DOCSLIB.ORG

The Triumviral Period

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Triumviral Period LIBERA RES PVBLICA 2 Francisco Pina Polo is Professor of Ancient History at the 1 LA CULTURA POLÍTICA DE LA REPÚBLICA ROMANA. Universidad de Zaragoza (Spain). His UN DEBATE HISTORIOGRÁFICO INTERNACIONAL publications include The Quaestorship KARL-JOACHIM HÖLKESKAMP in the Roman Republic (with Alejandro 2 THE TRIUMVIRAL PERIOD: CIVIL WAR, POLITICAL CRISIS Díaz Fernández, 2019), Foreign clientelae AND SOCIOECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS Nothing from the subsequent Augustan age can be fully in the Roman Empire: A Reconsideration FRANCISCO PINA POLO (ed.) explained without understanding the previous Triumviral (edited with Martin Jehne, 2015), and period (43-31 BC). In this book, twenty experts from nine The consul at Rome: The Civil Functions different countries and nineteen universities examine of the Consuls in the Roman Republic the Triumviral age not merely as a phase of transition to the (ed.) (2011). He is currently Principal Investi- Principate but as a proper period with its own dynamics gator of the Research Group Hiberus. and issues, which were a consequence of the previous He was a Member of the Institute for years. The volume aims to address a series of underlying Advanced Study (Princeton) in 2012 structural problems that emerged in that time, such as the and 2014. legal nature of power attributed to the Triumvirs; changes and continuity in Republican institutions, both in Rome and the provinces of the Empire; the development of FRANCISCO PINA POLO List of contributors: the very concept of civil war; the strategies of political FRANCISCO PINA POLO (ed.) Clifford Ando (Chicago) communication and propaganda in order to win over public Valentina Arena (UCL) opinion; economic consequences for Rome and Italy, whether Henriette van der Blom (Birmingham) caused by the damage from constant wars or, alternatively, Hannah Cornwell (Birmingham) resulting from the proscriptions and confiscations carried Alejandro Díaz Fernández (Málaga) out by the Triumvirs; and the transformation of Roman- Marie-Claire Ferriès (Grenoble) Marta García Morcillo (Roehampton) Italian society. All these studies provide a complete, fresh THE TRIUMVIRAL Enrique García Riaza (Palma de Mallorca) and innovative picture of a key period that signaled the end Frédéric Hurlet (Nanterre) of the Roman Republic. Martin Jehne (Dresden) THE TRIUMVIRAL PERIOD PERIOD Carsten Hjort Lange (Aalborg) Dominik Maschek (Oxford) Andrea Raggi (Pisa) CIVIL WAR, POLITICAL CRISIS Francesca Rohr Vio (Venezia) Cristina Rosillo-López (Sevilla) AND SOCIOECONOMIC Catherine Steel (Glasgow) W. Jeffrey Tatum (Wellington) Frederik Juliaan Vervaet (Melbourne) TRANSFORMATIONS Kathryn Welch (Sydney) ISBN 978-84-1340-096-9 Colección LIBERA RES PVBLICA MONOGRAFÍAS SOBRE ASPECTOS INSTITUCIONALES, POLÍTICOS, SOCIALES, ECONÓMICOS, Prensas de la Universidad POLITICAL CRISIS AND SOCIOECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS CIVIL WAR, HISTORIOGRÁFICOS, CULTURALES Y DE GÉNERO EDITORIAL UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA EN LA REPÚBLICA ROMANA UniversidadZaragoza PRENSAS DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ZARAGOZA THE TRIUMVIRAL PERIOD: CIVIL WAR, POLITICAL CRISIS AND SOCIOECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS Francisco Pina Polo (ed.) EDITORIAL UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA PRENSAS DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ZARAGOZA Dirección de la Colección: Francisco Pina Polo (Univ. Zaragoza) Cristina Rosillo López (Univ. Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla) Antonio Caballos Rufino (Univ. Sevilla) Consejo Editorial: Antonio Caballos Rufino (Sevilla), Antonio Duplá Ansuátegui (Vitoria), Enrique García Riaza (Palma de Mallorca), Pedro López Barja de Quiroga (Santiago de Compostela), Ana Mayorgas Rodríguez (Madrid), Antoni Ñaco del Hoyo (Girona), Francisco Pina Polo (Zaragoza), Cristina Rosillo López (Sevilla), Elena Torrregaray Pagola (Vitoria), Fernando Wulff Alonso (Málaga) Comité Científico: Alfonso Álvarez-Ossorio (Sevilla), Valentina Arena (Londres), Catalina Balmaceda (Santiago de Chile), Nathalie Barrandon (Reims), Hans Beck (Munster), Henriette van der Blom (Birmingham), Wolfgang Blösel (Duisburgo), François Cadiou (Burdeos), Cyril Courrier (Aix-en-Provence/Marsella), Alejandro Díaz Fernández (Málaga), Harriet Flower (Princeton), Estela García Fernández (Madrid), Marta García Morcillo (Roehampton), Karl-Joachim