DOCSLIB.ORG

Inside Macintosh-, Volume V

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Inside Macintosh-, Volume V Inside Macintosh-, Volume V ........ Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Reading, Massach usetts Menlo Park, California Don Mills, Ontario Wokingham, England Amsterda m Sydney Sin gapore Tokyo Madrid Bogota Santiago San Ju an IPR2017-01467 UNIFIED 1023 • APPLE COMPUTER, INC. Copyright © 1988 by Apple Computer, Inc. .Allrights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, ?':lOtocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Apple Computer, Inc. Printed in the United States of America. Apple, the Apple logo, AppleTalk, ImageWriter, LaserWriter, MacDraw, and MacPaint are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. .-\ppleColor, Apple Desktop Bus, Apple IIGS, A/UX, Finder, Macintosh, MultiFinder, and Switcher are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. ColorSet and ImageSet are Trademarks of lmageSet Corpororation. Helvetica and Times are registered trademarks of Linotype Co. Microsoft is a registered trademark ofMicrosoft Corporation. Modern Artist is a trademark of Computer Friends, Inc. ~uBus is a trademark ofTexas Instruments. POSTSCRIPT is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T Information Systems. Simultaneously published in the United States and Canada. ISBN 0-201-17719-6 CDEFGIDJ-MU-898 ThirdPrinting, May1988 The SCSI Manager sbSig (word) always $4552 sbBlockSize (word) block size of dev ice sbBlkCount (l ong word) number of blocks on device sbDevType (word) used internally sbDevID (word) used internal ly sbData (long word) used internall y sbDrvrCount (word) number of dr iver descr iptors ddBlock (long word) f irst block of driver f irst dr iver ddSize (word) dr iver size in bl ocks descr iptor ddType (word) system type (1 for Maci ntosh) Figure 1. Driver Descriptor Map SBSig contains the signature; it 's used to verify that the block is valid (that is, the disk has been formatted) and should always be $4552. SBDrvrCount specifies the number of drivers that may be used for this disk; more than one driver may be needed when multiple operating systems or processors are supported. There must be a driver descriptor for each driver on the device (as well as a partition map entry , as explained below). DDBlock is the address of the first physical block of the driver code. DDSize contains the size of the driver in blocks. DDType identifies the operating system or processor supported by the driver. The Macintosh Operating System has the value 1; values 0 through 15 are reserved for use by Apple. To specify a particular operating system for use at system startup, you'll need to call the Start Manager routine SetOSDefault using the same value in ddType (see the Start Manager chapter in this volume). Partition Map For the purposes of this discu ssion , a partition is simply a series of blocks that have been alloca ted to a particular operating system, file system, or device driver. (Another way to look at it is that a single physical disk is divided into a number of logical disks.) The partition map organizes, or maps, this allocation of the physical blocks of a disk. It is strongly recommended that all operating systems that run on the Macintosh II use and support the partition map presented here. This will ensure the peaceful coexistence and Disk Partitioning V-577 Inside Macintosh operation of different operating systems on a single disk, and will enable the transfer of files between partitions. To support the variety of disk types and sizes that can be attached to the Macintosh II, you should either allow for a variable number of partitions (to be determined at disk initialization), or allocate a large number (greater than 1(0) offixed partition slots. With the exception of physical block zero, every block on a disk must be accounted for as belonging to a partition. The partition map contains a number of physical blocks (as mentioned above, the old device partition map, located at physical block 1, has become logical block 0 of the partition map). For each partition on a disk, the partition map has one block that describes the partition. The partition map is itself a partition and contains a partition map entry describing itself. Figure 2 gives an example of a partitioned disk. dri ver descriptor map partition map entry (driver) partition map entry (A/UX) partition map entry (partition map) part it ion map part it ion < > part it ion map entry (Mac OS) A/UX part it ion Mac OS partition < other part itions > driver partit ion < Figure 2. An Example of Disk Partitioning V-578 Disk Partitioning.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Quicktime Components
