Introduction to Processes and Tasks 1
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A Programmable Microkernel for Real-Time Systems∗
A Programmable Microkernel for Real-Time Systems∗ Christoph M. Kirsch Marco A.A. Sanvido Thomas A. Henzinger University of Salzburg VMWare Inc. EPFL and UC Berkeley [email protected] tah@epfl.ch ABSTRACT Categories and Subject Descriptors We present a new software system architecture for the im- D.4.7 [Operating Systems]: Organization and Design— plementation of hard real-time applications. The core of the Real-time systems and embedded systems system is a microkernel whose reactivity (interrupt handling as in synchronous reactive programs) and proactivity (task General Terms scheduling as in traditional RTOSs) are fully programma- Languages ble. The microkernel, which we implemented on a Strong- ARM processor, consists of two interacting domain-specific Keywords virtual machines, a reactive E (Embedded) machine and a proactive S (Scheduling) machine. The microkernel code (or Real Time, Operating System, Virtual Machine microcode) that runs on the microkernel is partitioned into E and S code. E code manages the interaction of the system 1. INTRODUCTION with the physical environment: the execution of E code is In [9], we advocated the E (Embedded) machine as a triggered by environment interrupts, which signal external portable target for compiling hard real-time code, and in- events such as the arrival of a message or sensor value, and it troduced, in [11], the S (Scheduling) machine as a universal releases application tasks to the S machine. S code manages target for generating schedules according to arbitrary and the interaction of the system with the processor: the exe- possibly non-trivial strategies such as nonpreemptive and cution of S code is triggered by hardware interrupts, which multiprocessor scheduling. -
Quicktime Components
INSIDE MACINTOSH QuickTime Components Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Reading, Massachusetts Menlo Park, California New York Don Mills, Ontario Wokingham, England Amsterdam Bonn Sydney Singapore Tokyo Madrid San Juan Paris Seoul Milan Mexico City Taipei Apple Computer, Inc. LIMITED WARRANTY ON MEDIA AND © 1993, Apple Computer, Inc. REPLACEMENT All rights reserved. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES ON THIS No part of this publication may be MANUAL, INCLUDING IMPLIED reproduced, stored in a retrieval WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY system, or transmitted, in any form or AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR by any means, mechanical, electronic, PURPOSE, ARE LIMITED IN DURATION photocopying, recording, or otherwise, TO NINETY (90) DAYS FROM THE DATE without prior written permission of OF THE ORIGINAL RETAIL PURCHASE Apple Computer, Inc. Printed in the OF THIS PRODUCT. United States of America. Even though Apple has reviewed this No licenses, express or implied, are manual, APPLE MAKES NO WARRANTY granted with respect to any of the OR REPRESENTATION, EITHER EXPRESS technology described in this book. OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THIS Apple retains all intellectual property MANUAL, ITS QUALITY, ACCURACY, rights associated with the technology MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR A described in this book. This book is PARTICULAR PURPOSE. AS A RESULT, intended to assist application THIS MANUAL IS SOLD “AS IS,” AND developers to develop applications only YOU, THE PURCHASER, ARE ASSUMING for Apple Macintosh computers. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO ITS QUALITY Apple Computer, Inc. AND ACCURACY. 20525 Mariani Avenue IN NO EVENT WILL APPLE BE LIABLE Cupertino, CA 95014 FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, 408-996-1010 INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL Apple, the Apple logo, APDA, DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY AppleLink, LaserWriter, Macintosh, DEFECT OR INACCURACY IN THIS MPW, and MultiFinder are trademarks MANUAL, even if advised of the possibility of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in of such damages. -
Interrupt Handling in Linux
Department Informatik Technical Reports / ISSN 2191-5008 Valentin Rothberg Interrupt Handling in Linux Technical Report CS-2015-07 November 2015 Please cite as: Valentin Rothberg, “Interrupt Handling in Linux,” Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat¨ Erlangen-Nurnberg,¨ Dept. of Computer Science, Technical Reports, CS-2015-07, November 2015. Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat¨ Erlangen-Nurnberg¨ Department Informatik Martensstr. 3 · 91058 Erlangen · Germany www.cs.fau.de Interrupt Handling in Linux Valentin Rothberg Distributed Systems and Operating Systems Dept. of Computer Science, University of Erlangen, Germany [email protected] November 8, 2015 An interrupt is an event that alters the sequence of instructions executed by a processor and requires immediate attention. When the processor receives an interrupt signal, it may temporarily switch control to an inter- rupt service routine (ISR) and the suspended process (i.e., the previously running program) will be resumed as soon as the interrupt is being served. The generic term interrupt is oftentimes used synonymously for two terms, interrupts and exceptions [2]. An exception is a synchronous event that occurs when the processor detects an error condition while executing an instruction. Such an error condition may be a devision by zero, a page fault, a protection violation, etc. An interrupt, on the other hand, is an asynchronous event that occurs at random times during execution of a pro- gram in response to a signal from hardware. A proper and timely handling of interrupts is critical to the performance, but also to the security of a computer system. In general, interrupts can be emitted by hardware as well as by software. Software interrupts (e.g., via the INT n instruction of the x86 instruction set architecture (ISA) [5]) are means to change the execution context of a program to a more privileged interrupt context in order to enter the kernel and, in contrast to hardware interrupts, occur synchronously to the currently running program. -
