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Pdf | 198.78 Kb ECOWAS and Conflict Prevention in West Africa: SEP Confronting the Triple Threats By 09 Dr. Kwesi Aning & Dr. A. Sarjoh Bah CENTER ON INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION New York University Center on International Cooperation The Center on International Cooperation (CIC) at New York University works to enhance international responses to humanitarian crises and global security threats through applied research and direct engagement with multilateral institutions and the wider policy community. It has an international reputation for agenda-setting work on post-conflict peacebuilding, global peace operations, and UN reform. Founded in 1996, CIC contributes to increasingly urgent de- bates about the future of multilateral institutions. CIC’s research and policy-development programs help policymakers develop strategies for managing emerging and recurrent threats and to identify opportunities for institutional reform. Staff members have been directly involved in a series of high profile initiatives to improve the performance of the multilateral system - including the IAEA’s Special Event on the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, and the reform process leading to the 2005 UN World Summit. Its research contributed to one of the major innova- tions agreed at the Summit: the creation of a UN Peacebuilding Commission. We also provide direct research and policy support to UN mis- sions and other actors in the field. Our Afghanistan Reconstruc- tion Program advised the government and the UN mission on the drafting and negotiation of the Afghanistan Compact; the Post-Conflict Peacebuilding program supports Timor Leste’s reconstruction strategy. This paper is product of CIC’s Conflict Prevention Program, which investigates new sources of risk and policy tools required to prevent or mitigate conflict and state fragility. The program is funded by the UK Global Conflict Pool, the Ford Foundation, the Government of Denmark and the Carnegie Corporation. In Pursuit of Sustainable Peace: The Seven Deadly Sins of Mediation Table of ECOWAS and Conflict Prevention in West Africa: Confronting the Triple Contents Threats By Dr. Kwesi Aning & Dr. A. Sarjoh Bah Table of Contents Introduction 01 1.2 Governance 02 1.2.1 The ECOWAS Response 02 1.2.2 Governance under Pressure 04 1.3.1 Security Sector Reform: a Governance Challenge in West Africa 06 1.4 Drugs 08 1.4.1 Scale of the Problem and Regional response 08 1.4.2 Non-ECOWAS-Led Initiatives 11 1.5 Small Arms and Light Weapons 11 1.5.1 From Moratorium to a Convention: a sub-region’s response to the threat of SALW 11 1.6 Explaining the Resilience of SALW & Drugs to Control Measures 13 1.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 14 Recommendations on the Triple Threats 15 Governance 15 Security Sector Reform 15 Drugs 15 Small Arms & Light Weapons 15 Center on International Cooperation 1.1. Introduction threat with wider global consequences. The activities of groups such as al-Qaeda in the Maghreb pose serious West Africa’s relative stability following a period of violent and security threats to countries in the Sahel and beyond. protracted conflicts in the 1990s is under increasing attack Organized crime is also running rampant in the region. from a range of existing and emerging threats. The emergence Outsiders find it hard to distinguish between criminal or in some cases re-emergence of certain trends, namely groups that are engaged in smuggling contraband items armed sub-state groups, small arms flows and the narcotics including hard drugs, groups with terrorist links and those trade could erode the stability that the region currently enjoys. with a political agenda. Establishing the differences between Despite progress in consolidating democracy over the past two these groups is one of the hardest challenges confronting decades, a series of recent military coups has raised questions national, regional and international actors in their efforts to about the state of the democratic structures that are currently combat the multiple threats to stability in West Africa. in place. More generally, much of the region is still waiting for a ‘democratic dividend’: despite the return to civilian rule and These developments, coming against the backdrop of the holding of periodic elections, the social and economic well current global economic and financial crisis has placed being of the vast majority of people in the sub-region remain tremendous pressure on national governments as they struggle dire. The near simultaneous assassination’s of President Joao to cope with the dire effects of the crises and responding to Bernado Vieira of Guinea Bissau and the country’s Chief of Staff, these threats. The challenges are compounded by the shifting General Tagme Na Waie in 2008 was a glaring reminder of West priorities of donor countries, some of whom have been forced Africa’s troubled past. Although a military takeover in Guinea to scale back their assistance due to the impact of the financial (Conakry) was foreseen if and when the oft expected death meltdown on their national