    INSIDE MACINTOSH QuickTime Components Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Reading, Massachusetts Menlo Park, California New York Don Mills, Ontario Wokingham, England Amsterdam Bonn Sydney Singapore Tokyo Madrid San Juan Paris Seoul Milan Mexico City Taipei Apple Computer, Inc. LIMITED WARRANTY ON MEDIA AND © 1993, Apple Computer, Inc. REPLACEMENT All rights reserved. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES ON THIS No part of this publication may be MANUAL, INCLUDING IMPLIED reproduced, stored in a retrieval WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY system, or transmitted, in any form or AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR by any means, mechanical, electronic, PURPOSE, ARE LIMITED IN DURATION photocopying, recording, or otherwise, TO NINETY (90) DAYS FROM THE DATE without prior written permission of OF THE ORIGINAL RETAIL PURCHASE Apple Computer, Inc. Printed in the OF THIS PRODUCT. United States of America. Even though Apple has reviewed this No licenses, express or implied, are manual, APPLE MAKES NO WARRANTY granted with respect to any of the OR REPRESENTATION, EITHER EXPRESS technology described in this book. OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THIS Apple retains all intellectual property MANUAL, ITS QUALITY, ACCURACY, rights associated with the technology MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR A described in this book. This book is PARTICULAR PURPOSE. AS A RESULT, intended to assist application THIS MANUAL IS SOLD “AS IS,” AND developers to develop applications only YOU, THE PURCHASER, ARE ASSUMING for Apple Macintosh computers. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO ITS QUALITY Apple Computer, Inc. AND ACCURACY. 20525 Mariani Avenue IN NO EVENT WILL APPLE BE LIABLE Cupertino, CA 95014 FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, 408-996-1010 INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL Apple, the Apple logo, APDA, DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY AppleLink, LaserWriter, Macintosh, DEFECT OR INACCURACY IN THIS MPW, and MultiFinder are trademarks MANUAL, even if advised of the possibility of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in of such damages.
    [Show full text]
  • Develop-21 9503 March 1995.Pdf
    develop E D I T O R I A L S T A F F T H I N G S T O K N O W C O N T A C T I N G U S Editor-in-Cheek Caroline Rose develop, The Apple Technical Feedback. Send editorial suggestions Managing Editor Toni Moccia Journal, a quarterly publication of or comments to Caroline Rose at Technical Buckstopper Dave Johnson Apple Computer’s Developer Press AppleLink CROSE, Internet group, is published in March, June, [email protected], or fax Bookmark CD Leader Alex Dosher September, and December. develop (408)974-6395. Send technical Able Assistants Meredith Best, Liz Hujsak articles and code have been reviewed questions about develop to Dave Our Boss Greg Joswiak for robustness by Apple engineers. Johnson at AppleLink JOHNSON.DK, His Boss Dennis Matthews Internet [email protected], CompuServe This issue’s CD. Subscription issues Review Board Pete “Luke” Alexander, Dave 75300,715, or fax (408)974-6395. Or of develop are accompanied by the Radcliffe, Jim Reekes, Bryan K. “Beaker” write to Caroline or Dave at Apple develop Bookmark CD. The Bookmark Ressler, Larry Rosenstein, Andy Shebanow, Computer, Inc., One Infinite Loop, CD contains a subset of the materials Gregg Williams M/S 303-4DP, Cupertino, CA 95014. on the monthly Developer CD Series, Contributing Editors Lorraine Anderson, which is available from APDA. Article submissions. Ask for our Steve Chernicoff, Toni Haskell, Judy Included on the CD are this issue and Author’s Guidelines and a submission Helfand, Cheryl Potter all back issues of develop along with the form at AppleLink DEVELOP, Indexer Marc Savage code that the articles describe.
