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Investigative and Interpretative Journalism: an Insight Into Critical and Review Writing INVESTIGATIVE AND INTERPRETATIVE JOURNALISM: AN INSIGHT INTO CRITICAL AND REVIEW WRITING i INVESTIGATIVE AND INTERPRETATIVE JOURNALISM: AN INSIGHT INTO CRITICAL AND REVIEW WRITING INVESTIGATIVE AND INTERPRETATIVE JOURNALISM: AN INSIGHT INTO CRITICAL AND REVIEW WRITING ii INVESTIGATIVE AND INTERPRETATIVE JOURNALISM: AN INSIGHT INTO CRITICAL AND REVIEW WRITING INVESTIGATIVE AND INTERPRETATIVE JOURNALISM: AN INSIGHT INTO CRITICAL AND REVIEW WRITING DANIEL OFOMEGBE, EKHAREAFO (Ph.D) FERDINARD ELOKE, OKORO & WILFRED ORITSESAN, OLLEY (Ph.D) iii INVESTIGATIVE AND INTERPRETATIVE JOURNALISM: AN INSIGHT INTO CRITICAL AND REVIEW WRITING INVESTIGATIVE AND INTERPRETATIVE JOURNALISM: AN INSIGHT INTO CRITICAL AND REVIEW WRITING © Daniel Ofomegbe Ekhareafo, Okoro Ferdinand & Wilfred Oritsesan Olley, 2016 ISBN 928-3223-07-2 Typeset and Printed in Nigeria by Trust Publications Published in Nigeria by TRUST PUBLICATIONS Lagos, Nigeria. iv INVESTIGATIVE AND INTERPRETATIVE JOURNALISM: AN INSIGHT INTO CRITICAL AND REVIEW WRITING DEDICATION This book is dedicated to God who has been there for us all through our struggles and those who have supported our academic pursuits. v INVESTIGATIVE AND INTERPRETATIVE JOURNALISM: AN INSIGHT INTO CRITICAL AND REVIEW WRITING ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The task of putting this book together did not come by chance; it is a product of learning on the job and interaction with senior colleagues, friends and students. We would like to acknowledge our teachers who instilled the urge for excellence in us. We salute our journalism teachers in the persons of Mr Elo Ekeli who edited and wrote the foreword, Dr Emmanuel Ufuophu-Biri, Madam Julie Ogbeni and Madam Edith Ohaja-Okujeni. Special mention is made of Dr Ray Udeajah and Dr Boniface Anyanwu who have encouraged us in no small measure in this journey. We appreciate Prof. Marcel Okhakhu a stickler to excellence for encouraging us to pursue our academic goals and providing platforms for us to excel. Prof John Sambe is highly appreciated for his mentorship. Mention must be made of Dr Godwin Oboh for his work ethics and encouragement in our careers. Dr Peter Esuh, Grace Nwagbara and Prof Nkereuwem Udoakah remain sources of inspiration to us in knowledge and humility. May the Lord bless you all for standing by us. Our depth of gratitude goes to Mrs Hope Okumor who typeset the manuscript and ensured that it comes out. May the good Lord remember you for good. Most importantly, we appreciate our wives who provided the enabling environment for the work to be realized. To this end, we thank Mrs Maureen Ekhareafo, Mrs Patience Eloke-Okoro Ferdinand. and Joy Olley. Not forgetting our colleagues who have always stand by us, Dr. Richard Okujeni, Dr. Ambrose Uchenunu, Mr Samson Omosotomhe and Mudiaga Praise Akpughe. Finally, we appreciate Messrs Francis Igata and F.U. Nwanze who granted us permission to use their previous works on interpretative journalism. May God bless you all. vi INVESTIGATIVE AND INTERPRETATIVE JOURNALISM: AN INSIGHT INTO CRITICAL AND REVIEW WRITING FOREWORD The most interesting thing about this new entry into the corps of indigenous books on investigative and interpretative journalism is that, it is a great work done by three young enterprising academics in the area of mass communication and media studies in this country. Coming at the time when there is a growing need for investigative and interpretative journalism, this book, investigative and interpretative journalism: An Insight into Critical and Review Writing is poised to open up new areas in the genre of reportorial journalism especially in this era where the new and social media are trying to redefine the scope, culture, and ethics of responsible journalism in Nigeria. It is therefore in anticipation of the remodelling of the ideas and practice of investigative and interpretative journalism and its objectives in a country where reportorial duties, anchored on personality and events reporting had hitherto held sway, that I intend to put a voice behind this book which have been cautiously and expertly written by Dr. Daniel Ekhareafo, Ferdinand Okoro, and Dr Wilfred Olley. In this fifteen-chapter book, the authors discuss the professional and down- to-earth essential principles, elements and processes of investigative and interpretative journalism from its minutes step to its greatest detail. In chapter one, the book discusses the concept, basic principles, elements, kinds and tips for effective journalistic writing affording the neophyte in journalism to have a clear idea of the profession. Chapter two sheds light on what investigative journalism is. In detail, the chapter also explains the functions, the traits of an investigative reporter and the