Copyright © 2004 The Age of the Universe: A Torah True Perspective by Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan Introduction and footnotes by Reuven Meir Caplan Introduction The following is a lecture that was given at the Midwinter Conference of the Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists on February 18, 1979. It was originally titled Kabbalah and the Age of the Universe. Due to the recent “fad” Kabbalah sects, I have changed the title. I did this so as to not invoke a negative reaction to what I believe to be the best description of a Torah true cosmology, one that is in-line with modern scientific discovery as well as extrapolated theory. Since this lecture was given over as a speech, and not intended for publication, it was not edited with a reader in mind. Therefore this transcription composed at the lecture may have structural errors. However, I chose not to alter the original text (except for minor corrections, such as spelling), in the interest of authenticity. This talk has been re-written into a smaller, less detailed, but more readable form in the book titled Immortality, Resurrection and the Age of the Universe published by Ktav Publishing House. In the book, certain topics that are mentioned in this lecture were taken out (such as extraterrestrial life), and certain scholarly details were omitted. I am producing this copy because I feel that it is important to read the lecture in its (most possible) original form in order to gain clarification on this important topic. I have added a few footnotes, in order to keep the talk up-to-date with science (as much as I know), as well as adding a small amount of my own personal observations. You can and probably should ignore these, as I am in no place to be an authority on such matters. I would like to greatly thank Rabbi Yosef Gavriel Bechhofer for letting me borrow his photocopy of the talk. 1 THE AGE OF THE UNIVERSE By Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan February 18, 1979 I would like to begin by stating that the main thrust of my discussion will not involve Kabbalah. My main reason in bringing Kabbalah into the question at all is that there are very few books that discuss hashkafah (Jewish thought). Among the sum total of books that discuss hashkafah, a large percent would be considered sifrey Kabbalah. One must realize that most Kabbalistic texts not only discuss mysticism, but also discuss many other areas of hashkafah that are very important to all of us. Therefore, I am not speaking of Kabbalah per se. Rather more correctly, I am speaking of the age of the universe as discussed in Kabbalistic literature. I will begin with a kasha, a question that has been around for almost a century. It involves the age of the universe, and it is a classical kasha. For all practical purposes, the Torah seems to teach that the Universe is no more than 6000 years old. There are many people who would say that anyone who believes that the universe is more than 6000 years old is an apikores. I’ve heard this from many people. On the other side of the kasha, there is almost overwhelming evidence1 that the universe is more than 6000 years old…maybe even millions of times more than 6000 years old. This is the kasha. 1 This includes both terrestrial evidence (such as radioactive carbon dating, fossil records, ice core samples, and geological layering), as well as astronomical evidence (such as the Cosmic Microwave Background, red-shifting of galaxies, and parallax distance calculations of nearby galaxies.) 2 There are many approaches to resolving this kasha. A number of them are cited in the book Challenge, recently published by the AOJS. And there are many other approaches. But the question is not just how to resolve this question, but how to resolve it in a satisfactory manner. Before we can begin to even try to resolve the kasha, we must begin with a few introductions. The first introduction is probably the most important. In any discussion of hashkafah, one must know what the sources say. It may be very nice to build up ideas logically on the basis of limited knowledge: many people are guilty of this. But if one really wants to develop a hashkafah, one must know what all the Torah sources say about it. Otherwise, one can very easily end up with haskafos that are totally wrong. A case in point: About eight years ago, I recall, there was a question about extraterrestrial life. I remember my children coming home from yeshiva and telling me that they had been taught that anyone who believes in life on other planets is an apikores. I also heard this from a number of other people. This disturbed me very much. It disturbed me for the very simple reason that it placed Saadia Goan, Chasdai Crescas (author of Ohr HaShem), Rabbi Yehudah Barceloni (who is quoted in Tosafos), and the author of the Matteh Dan (better known as Kuzari Sheni) in the category of apikorsim. I did not consider that very proper. In one of my early articles in Intercom, I wrote about extraterrestrial life. Instead of holding forth with s’varos (original ideas), I quoted what the sources say. I wrote what Saadia Goan (quoted by Rabbi Yehudah Barceloni), the Kuzari Sheni, and Rabbi Chasdai Crescas (at the end of Ohr HaShem) say about it. I also quoted Sefer HaBris, who brings strong evidence regarding extraterrestrial life from the Gemara itself: 3 The Gemara in Megillah 18a quotes the verse in Devorah’s Song, “Cursed is Meroz, cursed are its inhabitants.” The Gemara then cites an opinion that Meroz is a star. The Sefer HaBris says that if Meroz is a star; the verse explicitly speaks of “its inhabitants.” In any case, after the article was published, I made sure that most principals and yeshivas got their hand on it. People were then much more circumspect in using the term apikores when discussing life on other planets. So the first principle is that, in any question of hashkafah, one must go back to sources. If a person wants to develop a hashkafah, this is the way it must be. A person must be careful to make sure that the great gedolim of the past did not say the opposite. The second introduction is a principle (klal) that the Rambam makes in his Perush HaMishnayos. When one has a question of historical fact or hashkafah – there is no p’sak. In a question of halachah, after there is a discussion of different opinions, we must come to one conclusion. Anyone not abiding by that conclusion is going against halachah – ke-neged halachah. However, in the case of hashkafah, or historical questions, this is not true. The Rambam makes this point in his Perush HaMishnayos on Shavuos, at the end of Makkos, and in a few other places in Shas. Of course, there are allusions to it. The Gemara in Menachos and other places speaks of hilchasa le-meshicha – “a law pertaining to Moshiach.” The Gemara says that we do not posken halachos for Moshiach. A paradigm of this is the concept of “These and these are the words of the Living G-d.” It is speaking of a case where there is a dispute – and the Gemara says that both 4 are correct. The Gemara uses this expression in two places. The Gemara uses this expression at the beginning of Gitten, where it is speaking of the Pilegesh killed in Givah. You are probably familiar with the story, how this pilegesh (concubine) was killed by the tribe of Benjamin, and how they were put into cherem, so that no one was allowed to intermarry with this tribe. Finally the cherem was lifted, and this was one of the reasons that Chamisha Asar B’Av was made a yom tov. The Gemara asks why this concubine’s husband put her away. What did he have against her? One opinion is that he found a fly, and the other opinion is that he found a hair. Rav Avyasar asked Eliahu what HaKadosh Baruch Hu was dealing with, and Eliahu answered the Pilegesh in Givah, and that He agreed with both opinions. When Rav Avyasar asked, “How can there be a question in Heaven,” Eliahu replied, “Both are the words of the Living G-d.” He just said these words and no more. The better known case of this is found in the Gemara in Eruvin, which discusses the dispute between Bais Hillel and Bais Shammai. This machlokes went on for two years, where Bais Hillel said the halachah is like us and Bais Shammai said the halachah is like us. Finally a Bas Kol came forth and said, “These and these are the words of the Living G-d – and the halachah is like Bais Hillel.” In the case of the Pilegesh in Givah, there is no p’sak. But in the case of Bais Hillel and Bais Shammai the Gemara says that there is a halachah. In my opinion, this is one of the sources of the Rambam’s principle. In any case, the Rambam says clearly that in questions of hashkafah or history, there is no p’sak. In other words, if an opinion is found in Chazal or in our accepted Torah seforim, one cannot say that we do not posken like that opinion. Thus, the Rambam often takes a 5 daas yachid (the opinion of just one person) and builds an entire hashkafah on it.