    [Show full text]
  • SEPTEMBER 1987 • Contents Tl Volume 3, Number 11 NEWS
    l ' '!\) .. ~ - . t SEPTEMBER 1987 VoLUME 3, NuMBER 11 • CoNTENTS • NEWS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS • NEW APPLE PRODUCTS News AND ANNOUNCEMENTS On August 11, Apple announced several new products for the Macin­ New Apple Products tosh product line. The table below lists the products and their expected HyperCard, MultiFinder ...................... 93 release dates. Summaries of the announcements follow the table. lmageWriter LQ, EtherTalk ................ 96 Apple Share PC .................................. 96 Product Date Available Apple File Exchange Software ........... 96 AppleFax Modem ............................... 97 HyperCard August 1987 IBM Announcements: MultiFinder September 1987 PS/2 Models 25, 80 ............................ 97 AppleFax Modem Third Quarter 1987 PS/2 Model 50 ................................... 98 ImageWriter LQ Fourth Quarter 1987 New Printers EtherTalk Fourth Quarter 1987 Toshiba P-321-SL .............................. 98 AppleS hare PC First Quarter 1988 Hewlett -Packard PaintJet.. ................ 98 Apple File Exchange First Quarter 1988 Special Orders; Special Terms ................ 99 Sony Color Monitor .................................. 99 '-HyperCard MacWrite 4.6 Upgrade ............................. 99 In spite of what you might guess about HyperCard from its name, it is I Minnesota in Apple's Challenge 2000 ...... 99 not a hardware product designed to make your Mac run faster. Hyper­ Users Group: IBM ................................... 99 Card is software you can use to customize storage and retrieval of infor­ mation (both text and graphics); to use it your machine must have at MA MicRo AsK least 1 Mbyte of RAM. In September, HyperCard will be bundled free MS Wordllmagewriter II Label Tips .......... 94 with every new Mac and sold separately for $34. SHoRT CouRses HyperCard treats information as something that is stored on an index I Fall Quarter 1987 ................................... 100 card. Each card can contain up to 32K of information.
    [Show full text]
  • Mac OS X: an Introduction for Support Providers
    Mac OS X: An Introduction for Support Providers Course Information Purpose of Course Mac OS X is the next-generation Macintosh operating system, utilizing a highly robust UNIX core with a brand new simplified user experience. It is the first successful attempt to provide a fully-functional graphical user experience in such an implementation without requiring the user to know or understand UNIX. This course is designed to provide a theoretical foundation for support providers seeking to provide user support for Mac OS X. It assumes the student has performed this role for Mac OS 9, and seeks to ground the student in Mac OS X using Mac OS 9 terms and concepts. Author: Robert Dorsett, manager, AppleCare Product Training & Readiness. Module Length: 2 hours Audience: Phone support, Apple Solutions Experts, Service Providers. Prerequisites: Experience supporting Mac OS 9 Course map: Operating Systems 101 Mac OS 9 and Cooperative Multitasking Mac OS X: Pre-emptive Multitasking and Protected Memory. Mac OS X: Symmetric Multiprocessing Components of Mac OS X The Layered Approach Darwin Core Services Graphics Services Application Environments Aqua Useful Mac OS X Jargon Bundles Frameworks Umbrella Frameworks Mac OS X Installation Initialization Options Installation Options Version 1.0 Copyright © 2001 by Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1 Startup Keys Mac OS X Setup Assistant Mac OS 9 and Classic Standard Directory Names Quick Answers: Where do my __________ go? More Directory Names A Word on Paths Security UNIX and security Multiple user implementation Root Old Stuff in New Terms INITs in Mac OS X Fonts FKEYs Printing from Mac OS X Disk First Aid and Drive Setup Startup Items Mac OS 9 Control Panels and Functionality mapped to Mac OS X New Stuff to Check Out Review Questions Review Answers Further Reading Change history: 3/19/01: Removed comment about UFS volumes not being selectable by Startup Disk.
