 Figure 6.8: Concentrations 1-3 with Moorehead Circle features……………………………………..… 117 Figure 6.9: Concentration 1 with Central Structure…………………………………………………….. 118 Figure 6.10: Concentration 1 with low frequency……………………………………………………… 119 Figure 6.11: Concentration 1 with high frequency…………………………………………………...… 120 Figure 6.12: Phosphate Concentration 1 Upper Layer frequency dependence with the Central Structure and Central Feature………………………………………………………………..… 121 Figure 6.13: Concentration 2 near the Entrance…………………………………………………...…… 122 Figure 6.14: Scatter connecting the Central Feature and Entrance…………………………………...… 123 vii LIST OF FIGURES CONTINUED Figure 6.15: Feature 396 location near Concentration 2………………………………………….…….. 124 Figure 6.16: Concentration 2 with low frequency……………………………………………………… 125 Figure 6.17: Concentration 2 with frequency dependence………………………………………..……. 126 Figure 6.18: Concentration 3……………………………………………………………………...……. 127 Figure 6.19: Concentration 3 with frequency dependence……………………………………….…….. 128 Figure 6.20: Concentration 3 with low frequency……………………………………………………… 129 Figure 6.21: Southwest field location with Concentration 3…………………………………………… 130 Figure 6.22: Frequency dependence throughout the survey area……………………………………..… 131 Figure 6.23: Lower Level phosphate with Moorehead Circle features………………………………..... 132 Figure 6.24: Lower Level phosphate in relation to Concentrations 1 and 3 from Upper Layer………....133 Figure 6.25: Lower Level phosphate with Concentrations 4-5……………………………………….… 134 Figure 6.26: Concentration 4 with Central Structure……………………………………………..…….. 135 Figure 6.27: Phosphate Concentration 5 paired with frequency dependence………………………...… 136 Figure 6.28: Phosphate Concentration 5 and frequency dependence line up with Burk’s (2006) electrical resistivity anomaly……………………………………………………………….….. 137 Figure 6.29: Lower Layer low frequency reading in relation to phosphate Concentration 4………...… 138 Figure 6.30: Lower Level Central Structure low frequency………………………………………….… 139 Figure 6.31: Central Structure inside a void of frequency dependence. …………………………….…. 140 Figure 6.32: Lower Layer phosphate at the Entrance……………………………………………...…… 141 viii LIST OF FIGURES CONTINUED Figure 6.33: Possible path through the Entrance in the Lower Layer phosphate results……………….. 142 Figure 6.34: The arrow points to the high concentration of phosphate heading down the ravine……………………………………………………………………………….... 143 Figure 6.35: Area of increased phosphate on the Upper Layer towards the ravine…………………….. 144 Figure 6.36: Concentration 5………………………………………………………………………...…. 145 Figure 6.37: Concentration 3 and 5 comparison on the Lower Layer phosphate map ……………...…. 146 Figure 6.38: Concentration 6 with frequency dependence in the Lower Level………………………… 147 ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people in which I would like to thank who have helped me during the process of completing this thesis and in my career in general. First, I would like to thank Dr. Robert Riordan for inspiring me to pursue archaeology and allowing me many opportunities to further myself and my career. Thank you to Bill Kennedy and Jill Krieg-Accrocco for your guidance and the experience I gained while working with you. I would like to acknowledge the Ohio History Connection for allowing this research to be done at Fort Ancient State Memorial, and Jack Blosser for allowing work to be
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