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Appendix: Chronology of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1931–45)

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Appendix: Chronology of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1931–45) Appendix: Chronology of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1931–45) Date Event 1931 The September 18 Incident (the Mukden Incident: military clashes between Japan and China in North China); within fi ve months, most of Manchuria is under Japanese control 1932 The establishment of Manchukuo, a Japanese-sponsored Chinese government in Manchuria 1933 China signs the Tanggu Truce with Japan and formally gives up its guarding right in areas along the Great Wall, as well as its control of Manchurian areas 1935 He-Umezu Agreement and Chin-Doihara Agreement: Japan is able to establish a North China Autonomous Area under its control 1936 The Xi’an Incident (Jiang Jieshi is kidnapped by KMT generals and forced to resist the Japanese); resumed cooperation between the CCP and KMT; Japan joins the World War II Axis of Germany and Italy July The July 7 Incident (a confl ict between Japanese and Chinese troops at 1937 LugouBridge); the KMT’s declaration of war with Japan; Beijing lost Dec. Battle of Nanjing; Nanjing lost; the KMT government transferred to 1937 Chongqing, Sichuan province; the Nanjing Massacre by the Japanese Mar. KMT victory in the Battle of Tai’erzhuang 1938 (continued) © Th e Author(s) 2016 175 T. Guo, Surviving in Violent Confl icts, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-46119-3 176 Appendix: Chronology of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1931–45) Table (continued) Date Event Sept. Beginning of war in the European theatre 1939 Mar. Wang Jingwei betrays the KMT government and establishes a new 1940 puppet government in Nanjing Jan. The Wan’nan Incident (CCP troops are ambushed by KMT troops in 1941 Maolin, Anhui province); war time confl icts between the CCP and the KMT reach a climax Dec. The Pearl Harbor Incident (Japan attacks the American naval base at 1941 Pearl Harbor); the outbreak of the Pacifi c War 1942 KMT aid to the resistance in Burma 1943 KMT aid to Britain’s troops in India 1944 Counter-attack by the allied forces; partial counter-attack by the CCP July The arrival of the American Dixie Mission 1944 July The Potsdam Declaration 1945 Aug. The dropping of two atomic bombs by the USA on the two Japanese 1945 cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; Japan surrenders Sept. 9, Instrument of Surrender in Nanjing, signed by the KMT and Japan 1945 List of References Unpublished Sources Hunan Provincial Archive (HPA) HPA (1943) No. 61– 1– 38– 7, Jiaoyubu xunling gaozi No. 49361, 1943–10–9, Wu zhengmingshu huixiao fuxue zhi yiyuan buzhun ruxue ᮉ㛢䜘䇝Ԕ, 儈ᆇㅜ49361 ਧ, 1943ᒤ10ᴸ9ᰕ, ᰐ䇱᰾Җഎṑ༽ᆖѻ䈁ઈн߶ޕᆖ (Orders from the Ministry of Education, HENo. 49361, 9 October, 1943, that interpreters without certifi cates should not be allowed to resume their university studies). HPA (1945) No. 60– 1– 227– 11, Junshi weiyuanhui waishiju kaoxuan gaoji yiyuan jianzhang (Yu sanshisi niandu) ߋһငઈՊཆһተ㘳䘹儈㓗䈁ઈㆰ ㄐ (⑍йॱഋᒤᓖ) (FAB advertising document for interpreter recruitment (Chongqing, 1945)). HPA (1945) No. 61– 1– 38, Junwei, hangwei, jiaoyubu guanyu zhengdiao yingyu fanyi renyuan de xunling gonghan deng cailiao ߋငǃ㡚ငᮉ㛢䜘ޣҾᖱ䈳 㤡䈝㘫䈁ӪઈⲴ䇝Ԕǃޜ࠭ㅹᶀᯉ (Orders and government correspon- dence issued jointly by the Central Military Commission, Air Force Committee and the Ministry of Education on recruiting Chinese/English