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Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II Wydział Filozofii Instytut Filozofii Teoretycznej Tomasz Barszcz nr albumu: 94322 RALPHA MCINERNY'EGO INTERPRETACJA ŚW. TOMASZA Z AKWINU KONCEPCJI ANALOGII Praca magisterska napisana na seminarium z metafizyki i antropologii filozoficznej pod kierunkiem ks. prof. dra hab. Andrzeja Maryniarczyka Lublin 2010 Spis treści Wprowadzenie...................................................................................................................3 Rozdział I: Arystotelesa i Kajetana teoria analogii......................................................7 1.1. Arystotelesa ujęcie analogii........................................................................................9 1.2. Kajetana ujęcie analogii............................................................................................12 1.2.1. Rodzaje nazw analogicznych.................................................................................12 1.2.2. Źródło Kajetanowego schematu............................................................................24 1.3. Zestawienie...............................................................................................................28 Rozdział II: Św. Tomasza z Akwinu rozumienie nazwy analogicznej........................30 2.1. Charakter teorii analogii...........................................................................................31 2.2. Znaczenie nazwy.......................................................................................................35 2.3. Orzekanie analogiczne..............................................................................................40 2.4. Metafora a analogia..................................................................................................44 2.5. Zestawienie...............................................................................................................46 Rozdział III: Charakterystyka znaczenia terminu „analogia”...................................48 3.1. Analogiczność nazwy „analogia”.............................................................................49 3.2. Poznanie przez analogię...........................................................................................51 3.3. Analogia bytowania..................................................................................................54 3.4. Zestawienie...............................................................................................................57 Zakończenie.....................................................................................................................59 Bibliografia......................................................................................................................62 2 WPROWADZENIE Analogia zajmuje centralne miejsce w filozofii klasycznej. Wykorzystywana w poznaniu osób i rzeczy jest nie tylko środkiem zapobiegającym redukcji lub absolutyzacji jakiegoś fragmentu rzeczywistości, lecz gwarantuje jej realistyczne ujęcie. Specyfika poznania analogicznego polega bowiem na tym, że dostrzega się dzięki niemu to, co jest wspólne oraz jednoczące dla poszczególnych, wielorako złożonych i odmiennych bytów, przy zachowaniu w świadomości ich różnorodności i niepowtarzalności1. Jako taka analogia poznania zakłada analogię bytowania. Świat, składając się z nieprzebranej ilości osób i rzeczy, jest bowiem nie tylko agregatem różności, ale stanowi uporządkowaną jedność – poszczególne indywidua pozostają względem siebie w różnorakich i de facto nieprzeliczalnych odniesieniach. Co więcej, byty same są złożone i stanowią „coś więcej”, aniżeli sumę części. Analogia na terenie filozofii nie ogranicza się jednak do dziedziny bytu i poznania. Nie jest jedynie sposobem istnienia rzeczy i osób lub metodą uzyskiwania o nich informacji, lecz stanowi także pewien tryb orzekania nazw. Przedmiotem pracy niniejszej jest analogia tak właśnie rozumiana, a ściślej Tomaszowy pogląd na nazwę analogiczną, jaki zrekonstruował Ralph McInerny2. Nie oznacza to, że autor ten zawęża 1 A. Maryniarczyk, O przyczynach, partycypacji i analogii. Zeszyty z metafizyki, Nr 6, Lublin 2005, s. 72. 