features of investigative journalism. While chapter three articulates on how to handle vii INVESTIGATIVE AND INTERPRETATIVE JOURNALISM: AN INSIGHT INTO CRITICAL AND REVIEW WRITING investigative stories, chapter four in plain, vivid and valid examples, deals with the sources of investigative stories. Writing investigative stories or reports is the concern of chapter five. In handling this chapter, the book goes into detail to discuss the types of leads which are appropriate for the reporter to present his or her report. The authors in order to make this chapter easily understandable provide relevant examples from Nigerian newspapers. Followings closely, chapter six and seven deals with the challenges of investigative journalism and how the freedom of information act could assist in addressing the challenges. In these chapters also, the book takes time to examine these challenges in the Nigerian context. Chapter eight and nine also in treating interpretative writing, deal with the concept of news interpretation, its relevance, functions and how it is done. Also treated in these chapters are the criticisms of interpretative writing and reporting, the strategies for gathering information for interpretative reports. Chapter ten revolves around the legal aspects of investigative and interpretative journalism. The chapters is a careful and masterly summation of Nigerian Media Law in its simplistic form, and conjure an interesting lecture on media law with living examples from epics of important mass media law cases in the history of the nation. The ethics of investigative and interpretative journalism occupies the pages of chapter eleven. Diligently and professionally presented, the chapter goes down the memory lane to explore the need for ethics and professionalism in investigative and interpretative reporting pointing out the essential works. Apart from the general talks viii INVESTIGATIVE AND INTERPRETATIVE JOURNALISM: AN INSIGHT INTO CRITICAL AND REVIEW WRITING on ethics, the chapter also incisively discusses the ethical tenets or standards of journalism, and the ethical issues in investigative and interpretative reporting. Chapter twelve deals with critical writing. In the chapter, the book discusses communication skills for critical writing. With painstaking precision, the book pontificates on how a critical writer should go about his or her writing without boring his or her reader. Chapter thirteen dwells on the column, the columnist and the style of delivery. Starting with what the column and columnist are, the chapter discusses the relevance, the forms and the guidelines for writing columns in newspapers and magazines. With vivid and real examples, chapter fourteen of the book deals with communication criticism. Drawing from experience from great philosophers and works like the Iliad and the Odyssey, the book paints an understandable and clear picture, about analysis, interpretation, judgement and criticism. With far reaching examples, the chapter ends with the tips for writing interpretative and critical articles. In the last chapter, the book dwells on the issue of review writing. Beginning with the essence of review writing, the book sets the scene by explaining what a review is and proceeds in detail to list the functions of a review writer, the qualities of a review writer and the difference between review and critical writing. With convincing and appropriate examples, the authors go on to cement the piece with the guidelines for review writing. This book is my humble estimation as a teacher of journalism and as a reporter of a long-standing experience in the profession, can be said to have the objective of putting more and extra light into the field of investigative and ix INVESTIGATIVE AND INTERPRETATIVE JOURNALISM: AN INSIGHT INTO CRITICAL AND REVIEW WRITING interpretative journalism in Nigeria which is its first point of call. To willing working journalists interested in investigative and interpretative reporting the work forms a working handbook. To the students of mass communication in the universities and the polytechnics the book plays the role of companion. The book also will remind teachers of mass communication in the tertiary institutions in this country to form the habit of drawing their examples from experiences in the country, so that their students will be at home in whatever they teach them. As parting words, the Investigative and Interpretative Journalism: an insight into critical and review writing is a book which will open up new vista in the area of news reporting and search journalism in Nigeria. Mr. Elo .E. Ekeli Former General Manager Observer and Pointer Newspapers and Currently Senior Lecturer, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City x INVESTIGATIVE AND INTERPRETATIVE JOURNALISM: AN INSIGHT INTO CRITICAL AND REVIEW WRITING PREFACE This
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