interpreters). HPA (1945) No. 59– 1– 15, Guanyu zhongxuntuan yiyuan xunlianban tongxuelu ji xingzhengban, Chongqing fentuan Hunan tongxue deng fandong gugan de zhaopian ޣҾѝ䇝ഒ䈁ઈ䇝㓳⨝਼ᆖᖅ৺㹼᭯⨝,䟽ᒶ࠶ഒ⒆ই਼ᆖ ㅹ৽ࣘ僘ᒢⲴ➗⡷ (Th e yearbook of the alumni interpreters trained at the © Th e Author(s) 2016 177 T. Guo, Surviving in Violent Confl icts, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-46119-3 178 List of References Central Training Department of the administration’s training program, including photos of Hunan-born key members of the Central Training Department’s Chongqing branch). HPA (1945) No. 0– 5– 137, Zhongyang xunliantuan yiyuan xunlianban disiqi guanzuo tongxue tongxunlu ѝཞ䇝㓳ഒ䈁ઈ䇝㓳⨝ㅜഋᵏᇈր਼ᆖ䙊䇟 ᖅ (Th e yearbook of the alumni interpreters and offi cers in the Fourth Interpreter Training Program, at the Central Training Department). National Historical Archive, Taibei (NHAT) NHAT (1938) No. 002– 0103000– 014– 049– 001x, Jiang Zhongzheng dianshi He Guoguang Kang Ze e guwen geyiyuan yingyou jianshi zuzhi meizhou ying xiang- 亮䰞਴䈁ઈᓄᴹඊᇎ㓴㓷⇿ઘᓄ״⌭bao gongzuo 㪻ѝ↓⭥⽪䍪ഭݹᓧ 䈖ᣕᐕ֌ (Telegram from Jiang Zhongzheng to He Guoguang and Kang Ze about organizing interpreters for Russian advisers and submitting detailed weekly reports). NHAT (1938) No. 002– 080200– 501– 135– 001x, Zhu Shaoliang deng dian Jiang Zhongzheng su e zhu ning daibiao qingqiu gaishan jichang jingjie yu yao- 傫ᆱԓ״qiu chehuan fanyi deng wendian ribao biao ᵡ↓㢟ㅹ⭥㪻ѝ↓㣿 ᣕ䈧≲᭩ழᵪ൪䆖ᡂо㾱≲᫔ᦒ㘫䈁ㅹ᮷䈳ᰕᣕ㺘 (Telegram from Zhu Shaoliang et al. to Jiang Zhongzheng concerning the requests from the Russian representatives in Gansu and Guangxi provincesto improve airport security and change interpreters). NHAT (1941) No. 002– 070200– 009– 080,Jiang Zhongzheng dian Zhu Shaoling Gu Zhenglun deng e’wen fanyiyuan yu taguo yuwen fanyiyuan tongdeng daiyu ᮷㘫䈁ઈоԆഭ䈝᮷㘫䈁ઈ਼ㅹᖵ䙷״㪻ѝ↓⭥ᵡ㓽㢟䉧↓Ֆㅹ (Jiang’s telegram to Zhu Shaoliang, Gu Zhenglun and others about the sug- gestion that Chinese/Russian interpreters/translators should receive the same benefi ts as other language interpreters/translators). No. 2 National Historical Archive of China (NHA) NHA (1941) No. 736– 349– 45, Junweihui suoshu waishiju guanyu kaiban waiyu xun- lian ban de baogao ߋငՊᡰ኎ཆһተޣҾᔰ࣎ཆ䈝䇝㓳⨝Ⲵᣕ੺ (Proposal by the Military Aff airs Commission on establishing a foreign language (Chinese/ English) interpreter training program under its Foreign Aff airs Bureau). NHA (1941) No. 763– 456, Junweihui wei suoshu waishiju guanyu kaiban waiyu xunlianban de baogao zhiling, waiyu xunlianban zuzhi dagang ߋငՊ Ѫᡰ኎ཆһተޣҾᔰ࣎ཆ䈝䇝㓳⨝Ⲵᣕ੺ǃᤷԔཆ䈝䇝㓳⨝㓴㓷བྷ 㓢 (Proposal by the KMT government’s Military Aff airs Commission to List of References 179 establish a foreign language (Chinese/English) interpreter training program under its Foreign Aff airs Bureau). NHA (1942) No. 787– 17362– 0790 Diliu zhanqu guanbu shengxun difanyi ᡈ४ᇈ䜘ᇑ䇟᭼㘫䈁ᕐ઼㠓ਓ׋ㅄᖅޝZhang Hecheng kougong bilu ㅜ (Transcript of the interrogation of a captured enemy interpreter, Zhang Hecheng, by KMT War Operation Area 6 Headquater. December. NHA (1943) No. 736– 349– 46, A Letter from Headquarters of U.S. Army Forces in China-Burma-India Th eatre (Ref No. 679). NHA (1944) No. 763– 18, Zhanqu meijun zongbu laihan yiwen waiyu xunlian- ban di’er qi biye laiju fuwu xueyuan mingce luqu mingdan shiyou yiguan tongjibiao ᡈ४㖾ߋᙫ䜘ᶕ࠭䈁᮷ཆ䈝䇝㓳⨝ㅜҼᵏ∅ъᶕተᴽ࣑ᆖ ઈᖅਆ਽অᇎᴹ䈁ᇈ㔏䇑㺘 (Translation of a letter from the U.S. head- quartersconcerning the nominal role of the second group of FAB interpreters who have fi nished training, the number of qualifi ed interpreters, and relevant statistics onextant interpreters). NHA (1944) No.763– 338– 18, Zhongxuntuan yiyuan xunlian yi, san, si