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o IE&k ■ z I hS#^ *.' u ai'.-■•■■ ■ LU H ;■?■;-••*' •- RENEWABLE ENERGY UTILISATION K 1 >~ AND '.-■"c, o DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL IN OCEANIA -t¥. oc LU v -,rv ■ is&- ■ z Restricted Investigation Report ET/IR294R '.’V LU Is-iK ^4} - lv - -$ e¥l*. rf-t * » a* *■•'•*'■; ». ."■s.f.,: . -,- ' ,-1 "v, &ii. - «.. - ■■ '•■.'• -Vt im*x ■\ vVvvft&‘l‘ - '•'*U‘*v?sr - ISfe ■ -r tllill' CSIRO DIVISION HEADQUARTERS West Entrance, Riverside Corporate Park, Delhi Road, North Ryde, Sydney. PO Box 136, North Ryde, NSW 1670 | Tel: (02) 9490 8666 | Fax: (02) 9490 8909 | www.det.csiro.au LUCAS HEIGHTS LABORATORY Lucas Heights Science & Technology Centre New lllawarra Road, Lucas Heights, Sydney | PMB 7, Bangor, NSW 2234 | Tel: (02) 9710 6777 | Fax: (02) 9710 6800 RINJARRA HILLS LABORATORY Queensland Centre for Advanced Technologies 2643 Moggill Road, Pinjarra Hills, Brisbane | PO Box 883, Kenmore, Qld 4069 | Tel: (07) 321 2 4444 j Fax: (07) 3212 4455 SURVEY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY UTILISATION AND DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL IN OCEANIA Restricted Investigation Report ET/IR294R by S D Sharma G J Duffy J H Edwards CSIRO Energy Technology Prepared for New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan March 2000 i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), an administration and implementation arm of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) in Japan has contracted CSIRO Energy Technology to undertake research on actual and potential renewable energy uptake in South Pacific countries. The South Pacific countries specified by NEDO for this study are Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Republic of Fiji, Solomon Islands, Western Samoa, Republic of Vanuatu, Federated States of Micronesia, Kingdom of Tonga, Republic of Kiribati, Republic of the Marshall Islands and Republic of Nauru. The types of renewable energy to be covered in this study are Solar photo voltaic (PV), Solar thermal, Wind, Biomass, Hydro (including mini and micro hydro) and Geothermal. As required by NEDO, this report describes the results of a survey conducted on the following aspects of renewable energy development for the above countries: • Uptake of renewable energy (in terms of number of installations, manufacturer or installation companies, location and year of installation plant by plant basis). • Renewable energy policies and promotion programs. • Technology level of manufacture. • Non-grid and grid connected renewable energy supply areas and their population and population of non-electrified areas. • Weather data: sunlight hours, wind resource etc. • Policy on foreign investment. • Possibility of renewable energy introduction if it is not introduced to date, or promotion if it has already been introduced (focus on these issues especially for South Pacific Countries). Based on the information contained in this report the following recommendations can be made: With their relatively large populations and stable governments Australia and New Zealand represent the two most important markets for renewable energy technologies in the South Pacific region. Both currently utilise substantial quantities of renewable energy and have well-developed programs in place to encourage its further uptake. In order to achieve their respective carbon dioxide reduction targets under the Kyoto agreement, further investment in the development of new and existing renewable energy technologies should be required. However, while both Australia and New Zealand have a well-developed manufacturing industry, they often lack the technological or capital resources to invest in the high risk, high cost development programs required. There should therefore be significant opportunities for Japanese organisations with their technological and manufacturing base to collaborate with appropriate local organisations in renewable energy projects to the benefit of both Japan and Australia or New Zealand. Apart from Papua New Guinea, other South Pacific countries have a much smaller population than Australia and New Zealand, and therefore represent a much smaller market for renewable energy systems. As recent events in Fiji and the Solomon Islands have shown, their governmental systems can quickly become unstable making investment in these markets a higher risk undertaking. The nature of the communities in these countries with their less developed electricity grids means that much of the market will be for smaller scale, distributed energy power generation systems. There is obviously an opportunity for Japanese companies to sell renewable technologies directly into these markets. Collaboration with local organisations is recommended as a way of facilitating entry into such markets. However, the very small or poorly developed manufacturing base in these countries compared to Australia and New Zealand means that it may be difficultto find local companies