Apple Professional Development Catalog April 2013 Leadership | Foundations | Curriculum | Support | Higher Education
Apple Professional Development Catalog April 2013 Leadership | Foundations | Curriculum | Support | Higher Education Table of Contents Get the Most from Your Apple Products .............................3 Getting Started ...............................................................................4 Leadership ............................................................................6 Education Technology Profile ...................................................6 Education Strategic Planning ...................................................7 Foundations .........................................................................8 iOS Devices .......................................................................................8 iOS Creativity ...................................................................................9 iOS Productivity ...........................................................................10 iOS for Administrators ...............................................................11 OS X ..................................................................................................12 iLife.................................................................................................... 13 iWork ................................................................................................14 iBooks Author ...............................................................................15 iTunes U Course Manager ........................................................16 Workflow for Teaching and Learning ..................................17 -
Mac OS X Server Administrator's Guide
034-9285.S4AdminPDF 6/27/02 2:07 PM Page 1 Mac OS X Server Administrator’s Guide K Apple Computer, Inc. © 2002 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, this publication may not be copied, in whole or in part, without the written consent of Apple. The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Use of the “keyboard” Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes without the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair competition in violation of federal and state laws. Apple, the Apple logo, AppleScript, AppleShare, AppleTalk, ColorSync, FireWire, Keychain, Mac, Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, Sherlock, and WebObjects are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. AirPort, Extensions Manager, Finder, iMac, and Power Mac are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Adobe and PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Java and all Java-based trademarks and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Netscape Navigator is a trademark of Netscape Communications Corporation. RealAudio is a trademark of Progressive Networks, Inc. © 1995–2001 The Apache Group. All rights reserved. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open Company, Ltd. 062-9285/7-26-02 LL9285.Book Page 3 Tuesday, June 25, 2002 3:59 PM Contents Preface How to Use This Guide 39 What’s Included -
Vmware Fusion 12 Vmware Fusion Pro 12 Using Vmware Fusion
Using VMware Fusion 8 SEP 2020 VMware Fusion 12 VMware Fusion Pro 12 Using VMware Fusion You can find the most up-to-date technical documentation on the VMware website at: https://docs.vmware.com/ VMware, Inc. 3401 Hillview Ave. Palo Alto, CA 94304 www.vmware.com © Copyright 2020 VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright and trademark information. VMware, Inc. 2 Contents Using VMware Fusion 9 1 Getting Started with Fusion 10 About VMware Fusion 10 About VMware Fusion Pro 11 System Requirements for Fusion 11 Install Fusion 12 Start Fusion 13 How-To Videos 13 Take Advantage of Fusion Online Resources 13 2 Understanding Fusion 15 Virtual Machines and What Fusion Can Do 15 What Is a Virtual Machine? 15 Fusion Capabilities 16 Supported Guest Operating Systems 16 Virtual Hardware Specifications 16 Navigating and Taking Action by Using the Fusion Interface 21 VMware Fusion Toolbar 21 Use the Fusion Toolbar to Access the Virtual-Machine Path 21 Default File Location of a Virtual Machine 22 Change the File Location of a Virtual Machine 22 Perform Actions on Your Virtual Machines from the Virtual Machine Library Window 23 Using the Home Pane to Create a Virtual Machine or Obtain One from Another Source 24 Using the Fusion Applications Menus 25 Using Different Views in the Fusion Interface 29 Resize the Virtual Machine Display to Fit 35 Using Multiple Displays 35 3 Configuring Fusion 37 Setting Fusion Preferences 37 Set General Preferences 37 Select a Keyboard and Mouse Profile 38 Set Key Mappings on the Keyboard and Mouse Preferences Pane 39 Set Mouse Shortcuts on the Keyboard and Mouse Preference Pane 40 Enable or Disable Mac Host Shortcuts on the Keyboard and Mouse Preference Pane 40 Enable Fusion Shortcuts on the Keyboard and Mouse Preference Pane 41 Set Fusion Display Resolution Preferences 41 VMware, Inc. -