qi fenpei fanyiguan wen ѝ䇝ഒ䈁ઈ䇝㓳айഋᵏ࠶䝽㘫䈁ᇈ᮷ (On the appoint- ment of interpreters trained in the interpreter training program, sessions 1, 3, 4, at the Central Training Organization), June. NHA (1944) No. 763– 34, Yiyuan jiangcheng 䈁ઈ྆᜙ (Rewards/Punishments for Interpreters). NHA (1945) No. 763– 430, Sanshisi nian shangbannian suoxu fanyiguan zhi renshu йॱഋᒤкॺᒤᡰ䴰㘫䈁ᇈѻӪᮠ (the number of interpreters needed for the fi rst half of 1945). NHA (1945) No. 763– 27, Zhengdiao ge jiguan xuexiao gongjiao renyuan xuesheng ᮉӪઈǃᆖ⭏ݵԫ䈁ઈޜᆖṑޣchongren yiyuan luqu mingdan ᖱ䈳਴ᵪ ᖅਆ਽অ (A list of government employees, university staff , and students recruited as interpreters). NHA (1945) No. 763– 420– 12, Interpreting offi cer performance rating sheet . Beijing Municipal Archive (BMA) BMA (1938) No. J181– 026– 2995(395– 26– 1) Riben xianbingdui guanyu tihui Ҿᨀഎᵾ֣㤡ㅹޣ䱏ޥLi Jiaying deng maochong ri fanyi de cheng ᰕᵜᇚ -߂ݵᰕ㘫䈁Ⲵ੸ (Report from the Japanese military police squad concern ing the case of Li Jiaying and others pretending to be its interpreters), June. BMA (1939) No. J065– 003– 106– 7 Beijing defang fayuan xingzheng juanzong: ton- gyi renyuan rengmian ेӜൠᯩ⌅䲒㹼᭯ধᇇ䙊䈁Ӫઈԫݽ (Administrative fi les of the Beijing Municipal Court: interpreter appointments and resignations), June. 180 List of References BMA (1940) No. J065– 003– 128– 6 Beijing difang fayuan xingzheng juanzong: ton- gyi jiuzhi deng ेӜൠᯩ⌅䲒㹼᭯ধᇇ䙊䈁ቡ㙼ㅹ (Administrative fi les of the Beijing Municipal Court: interpreter recruitment). BMA (1940) No. J065– 003– 128– 44 Beijing difang fayuan xingzheng juanzong: tongyi jiuzhi deng ेӜൠᯩ⌅䲒㹼᭯ধᇇ䙊䈁ቡ㙼ㅹ (Administrative fi les of the Beijing Municipal Court: interpreter recruitment). BMA (1941) No. J183 – 02– 30008 Jingchaju guanyu diaocha yiban laogong changkuang ji ge gongchang de zizhi ji bao’anke xuan tongyiyuan deng xunling ᆹ、䘹䙊䈁ઈㅹ䇝Ԕ؍Ҿ䈳ḕа㡜ࣣᐕলⸯ৺਴ᐕলⲴ㠚⋫৺ޣ䆖ሏተ (Instructions from the Police Bureau concerning the investigation into the situation of ordinary laborers and organizations in factories, as well as recruit- ment of interpreters by all security offi ces), April. BMA (1941) No. J065– 003– 00142 Beijing difang fayuan xingzheng juanzong: tongyi jiuzhi renshi ेӜൠᯩ⌅䲒㹼᭯ধᇇ䙊䈁ቡ㙼Ӫһ (Administrative fi les of the Beijing Municipal Court: interpreter recruitment), March. BMA (1941) No. J181– 026– 4652 (1– 11– 22– 10) Beiping shi tewuke guanyu Wu Zixiu deng ren maochong xianbingdui fanyi qiyi zhacai de cheng ेᒣᐲ⢩࣑ 䱏㘫䈁䎧᜿䇸䍒Ⲵ੸ (Report by theޥҾ੤ᆀ⿰ㅹӪ߂ݵᇚޣ、 Beiping [Beijing] City Intelligence Offi ce regarding the case of Wu Zixiu and others’ blackmail for money in the guise of being an interpreter for the Japanese military police), May. BMA (1942) No. J181– 026–5200Chengjie huotong zhacai fan Zhao Songyan deng er ming yi’an qing ੸䀓Չ਼䇸䍒⣟䎥ᶮዙㅹҼ਽аṸ䈧 (Report on two criminals who blackmailed a local resident), August. BMA (1942) No. J181– 026– 5200 (581– 310– 4) Beiping zhenjidui guanyu Zhao 㔹䱏זSongyan deng er ren maochong pinggu xian fanyi zhacai de cheng ेᒣ Ҿ䎥ᶮዙㅹҼӪ߂ݵᒣ䉧৯㘫䈁䇸䍒Ⲵ੸ (Report from Beijingޣ detectives concerning the case of Zhao Songyan and another Chinese person who blackmailed others while pretending to be interpreters from Pinggu County), August. BMA (1943) No. J181–002–16238 Cheng jie zhenhuo lüci maochong xianbingdui fanyi xiang geshang suoqu caiwu feifan Bai Zhaoxiang yiming qing yu xunhan 䱏㘫䈁ੁ਴୶㍒ਆ䍒⢙ग़⣟ⲭݶ⾕аޥ㧧ኑ⅑߂ݵᇚזyi’an you ੸䀓 ਽䈧Ҹ䇟࠭аṸ⭡(Report on the case of Bao Zhaoxiang who, pretending to be an interpreter for the Japanese military police, made several requests for money and property from a few shop owners), September.
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