    [Show full text]
  • Mac OS for Quicktime Programmers
    Mac OS For QuickTime Programmers Apple Computer, Inc. Technical Publications April, 1998 Apple Computer, Inc. Apple, the Apple logo, Mac, LIMITED WARRANTY ON MEDIA © 1998 Apple Computer, Inc. Macintosh, QuickDraw, and AND REPLACEMENT All rights reserved. QuickTime are trademarks of Apple ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES ON THIS No part of this publication or the Computer, Inc., registered in the MANUAL, INCLUDING IMPLIED software described in it may be United States and other countries. WARRANTIES OF reproduced, stored in a retrieval The QuickTime logo is a trademark MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS system, or transmitted, in any form of Apple Computer, Inc. FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE or by any means, mechanical, Adobe, Acrobat, Photoshop, and LIMITED IN DURATION TO NINETY electronic, photocopying, recording, PostScript are trademarks of Adobe (90) DAYS FROM THE DATE OF or otherwise, without prior written Systems Incorporated or its DISTRIBUTION OF THIS PRODUCT. permission of Apple Computer, Inc., subsidiaries and may be registered in Even though Apple has reviewed this except in the normal use of the certain jurisdictions. manual, APPLE MAKES NO software or to make a backup copy Helvetica and Palatino are registered WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION, of the software or documentation. trademarks of Linotype-Hell AG EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH The same proprietary and copyright and/or its subsidiaries. RESPECT TO THIS MANUAL, ITS notices must be affixed to any ITC Zapf Dingbats is a registered QUALITY, ACCURACY, permitted copies as were affixed to trademark of International Typeface MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS the original. This exception does not Corporation. FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. AS A allow copies to be made for others, RESULT, THIS MANUAL IS Simultaneously published in the whether or not sold, but all of the DISTRIBUTED “AS IS,” AND YOU United States and Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Compileit! •••.••....•.••.••••.•.•..•...••.•.....•.• 119
    Compilelt! The XCMD Development System The XCMD Development System User Manual For Technical Support Call 510-943-7667 Monday-Friday, 9 am - 5 pm Pacific time Helzer Software Compilelt! User Manual ©1990-94 Heizer Software. All Rights Reserved. Rev. 5/95 Copyright Notice You are permitted, even encouraged, to make one backup copy of the enclosed programs. Beyond that is piracy and illegal. The software (computer programs) you purchased are copyrighted by the author with all rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, the programs may not be copied, in whole or part, without the written consent of the copyright holder, except in the normal use of the software or to make a backup copy. This exception does not allow copies to be made for others, whether or not sold, but the material purchased (together with all backup copies) may be sold, given, or loaned to another party. Under the law, copying includes translating into another language or format. You may use the software on any computer owned by you, but extra copies cannot be made for this purpose. If you have several computers requiring the use of this software, we are prepared to discuss a multi-use or site license with you. Compilelt! ©1989-1994 Tom Pittman. All Rights Reserved. Debuglt! ©1991-1994 Tom Pittman. All Rights Reserved. Compilelt! User Manual ©1990-94 Heizer Software. All Rights Reserved. No part of this document and the software product that it documents may be photocopied, reproduced, or translated to another language without the express, written consent of the copyright holders. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.