2 Ralph McInerny (1929 – 2010) wykształcenie średnie uzyskał w Nazareth Hall Preparatory Seminary w mieście St. Paul. Następnie, po przerwie w latach 1946-1946, spowodowanej służbą w amerykańskiej piechocie morskiej, uzyskał w 1951 r. w St. Paul Seminary stopień licencjata (BA). Edukację filozoficzną uzupełnił, uzyskując stopnień magistra nauk humanistycznych (MA) na Uniwersytecie Stanowym Minnesota (University of Minnesota) w 1952 r., a także – w 1954 r. stopień doktora filozofii na Uniwersytecie Laval (Université Laval) w Quebecku. Po ukończeniu studiów pracował krótko na Uniwersytecie Creighton (Creighton University), zasilając w 1955 r. kadrę Wydziału Filozofii Uniwersytetu Notre Dame (University of Notre Dame). Z uczelnią tą związał resztę życia naukowego. W 1957 r. został docentem, w 1963 r. – profesorem nadzwyczajnym i w 1969 r. – profesorem zwyczajnym. W latach 1959-1960 przebywał w Belgii jako członek Fulbright Research. W latach 1978-1985 kierował Instytutem Studiów Średniowiecznych (Medieval Institute), będąc jednocześnie od 1979 r. kierownikiem Centrum Jacquesa Maritaina (Jacques Maritain Center). Był także członkiem Narodowej Fundacji Humanistyki (National Endowment for the Humanities), jak 3 analogię do dziedziny logiki, czy też twierdzi, że Akwinata neguje analogię bytowania i poznania. Z prezentowanej przezeń interpretacji niżej wskazanych tekstów Arystotelesa, a także konkluzji dotyczących św. Tomasza doktryny nazwy analogicznej można wysnuć wniosek przeciwny. Niemniej, R. McInerny w pracach dotyczących analogii zajmuje się sposobem orzekania nazw, a analogicznemu bytowaniu i poznaniu przez analogię poświęca jedynie tyle uwagi, ile jest potrzebne do unaocznienia, że są to zagadnienia zupełnie inne, aniżeli tryb orzekania. Jest to stanowisko dość osobliwe. Otóż, autorzy pozostający w kręgu filozofii tomistycznej, a do takich R. McInerny3 należy, jeżeli już badają analogię, to – poruszając się w dziedzinie metafizyki ogólnej lub metafizyki poznania – wyjaśniają jej aplikacje w innych porządkach, i z tej perspektywy analizują nazwę analogiczną4. W również Narodowej Fundacji Umiejęności (National Endowment for the Arts) oraz wykładał gościnnie (visiting professor) na licznych uczelniach, m.in. Katolickim Uniwersytecie Ameryki (Catholic University of America) czy Uniwersytecie Cornell (Cornell University) w Nowym Jorku. Otrzymał sześć doktoratów honoris causa (St. Benedict College w 1978 r., University of Steubenville w 1984 r., St. Francis College, Joliet, Illinois w 1986 r., St. John Fisher College w 1994 r., St. Anselm College w 1995 r., Our Lady of Holy Cross College, New Orleans w 2002 r.). W 2001 r. wybrany został do Komitetu Sztuk i Nauk Humanistycznych (Committee on the Arts and Humanities) przy Prezydencie Stanów Zjednoczonych. Był również członkiem Akademii Pontyfikalnej św. Tomasza z Akwinu (Pontifical Academy of St. Thomas Aquinas). R. McInerny był także ceniony i nagradzany w dziedzinie literatury (otrzymał w 1993 r. Bouchercon Lifetime Achievement Award), tj. jako autor [m.in.] zekranizowanej serii powieści kryminalnych „Detektyw w Sutannie” (Father Dowling). Był także współtwórcą magazynu Crisis: Culture, Politics and the Church, w którym regularnie publikował, oraz magazynu Catholic Dossier: Issues in the Round, w którym pełnił funkcję redaktora naczelnego. Ralph McInerny aż do śmierci w dniu 29 stycznia 2010 r. mieszkał w South Bend w Stanie Indiana, aktywnie działając na polu naukowym i artystycznym. Był żonaty, (małżonka Connie zmarła w 2002 r.), miał szóstkę dzieci. Na dorobek R. McInerny'ego – oprócz setek artykułów i około pięćdziesięciu powieści – składają się przede wszystkim następujące monografie: The Logic of Analogy: An Interpretation of St. Thomas (1961), A History of Western Philosophy, t. 1, From the Beginnings of Philosophy to Plotinus (1963), Thomism in an Age of Renewal (1966), Studies in Analogy (1968), A History of Western Philosophy, t. 2, Philosophy from Augustine to Ockham (1970), Rhyme and Reason: St. Thomas and Modes of Discourse (1981), St. Thomas Aquinas (1982), Ethica Thomistica: The Moral Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas (1982), Being and Predication: Thomistic Interpretations (1986), Miracles: A Catholic View (1986), Art and Prudence: Studies in the Thought of Jacques Maritain (1988), Boethius and Aquinas (1990), Aquinas on Human Action: A Theory of Practice (1992), The Question of Christian Ethics (1993), Aquinas AgainSt. the Averroists: On There Being Only One Intellect (1993), Aquinas and Analogy (1996), Thomas Aquinas (1998), Characters in Search of Their Author: The Gifford Lectures, Glasgow, 1999-2000 (2001), Very Rich Hours of Jacques Maritain: A Spiritual Life (2003) i Aquinas (2003) (B. Hancock, Biography of Ralph McInerny, www.giffordlectures.org/Author.asp?AuthorID=243). Na temat życiorysu R. McIenrny'ego zob. także np.: R. Mordarski, Filozofować w kontekście wiary, [w:] R. McInerny, Zagadnienia etyki chrześcijańskiej, tłum. R. Mordarski, Kęty 2004, s. 3-4. 3 R. McInerny, Why I am a Thomist, [w:] A Students Guide to Philosophy, Wilmington – Delaware 2008, s. 51-53. 4 Jako przykładowy wyjątek wskazać można niektórych przedstawicieli tzw. Koła Krakowskiego, tj., J. Salamuchę i J. M. Bocheńskiego (zob. np.: J. Salamucha, Wykłady z logiki [w:] J. Salamucha, Wiedza i Wiara. Wybrane pisma filozoficzne, red. J.J. Jadacki i in., Lublin 1997, s. 481-483; J. M. Bocheński,
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