Predicting the Hardness of Turf Surfaces from a Soil Moisture Sensor Using Iot Technologies
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Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin Other Department of Engineering 2019-9 Predicting the Hardness of Turf Surfaces from a Soil Moisture Sensor Using IoT Technologies Ann Marie McKeon Technological University Dublin, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/itbengoth Part of the Computer and Systems Architecture Commons, Databases and Information Systems Commons, Data Storage Systems Commons, Other Engineering Commons, and the Software Engineering Commons Recommended Citation McKeon, A.M. (2019) 'Predicting the Hardness of Turf Surfaces from a Soil Moisture Sensor Using IoT Technologies'. This Theses, Masters is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Engineering at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Other by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License Predicting the Hardness of Turf Surfaces from a Soil Moisture Sensor Using IoT Technologies By Ann Marie McKeon PgD. Sci., BSc. Eng. A thesis submitted to Technological University Dublin, for the degree of Master of Engineering in Internet of Things Technologies. Supervised by Mr. David Powell Department of Engineering TU Dublin – Blanchardstown Campus September 2019 Abstract In horseracing, “the going” is a term to describe the racetrack ground conditions. In Ireland presently, a groundskeeper or course clerk walks the racecourse poking it with a blackthorn stick, assesses conditions, and declares the going – it is a subjective measurement. This thesis will propose using remote low-cost soil moisture sensors to gather high frequency data about the soil water content in the ground and to enable informed decisions to be made. This will remove the subjective element from the ground hardness, and look at the data in an objective way. The soil moisture sensor will systematically collect high frequency data from the ground and store the data in a remote database using Internet of Things (IoT) technologies such as Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), InfluxDB and Node-RED. The database will hold soil moisture readings, their timestamp and GPS location. From this data and data from an industry-standard Clegg hammer, the soil sensor will be automatically calibrated for the soil that it is sitting in regardless of the soil make-up, the sensor model, and the drainage of the soil. The going of the soil will also be deduced. The primary soil saturation data is fused with secondary open source weather data. Weather forecast information is gathered spanning out 3 hours, 24 hours and 5 days, and estimates can be made regarding how the ground will behave. These estimates are automatically update every 3 hours. The data will also allow decisions to be made for irrigation planning. Finally, the data will be visually displayed in real-time enabling a clear view of the soil moisture, current ground hardness, the going, rainfall and their forecasts. The system will propose how conditions will change if irrigation is applied. i Declaration I certify that this thesis which I now submit for the examination for the award of Masters of Engineering in Internet of Things Technologies, is entirely my own work and has not been taken from the work of others, save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. This thesis was prepared according to the regulations for the graduate study by research of Technological University Dublin and has not been submitted in whole or in part for another award in any other third level institution. The work reported on in this thesis conforms to the principles and requirements of TU Dublin’s guidelines for ethics in research. TU Dublin has permission to keep, lend or copy this thesis in whole or in part, on condition that any such use of the material of this thesis be duly acknowledged. Signature________________________________________________________ Date____________________________________________________________ ii Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my supervisor David Powell, for his guidance, patience, enthusiasm and encouragement throughout this project. I would also like to thank all the lecturers on the MIOT course, my colleagues and friends in TU Dublin. I wish to thank all the people over the last year that have very kindly shared their time and knowledge - Eddie Scally from Gowran Park, racecourse clerk Paddy Graffin, trainer Thomas Gibney, Peter Roe & Noel Fanning of Fairyhouse, Peter Killeen & Donal Curtis of Navan racecourse, Diarmuid Parker & Martin Murphy in HRI, JP Ennis of Sportsworks, Padhraic Greene & Derry Enright in the GAA CoE in Abbotstown, Eoghan Manley of Leixlip GAA and my brother, Sean McKeon. I was bowled over by their generosity of time. I would like to thank my family and friends for their ongoing support and encouragement. In particular, to my husband Chris and my children Anna and Joe for their continuous support throughout the years of study. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you. iii List of Symbols, Acronyms & Abbreviations oC Degrees Celcius, temperature unit ACL Anterior Cruciate Ligament ADC Analog to Digital Converter API Application Programming Interface BHA British Horseracing Authority Cb centibar, unit of pressure CIST Clegg Impact Soil Test CIV Clegg Impact Value CoE Centre of Excellence COSMO-CLM Consortium for Small-scale Modelling and the Climate Limited- area Modelling Community CSV Comma Separated Values DNS Domain Name System EPA Environmental Protection Agency ET Evapotranspiration ETa Evapotranspiration (actual) ETc Evapotranspiration (crop) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations iv FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association or in English, International Federation of Association Football GAA Gaelic Athletic Association GPS Global Positioning System hPa hectopascal, an SI unit of pressure and stress equal to 102 pascals HRI Horse Racing Ireland HTML HyperText Markup Language HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol ICHEC Irish Centre for High-End Computing IDE Integrated Development Environment IoT Internet of Things IRFU Irish Rugby Football Union JSON JavaScript Object Notation kN kiloNewtons or Newton x 103, unit of force. LIS Land Information System LPWAN Low Powered Wide Area Network MAC Media Access Control MAD Management Allowable Depletion MCU Microcontroller Unit v MÉRA Met Éireann Re-Analysis MQTT Message Queuing Telemetry Transport mm Millimetres mm2 Millimetres squared – area mmd-1 Millimetres per day ms-1 Millimetres per second npm Node Package Manager r2 Correlation coefficient SMD Soil Moisture Deficit SQL Structured Query Language SSH Secure Shell STRI Sports Turf Research Institute TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol USB Universal Serial Bus UTC Coordinated Universal Time URL Uniform Resource Locator V Volts VWC Volumetric Water Content vi Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... i Declaration .................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... iii List of Symbols, Acronyms & Abbreviations .............................................................. iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ vii Table of Figures ......................................................................................................... xiv Table of Tables ........................................................................................................ xviii Table of Equations ..................................................................................................... xix 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Why are Turf Conditions Important in Sports? .................................................. 1 1.1.1 The Physical Impact .............................................................................. 1 1.1.2 The Social Impact ................................................................................. 3 1.1.3 The Financial Impact ............................................................................ 5 1.2 Scope of Project .................................................................................................. 7 1.2.1 Time ...................................................................................................... 7 1.2.2 Weather ................................................................................................. 8 1.2.3 Soil Type & Soil Moisture Sensor ........................................................ 8 1.3 The Current Situation .......................................................................................... 9 1.4 The Technology Gap......................................................................................... 11 1.5 Research Questions ........................................................................................... 12 1.5.1 Research Objectives ...........................................................................