    [Show full text]
  • Mac OS 8 Revealed
    •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Mac OS 8 Revealed Tony Francis Addison-Wesley Developers Press Reading, Massachusetts • Menlo Park, California • New York Don Mills, Ontario • Harlow, England • Amsterdam Bonn • Sydney • Singapore • Tokyo • Madrid • San Juan Seoul • Milan • Mexico City • Taipei Apple, AppleScript, AppleTalk, Color LaserWriter, ColorSync, FireWire, LocalTalk, Macintosh, Mac, MacTCP, OpenDoc, Performa, PowerBook, PowerTalk, QuickTime, TrueType, and World- Script are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries. Apple Press, the Apple Press Signature, AOCE, Balloon Help, Cyberdog, Finder, Power Mac, and QuickDraw are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Adobe™, Acrobat™, and PostScript™ are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated or its sub- sidiaries and may be registered in certain jurisdictions. AIX® is a registered trademark of IBM Corp. and is being used under license. NuBus™ is a trademark of Texas Instruments. PowerPC™ is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation, used under license therefrom. SOM, SOMobjects, and System Object Model are licensed trademarks of IBM Corporation. UNIX® is a registered trademark of Novell, Inc. in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open Company, Ltd. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters or all capital letters. The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no express or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORY of APPLE[Tm] MACINTOSH[Tm] OPERATING SYSTEM
    HISTORY OF APPLE[tm] MACINTOSH[tm] OPERATING SYSTEM LisaDesk : released, on January 1983, for Apple Lisa computer. On January 1985, Lisa 2-10, outfitted with MacWorks, was renamed Macintoh XL. System 1 (1.0 and 1.1) : released respectively on January 1984 and May 1984, both versions were directly derived from LisaDesk offered less functionality, in favor of being more stable. Certain functions of LisaDesk were included in later versions of Mac[tm] OS, including Mac[tm] OS X. System 2 (1.2 to 2.1) : while integrating new functions, the principal objective of this system was to allow a better management to compensate for the absence of a hard disk on first models of Macintosh. System 3 (2.2 to 3.3) : this system accompanied, on 1986, the new Macintosh models. This system had more facility and was more powerful, it allowed the integration of new file format HFS, of new communications functionality, and laser printer support. System 4 & 5 (4.0 to 5.1) : these systems accompanied the first Macintosh models with colour monitors, and allowed transition between mono-task system and cooperative multi-task system with first generation of Multifinder which made possible to manage several applications simultaneously. System 6 (6.0 to 6.0.8) : improvements to the cooperative multi-task system with second generation of Multifinder. It was released in many specialized versions according to the model which was equipped to meet specific needs, particularly for graphic applications. System 7 (7.0 to 7.6.1) : complete integration of cooperative multi-task processing inside the system, this system gradually integrated increasingly significant functionality concerning multimedia applications and Internet.
    [Show full text]
  • Macintosh Hypercard 1.2 Software Overview
    Macintosh HyperCard 1.2 Software f:!l :: :·: Home Card Address Documents Calendar Clip Art Card Ideas Ideas Stack Ideas Quotations Button Overview HyperCard® softwarefor the on cards that appear on the language, HyperTalk'� built into Macintosh® familyof personal Macintosh screen. A group of HyperCard. HyperTalk lets you computers lets you organize in­ these cards is called a "stack." You write your own scripts to give formationmuch the way you can make notes, type, or draw on directions to buttons. Developers do in your mind-by association them just as you might on paper can extend HyperTalk to control and context. It lets you explore index cards. You can sort cards, external devices such as large amounts of information at browse among them, or quickly videodisc players, on-line infor­ exceptional speeds, or quickly findspecific inf ormation by point­ mation services, and CD-ROM zero in on exactly what you need. ing and clicking on "buttons." drives. HyperCard is also the ideal tool Buttons do specifictasks , such HyperCard is a powerfulnew formanaging and creating infor­ as connecting one card to another. medium forcreating and exchang­ mation using virtually any type of Buttons can also do many other ing information. It is an extension media, including video, animation, things, such as dialing a phone, of Macintosh technology that puts and sound. printing a report-evenlaunching new power into the hands of all HyperCard uses as a metaphor a other applications. You can sim­ Macintosh users. With this power, nearly universal method forstoring ply cut and paste the buttons that people without special training in information: the index card.