Develop-21 9503 March 1995.Pdf
develop E D I T O R I A L S T A F F T H I N G S T O K N O W C O N T A C T I N G U S Editor-in-Cheek Caroline Rose develop, The Apple Technical Feedback. Send editorial suggestions Managing Editor Toni Moccia Journal, a quarterly publication of or comments to Caroline Rose at Technical Buckstopper Dave Johnson Apple Computer’s Developer Press AppleLink CROSE, Internet group, is published in March, June, [email protected], or fax Bookmark CD Leader Alex Dosher September, and December. develop (408)974-6395. Send technical Able Assistants Meredith Best, Liz Hujsak articles and code have been reviewed questions about develop to Dave Our Boss Greg Joswiak for robustness by Apple engineers. Johnson at AppleLink JOHNSON.DK, His Boss Dennis Matthews Internet [email protected], CompuServe This issue’s CD. Subscription issues Review Board Pete “Luke” Alexander, Dave 75300,715, or fax (408)974-6395. Or of develop are accompanied by the Radcliffe, Jim Reekes, Bryan K. “Beaker” write to Caroline or Dave at Apple develop Bookmark CD. The Bookmark Ressler, Larry Rosenstein, Andy Shebanow, Computer, Inc., One Infinite Loop, CD contains a subset of the materials Gregg Williams M/S 303-4DP, Cupertino, CA 95014. on the monthly Developer CD Series, Contributing Editors Lorraine Anderson, which is available from APDA. Article submissions. Ask for our Steve Chernicoff, Toni Haskell, Judy Included on the CD are this issue and Author’s Guidelines and a submission Helfand, Cheryl Potter all back issues of develop along with the form at AppleLink DEVELOP, Indexer Marc Savage code that the articles describe. -
Onetouch 4 Lite USB Mac User Guide
Contents Getting Started . .1 Using the Formatting Tool . .1 Preparing the Software Manually . .4 Installing the Software . .9 Managing Your Drives . .15 Customizing the OneTouch Button . .15 Running Diagnostics . .18 Updating Your Software . .19 Backing Up & Restoring Folders . .22 Creating Backup Plans . .22 Using Simple Backup . .22 Creating a Custom Backup Plan . .26 Managing Backup Plans . .33 Editing Backup Settings . .33 Deleting Backup Plans . .36 Backing Up Manually . .37 Restoring Files . .39 OneTouch II and III Users . .42 Managing Security . .42 Using DrivePass . .42 Enabling DrivePass . 42 Unlocking Your OneTouch Drive . 45 Removing DrivePass . 50 Changing Your DrivePass Password . 52 If You Forget Your Password... .55 Synchronizing Folders . .60 Using Pre-configured Sync . .61 Using Custom Sync . .61 Completing the Sync . .64 Maxtor OneTouch IV i Removing Folders from Sync . .65 Checking Sync Status . .65 Synchronizing Manually . .66 Using the Maxtor Synchronization Window . .66 Using Automatic Overwrite . 68 Using RAID . .68 Frequently Asked Questions . .76 Index . i 072407 Maxtor OneTouch IV ii Getting Started The Maxtor OneTouch 4 drive offers these features: • Backup & Restore to protect your data • A customized OneTouch button to quickly open a frequently-used program If you are a OneTouch II or III user, you also have access to features available on that drive: • Sync to synchronize one or more folders between two or more computers • Security settings to password-protect your drive The Maxtor OneTouch software is loaded on your OneTouch drive. Because the software is configured for a Windows operating system, the software must be prepared for installation on your Macintosh. Using the Formatting Tool The Mac OneTouch 4 Formatting tool automatically prepares the Maxtor Manager software for installation on your Macintosh, To use the Mac OneTouch 4 Formatting Tool, Step 1: Connect your OneTouch 4 drive to your computer. -
What Is an Operating System III 2.1 Compnents II an Operating System
Page 1 of 6 What is an Operating System III 2.1 Compnents II An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is an essential component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function. Memory management Among other things, a multiprogramming operating system kernel must be responsible for managing all system memory which is currently in use by programs. This ensures that a program does not interfere with memory already in use by another program. Since programs time share, each program must have independent access to memory. Cooperative memory management, used by many early operating systems, assumes that all programs make voluntary use of the kernel's memory manager, and do not exceed their allocated memory. This system of memory management is almost never seen any more, since programs often contain bugs which can cause them to exceed their allocated memory. If a program fails, it may cause memory used by one or more other programs to be affected or overwritten. Malicious programs or viruses may purposefully alter another program's memory, or may affect the operation of the operating system itself. With cooperative memory management, it takes only one misbehaved program to crash the system. Memory protection enables the kernel to limit a process' access to the computer's memory. Various methods of memory protection exist, including memory segmentation and paging. All methods require some level of hardware support (such as the 80286 MMU), which doesn't exist in all computers. -
Additional Functions in HW-RTOS Offering the Low Interrupt Latency
