EMPIRICAL ESSAYS on SEASONALITY in TOURISM Judith Turrión Prats
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EMPIRICAL ESSAYS ON SEASONALITY IN TOURISM Judith Turrión Prats ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). 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UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI EMPIRICAL ESSAYS ON SEASONALITY IN TOURISM Judith Turrión Prats EMPIRICAL ESSAYS ON SEASONALITY IN TOURISM PhD dissertation by Judith Turrión-Prats 2018 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI EMPIRICAL ESSAYS ON SEASONALITY IN TOURISM Judith Turrión Prats Faculty of Business and Economics Department of Economics EMPIRICAL ESSAYS ON SEASONALITY IN TOURISM PhD dissertation by JUDITH TURRIÓN-PRATS Supervised by Juan Antonio Duro Reus, January 2018 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI EMPIRICAL ESSAYS ON SEASONALITY IN TOURISM Judith Turrión Prats I STATE that the present study, entitled “Empirical essays on seasonality in tourism”, presented by Judith Turrión Prats for the award of the degree of Doctor, has been carried out under my supervision at the Department of Economics of this university. Reus, 11th January 2018 Doctoral Thesis Supervisor Dr. Juan Antonio Duro UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI EMPIRICAL ESSAYS ON SEASONALITY IN TOURISM Judith Turrión Prats CONTENTS Contents iii Acknowledgment vi Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 8 1.1 Why is it important to analyse seasonality in tourism?……………………..……… 8 1.2 Research questions and thesis structure………………………...…………..…...… 10 References…...……………….………………………………….…...…...................... 17 Chapter 2 A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 19 2.1 Introduction…………….……...…………………………………….………....…. 20 2.2 Definition……………….……...………………………….……..……………..…. 20 2.3 Measurement……………….……...………………………….……..……….….... 22 2.4 Causes……………….……...………………………………………..……….….... 28 2.5 Impacts and policy implications.……………….……………...……..………...….. 33 References…...……………….………………………………….…...…...................... 37 Chapter 3 DETERMINANTS OF TERRITORIAL SEASONALITY 44 3.1 Introduction..……...………..…...…………………………………………….…... 45 3.2 A case study for Spanish tourist municipalities……………………………............. 46 3.3 Empirical model……………..………………………………………………..…... 52 3.3.1 Methodological aspects……………………..…..……………….....……….. 52 3.3.2 Main empirical results…….……..………………………………..………… 56 3.4 Concluding remarks……………………………………………………………….. 60 Annex…………..…………………………………………………….…...……........... 62 References....………………………………………………………………….....……. 67 iii UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI EMPIRICAL ESSAYS ON SEASONALITY IN TOURISM Judith Turrión Prats Chapter 4 THE RELEVANCE OF ECONOMIC FACTORS 70 4.1 Introduction…...……………………………………………………………..……. 71 4.2 A case study for Spain…………………………………………………….….......... 73 4.2.1 Methodology…………………...…………..…...………………...………… 84 4.2.2 Main results…………………………….…….……..……...………...……... 84 4.2.2.1 Decomposition…..………………………….…….…….…...……….... 84 4.2.2.2 Searching for the empirical results…..…..….…….…….……….…...... 87 4.2.3 Concluding remarks and implications………………...….…….……..……... 89 4.3 A case study for Catalonia………………………………………...……….......…... 92 4.3.1 Tourism and seasonality in Catalonia……..………………………..……….. 95 4.3.2 Measurement……….…….……..…………………………………....……. 100 4.3.3 Main results……………….……..……………………………..………….. 104 4.3.4 Concluding remarks……....……..………………………………..…..……. 109 References....………………………………………………………………….……... 112 Chapter 5 DIFFERENCES IN BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS BETWEEN MARKETS 116 5.1 An approach for Spain………..….……………….……………………………… 117 5.2 Research method and data sources…..……………………………………...……. 119 5.3 Results……………………………………..……….………………...…..…….... 125 5.3.1 Tourism seasonality in Spain…………………………………..………. 125 5.3.2 Main Estimates…………….………………………………….……….. 129 5.3.3 Additional Estimates………….………………………………………... 137 5.4 Concluding remarks……………..……………………..……………...…..…..…. 138 References....………………………………………………………………….....…... 141 Chapter 6 TOURISM SEASONALITY WORLDWIDE 144 6.1 Introduction…………………………………...…..………………………........... 145 6.2 Methods and data………….....………………………………..…………..…..…. 146 6.3 Main results……………………….....………………….…………..…..........….. 150 6.3.1 Descriptive results………………………..…..……………….…………… 150 iv UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI EMPIRICAL ESSAYS ON SEASONALITY IN TOURISM Judith Turrión Prats 6.3.2 Modelling global empirical determinants………………………………… 158 6.4 Conclusions……..……………………………………………………...……..…. 162 Annex……………………………………………………………………………..…. 165 References....……………………………………………………………..….....……. 166 Chapter 7 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 169 7.1 Empirical findings and their implications………………………………....……... 169 7.2 Future research…………………………………………….………………..…… 172 References…………………..………………………………………………...…..…. 173 v UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI EMPIRICAL ESSAYS ON SEASONALITY IN TOURISM Judith Turrión Prats ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Juan Antonio Duro for his contagious enthusiasm, guidance, and teaching work. This thesis would not have been possible without your valuable comments and suggestions. A thousand thanks! I also want to thank Jordi Sardà and Bernd Theilen in a very special way, for giving me the opportunity to discover the world of university teaching and later, the research world that has allowed me to discover so many of the positive aspects of this profession. I would like to express my gratitude to all the administrative staff and members of the Economics Department at Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) and of the Faculty of Tourism and Geography, with whom I have shared classes, offices and other teaching- and research-related activities, for their support, comments, and recommendations. A special mention to the members of the Group of PhD students in Economics, with whom I had many conversations, and who freely shared their knowledge, experience, and good advice. I am grateful for all the valuable comments and suggestions received in the following conferences and workshops: International Conference on Regional Science, Innovation and geographical spillovers: New approaches and evidence (Spain); the 5th Workshop in Industrial and Public Economics (Spain); and the 6th International Conference of International Association for Tourism Economics (Italy). This thesis has been financed through the pre-doctoral fellowship awarded by the Universitat Rovira i Virgili, as well as through research aids. Therefore, I would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the Universitat Rovira i Virgili, the Economics department at URV, the Centro de Investigación en Economía Industrial y Economía Pública (CREIP), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under the Project No. ECO2013–45380–P and ECO 2016-79072-P, and the Research Promotion Programme of the URV. vi UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI EMPIRICAL ESSAYS ON SEASONALITY IN TOURISM Judith Turrión Prats And last, but not least, I am very thankful to all my family and friends who were by my side to support me and make this dream come true. I dedicate this thesis both to my father Ramón Turrión (wherever you are, may you feel proud), and to my mother Dolors Prats for their unconditional love and support, and to