who can play a major role in any developmental programs in these countries. Interactions may well have to be with government organisations, possibly through one of the funding bodies such as the World Bank, Asian Development Bank or various UNDP programs. Again, these markets represent a possible avenue for collaboration between Japanese and Australian/New Zealand organisations, particularly in countries that are also members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Apart from Australia and New Zealand, there is a lack of detailed information on the renewable energy resources in South Pacific countries. Data and information provided in this report are based on the latest available in the public domain. It is Ill clear from this study that the energy problems and opportunities are specific to each country, and each has to be considered in its own right. While the overall market size in these countries may not be large, there may be significant niche opportunities. A detailed survey of renewable energy resources and the market for renewable technologies is required before undertaking any major programs in these countries. Such databases need to be regularly updated. • Papua New Guinea is the only other country apart from Australia and New Zealand that has significant resources of natural gas. Given that it also has good insolation levels there may well be significant opportunities for the development of some form of solar-fossil energy hybrid system that would suit its electricity generation and other energy needs • Fiji has good potential for hydro, wind, solar and biomass power generation, and the Fiji DOE has been actively involved in evaluating this potential. Having the fourth largest population among the South Pacific countries it would represent a significant market for renewable technologies once the current political instabilities have been resolved. iv CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. ENERGY BALANCE AND UPTAKE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY WITHIN VARIOUS COUNTRIES 3 2.1 Hydropower 3 2.2 Biomass 4 2.3 Solar 7 2.4 Wind 9 2.5 Geothermal 11 2.6 Tidal, Wave and Ocean Thermal 12 3. RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY AND PROMOTION PROGRAMS 14 4. MANUFACTURING CAPABILITIES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES 23 5. GRID CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY SUPPLIES 26 5.1 Non-Grid Connected Areas 29 6. WEATHER DATA 33 6.1 Sunshine 33 6.2 Wind 37 6.3 Rainfall 40 7. RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL 43 7.1 Wind 43 7.2 Hydro 45 7.3 Solar 47 7.4 Biomass 47 7.5 Wave 50 7.6 Tidal 53 7.7 Geothermal 54 7.8 Ocean Thermal 55 7.9 Hybrid Power System 56 8. POLICY ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT 58 8.1 Australia 58 8.2 New Zealand 60 8.3 Other Pacifc Countries 64 9. POSSIBILITY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY INTRODUCTION 70 V 10. RECOMMENDATIONS 72 11. REFERENCES 74 12. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 78 13. APPENDICES (A to F) 79 VI LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Hydropower: Capability (Dec 1996) 3 Table 2 Hydropower: Status of Development at December 1996 (All 4 Schemes) Table 3 Utilisation of Biomass Derived Fuels (other than fuel wood) 5 Table 4 Geothermal Energy: Electricity Generation and Direct Use at 12 End-1996 Table 5 Household connection to green power schemes - March 1999 17 Table 6 Qualitative Assessment of Level of Renewable Energy 23 Manufacturing Technology Table 7 Average monthly insulation (kWh/m2/day) 34 Table 8 Potential wind farm sites and annual power outputs in New 38 Zealand Table 9 Average monthly wind data for the South Pacific countries 39 (m/s) Table 10 Average rainfall (mm) 41 Table 11 Potential Wind Farm Sites and Annual Power Outputs of New 44 Zealand Table 12 Biomass - Forests and Fuel wood Production in 1996 48 Table 13 Woody biomass resource supply and delivered fuel cost in 49 New Zealand Table 14 Biogas Energy potential from New Zealand Waste 49 Table 15 Estimates of waste streams in Nauru 50 Table A1 a Energy Balance of Australia 80 Table A1 b Energy Balance of New Zealand 81 Table A1c Energy Balance of Papua New Guinea 82 Table Aid Energy Balance of Fiji 83 Table A1 e Energy Balance of Solomon Islands 84 Table A1f Energy Balance of Western Samoa 85 Table A1 g Energy Balance of Republic of Vanuatu 86 Table A1 h Energy Balance of Kingdom of Tonga 87 Table A1 i Energy Balance of Republic of Kiribati 88 Table A1j Energy balance of Republic of Nauru 89 Table A2 Uptake of Renewable Energy and Fossil Energy 90 Table A3 Comprehensive Database of All Renewable Energy 91 Generators in Australia Table A4 Comprehensive Database of All Renewable Energy 100 Generators in New Zealand Table A5a Solar Hot Water Pilot Systems in Fiji 103 Table A5b GovernmentSponsored PV Installations in Fiji 104 Table A5c Rural Electrification Units (REU) Installed in Fiji
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