    [Show full text]
  • Son of Stupid Mac Tricks 1991.Pdf
    Son of Stupid Mac Tricks Son of Stupid Mac Tricks Bob LeVitus If Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Reading, Massachusetts 0 Menlo Park, California 0 New York 0 Don Mills, Ontario 0 Wokingham, England 0 Amsterdam 0 Bonn 0 SydneyO SingaporeOTokyoO Madrid 0 San Juan 0 Paris 0 Seoul 0 Milan 0 Mexico City 0 Taipei Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trade­ marks. Where those designations appear in this book and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters (i.e., Macintosh). Copyright © 1991 by Bob LeVitus All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada. Sponsoring Editor: Rachel Guichard Technical Reviewer: Raines Cohen Cover design by Ronn Campisi Text design by Joyce Weston Set in I I-point Bitstream Latin 725 by Bob LeVitus 123456789---MW---9594939291 First printing, July 1991 ISBN 0-201-56787-3 Addison-Wesley warrants the enclosed diskette to be free of defects in materials and faulty workmanship under normal use for a period of 90 days after purchase. If a defect is discovered in the diskette during this warranty period, a replacement diskette can be obtained at no charge by sending the defective diskette, postage prepaid, with proof of purchase, to: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • A Petition to Release Mac OS 8.1 and 8.5.1
    A Petition to Release Mac OS 8.1 and 8.5.1 To: Apple Computer, Inc. In the same spirit that prompted Apple to We are not asking Apple to give up their Crown release the complete Mac OS 7.5.3 operating Jewels, just to make the "obsolete" versions of system as a free download several years ago, them more accessible to the people who are we also believe that Apple should also make the interested in them. Making Mac OS 9.x available complete Mac OS 8.1 and 8.5.1 operating as a complete download does not make sense for systems available for free public download. Apple at this point since we are still in a transition period between 9.x and 10.x, and Apple is still Apple has had several fundamental "key using core technologies in Mac OS 9 in order to incarnations" of the Macintosh operating maintain classic compatibility with OS X. In short, system. For example, System 6 was the first to OS 9 is still an "active" and "alive" operating support the new breed of color Macintosh system. systems and introduced MultiFinder to the masses. System 7 brought the Macintosh into But the primary users of 8.1 and 8.5.1 would be the "prime time" without leaving the legacy people who CANNOT run Apple's latest and machines too far behind. And while Mac OS greatest operating systems on their legacy 7.5.3 was the last incarnation to support "32-bit platforms, yet would still like to maintain a certain dirty" machines (II, IIx, IIcx, and SE/30), MacOS amount of usefulness from those systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Sayonara Kanjitalk: an Introduction to Wopldscpipt and the Japanese Language Kit
    SAYONARA KANJITALK: AN INTRODUCTION TO WOPLDSCPIPT AND THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE KIT Yoshiko Saito, the University of Texas at Austin, and Thomas F. Abbott ABSTRACT With Apple's WorldScript technology the door is now open for Japanese language teachers to develop the wonderful learning materials that, up until now, have only been wishful thinking. Previously technical obstacles and the expense of producing high quality Japanese text were prohibitive. This article focuses on the developmental stages involved in arriving at reliable Japanese language capability for Macintosh and the potential benefits offered by WorldScript. Formidable obstacles had to be overcome, but now that Apple has introduced WorldScript technology, many of those difficulties have been resolved for Macintosh users. KEYWORDS WorldScript, KanjiTalk, Japanese Language Kit, Macintosh. INTRODUCTION The Japanese Language Kit (JLK) has made Japanese language capability easily accessible to Macintosh users around the world. Users of the JLK can now use Japanese from within their own native language operating system and no longer need multiple operating systems. Apple's WorldScript technology, introduced with System 7.1, is a major accomplishment in the direction of foreign language accessibility for the Macintosh community. It adds full multiple language capability to the arena of foreign language fonts. CALICO Journal, Volume 11 Number 4 67 Foreign language fonts have long been an important focus for the Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) community. In the case of languages using alphabets with a fixed number of characters, a specially designed font set and keyboard map had to be devised. For languages written from right to left (e.g., Arabic or Hebrew) the technical challenge was greater, and for symbolic languages (e.g., Chinese and Japanese each with as many as 50,000 characters) formidable obstacles had to be overcome.
    [Show full text]