budgets. of its long-term leader happened, the occurrence of a coup d’etat in December 2008, against the inept and incompetent It is against this backdrop that this paper addresses three regime following the death of President Lansana Conté, was critical transnational challenges, referred to as the “triple nonetheless an unsettling development. threats” confronting West Africa: governance, drug trafficking and small arms and light weapons (SALW). The combined There is no doubt that the re-emergence of coup d’etats is a effect of these threats could undermine the security and manifestation of the weaknesses of the democratic systems stability of the entire sub-region. The paper argues that that have been established; highlighting the need to ensure understanding the broad dynamics and impacts of poor that democracy transcends the holding of periodic elections. governance, the proliferation of SALW and drug trafficking is At the heart of the problem is the growing abuse of power by critical to maintaining regional stability as a whole. civilian authorities. For instance, the issue of term limits has proved to be contentious as several civilians Heads of State While the failure of governance in some countries constitutes have attempted to change their national constitutions to a threat to national and sub-regional stability, the proliferation prolong their stay in power often in defiance of public opinion. of illicit SALW continues to increase the propensity for societal Recent attempts by Niger’s President, Mamadu Tandja to insecurity. However it is the growing use of the sub-region as change the country’s constitution to allow him a third term is a a transit point by Latin American drug cartels that poses the glaring manifestation of this troubling pattern.1 most serious threat to national and regional security. Meanwhile, the emergence of al-Qaeda affiliated groups, Meanwhile, the effectiveness and neutrality of national security primarily in the Sahel constitutes a new form of transnational services, specifically the police, military and gendarmeries 01 ECOWAS and Conflict Prevention in West Africa: Confronting the Triple Threats 1 Wrong, Michela. 2006. ‘The big men have tightened their grip’, Newstatemen, 10 July; See also ‘Tandja and the big man syndrome’, at http:www.myjoyonline.com accessed 10 August 2009. Particularly poignant in this sense is U.S. President, Barak Obama’s statement to the Ghanaian legislature, that “… History is on the side of these brave Africans, not with those who use coups or change constitutions to stay in power. Africa does not need strong- men, it needs strong institutions.” See President Barack Obama in Ghana. Remarks by President Obama to the Ghanaian Parliament, 11 July 2009 remains a substantial challenge, especially in countries where understand the root causes that precipitated the collapse of they are highly politicized. Their neutrality as defenders of the several ECOWAS member states forced ECOWAS to: (a) take constitutional order, for example during contested elections stock of the nature of political instability and insecurity in cannot be guaranteed. While these issues are played out at West Africa, and (b) respond to the rising societal demands for the national level, they are for the most part transnational as democratization − recognizing that individual security, good evidenced by the lack of effective law enforcement in Ghana, governance and accountability is linked to the security and Nigeria, Togo, Coté d’Ivoire among others and therefore stability of the whole sub-region. require a sub-regional response. As a result, what was previously characterized as the Consequently, the paper focuses on policy responses by paradoxical but tangential developments of the community the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) intervention scheme not only impacted the development in confronting the triple threats and concludes by offering of a structured security framework, but also started a ‘re- specific recommendations on how these responses can be democratization’ process, spearheaded at first by ECOWAS enhanced. Since 1990, ECOWAS has continued to gain as a critical component of peace-building in the sub-region. in stature and to shift from an ECOWAS of states to an Eventually, the momentum was taken-over and driven ECOWAS of people; basically placing at the centre of its forward by domestic actors. These multiple processes were activities and policy initiatives the well-being and welfare eventually incorporated into the Declaration of ECOWAS of West African citizens. More importantly, ECOWAS is also Political Principles signed in Abuja in July 1991,3 which engaging with earlier thorny issues that were placed on the reflects a consolidation of the political ideals that had been backburner due to political sensitivities like unconstitutional germinating in the sub-region for some time. This document changes of government, security sector reform and broader sought to acknowledge the renewed preoccupation with and governance issues. reassertion of the fundamental rights and freedom of the individual.
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