HW-RTOS Real Time OS in Hardware Additional Functions in HW-RTOS Offering the Low Interrupt Latency In this white paper, we introduce two HW-RTOS functions that offer the lowest interrupt latency available and help create a more software-friendly environment. One of these is ISR implemented in hardware, which improves responsiveness when activating a task from an interrupt and eliminates the need for developing a handler in software. The other is a function allowing the use of non-OS managed interrupt handlers in a multitasking environment. This makes it easier to migrate from a non-RTOS environment to a multitasking one. R70WP0003EJ0100 September, 2018 2 / 8 Multitasking Environment with Lowest Interrupt Latency Offered by HW-RTOS 1. Executive Summary In this white paper, we introduce two functions special to HW-RTOS that improve interrupt performance. The first is the HW ISR function. Renesas stylized the ISR (Interrupt Service Routine) process and implemented it in hardware to create their HW ISR. With this function, the task corresponding to the interrupt signal can be activated directly and in real time. And, since the ISR is implemented in the hardware, application software engineers are relieved of the burden of developing a handler. The second is called Direct Interrupt Service. This function is equivalent to allowing a non-OS managed interrupt handler to invoke an API. This function %" "$# $""%!$ $ $""%!$!" enables synchronization and communication "$ "$ between the non-OS managed interrupt handler and $($ $($ '$ '$ tasks, a benefit not available in conventional $ $ software. In other words, it allows the use of non-OS # $ % " "$) ) managed interrupt handlers in a multitasking $($ '$ environment. -
SEPTEMBER 1987 • Contents Tl Volume 3, Number 11 NEWS
l ' '!\) .. ~ - . t SEPTEMBER 1987 VoLUME 3, NuMBER 11 • CoNTENTS • NEWS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS • NEW APPLE PRODUCTS News AND ANNOUNCEMENTS On August 11, Apple announced several new products for the Macin New Apple Products tosh product line. The table below lists the products and their expected HyperCard, MultiFinder ...................... 93 release dates. Summaries of the announcements follow the table. lmageWriter LQ, EtherTalk ................ 96 Apple Share PC .................................. 96 Product Date Available Apple File Exchange Software ........... 96 AppleFax Modem ............................... 97 HyperCard August 1987 IBM Announcements: MultiFinder September 1987 PS/2 Models 25, 80 ............................ 97 AppleFax Modem Third Quarter 1987 PS/2 Model 50 ................................... 98 ImageWriter LQ Fourth Quarter 1987 New Printers EtherTalk Fourth Quarter 1987 Toshiba P-321-SL .............................. 98 AppleS hare PC First Quarter 1988 Hewlett -Packard PaintJet.. ................ 98 Apple File Exchange First Quarter 1988 Special Orders; Special Terms ................ 99 Sony Color Monitor .................................. 99 '-HyperCard MacWrite 4.6 Upgrade ............................. 99 In spite of what you might guess about HyperCard from its name, it is I Minnesota in Apple's Challenge 2000 ...... 99 not a hardware product designed to make your Mac run faster. Hyper Users Group: IBM ................................... 99 Card is software you can use to customize storage and retrieval of infor mation (both text and graphics); to use it your machine must have at MA MicRo AsK least 1 Mbyte of RAM. In September, HyperCard will be bundled free MS Wordllmagewriter II Label Tips .......... 94 with every new Mac and sold separately for $34. SHoRT CouRses HyperCard treats information as something that is stored on an index I Fall Quarter 1987 ................................... 100 card. Each card can contain up to 32K of information. -
Shutdown Manager 8
CHAPTER 8 Shutdown Manager 8 This chapter describes the Shutdown Manager, the part of the Operating System that manages the final stages of shutting down or restarting a Macintosh computer. The Shutdown Manager allows you to install a custom procedure that is executed during the process of shutting down or restarting. You can also use the Shutdown Manager to restart or shut down the computer directly, although this practice is strongly discouraged. ▲ WARNING For reasons described later, you should avoid shutting down or 8 restarting the computer directly except in an emergency (for instance, Shutdown Manager Shutdown when data on the disk might be destroyed). If you need to restart or shut down the system, send a Shutdown or Restart event to the Finder, as described in “Sending a Shutdown or Restart Event” on page 8-7. ▲ Read the information in this chapter if your application or other software component needs to intervene in the standard process of shutting down or restarting the computer. In general, applications do not need to intervene in this process. You are likely to use the Shutdown Manager only if you are designing a device driver or system extension requiring notification that the computer is about to be shut down or restarted. If you want to install a custom shutdown procedure, you should know how to install a code segment into the system heap, as described in the chapter “Memory Manager” in Inside Macintosh: Memory. If you want to shut down or restart the computer and need to familiarize yourself with the process of sending Apple events, see the chapter “Apple Event Manager” in Inside Macintosh: Interapplication Communication.