Hölkeskamp (Colonia), Michel Humm (Estras- burgo), Frédéric Hurlet (Nanterre-París), Martin Jehne (Dresde), Carsten Hjort Lange (Aalborg), Robert Morstein-Marx (Santa Bárbara), Henrik Mouritsen (Londres), Sylvie Pittia (París), Jonathan Prag (Oxford), Francesca Rohr Vio (Venecia), Amy Russell (Durham), Manuel Salinas de Frías (Sala- manca), Eduardo Sánchez Moreno (Madrid), Pierre Sánchez (Ginebra), Catherine Steel (Glasgow), Elisabetta Todisco (Bari), W. Jeffrey Tatum (Wellington), Frederik Vervaet (Melbourne), Kathryn Welch (Sidney) © Francisco Pina Polo © De la presente edición, Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza (Vicerrectorado de Cultura y Pro- yección Social) y Editorial Universidad de Sevilla 1.ª edición, 2020 Proyecto «El período triunviral y la disolución de la República romana (43-31 a.C.): cambios institucionales, sociales y eco- nómico» (HAR2017-82383. Agencia Estatal de Investigación). Colección Libera Res Publica, n.º 2 Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. Edificio de Ciencias Geológicas, c/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009 Zaragoza, España. Tel.: 976 761 330. Fax: 976 761 063 [email protected] http://puz.unizar.es Editorial Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Porvenir, 27, 41013 Sevilla, España. Tel.: 954 487 447 [email protected] https://editorial.us.es Impreso en España Imprime: Servicio de Publicaciones. Universidad de Zaragoza ISBN (PUZ): 978-84-1340-096-9 ISBN (EUS): 978-84-472-2972-7 D.L.: Z 870-2020 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Francisco Pina Polo ................................................................................... 13 I. CONTINUITY AND CHANGE: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TRIUMVIRAL AND REPUBLICAN INSTITUTIONS The Triumvirate Rei Publicae Constituendae: Political and Constitutional Aspects Frederik Juliaan Vervaet ........................................................................... 23 The Functioning of the Republican Institutions under the Triumvirs Francisco Pina Polo ................................................................................... 49 Senatorum ... incondita turba (Suet. Aug. 35.1). Was the Senate Composed so as to Ensure its Compliance? Marie-Claire Ferriès ................................................................................. 71 II. WAR AND PEACE The Notion of Bellum Civile in the Last Century of the Republic Valentina Arena ....................................................................................... 101 Civil War and the (Almost) Forgotten Pact of Brundisium Carsten Hjort Lange ................................................................................. 127 A Framework of Negotiation and Reconciliation in the Triumviral period Hannah Cornwell ..................................................................................... 149 10 contents Children for the Family, Children for the State: Attitudes towards and the Handling of Offspring during the Triumvirate Francesca Rohr Vio ................................................................................... 171 III. STRATEGIES OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATION The Intersection of Oratory and Institutional Change Catherine Steel ........................................................................................ 195 Invectivity in the City of Rome in the Caesarian and Triumviral periods Martin Jehne ............................................................................................ 209 Fear in the City during the Triumviral Period: The Expression and Exploitation of a Politic Emotion Frédéric Hurlet ......................................................................................... 229 The Reception of Octavian’s Oratory and Public Communication in the Imperial Period Henriette van der Blom ............................................................................. 249 Information Exchange and Political Communication in the Triumviral Period: Some Remarks on Means and Methods Enrique García Riaza ............................................................................... 281 Marcus Antonius: Words and Images Kathryn Welch .......................................................................................... 301 I V. CRISIS AND RESTORATION AT ROME AND IN ITALY Consumption, Construction, and Conflagration: The Archaeology of Socio-political Change in the Triumviral Period Dominik Maschek ..................................................................................... 327 The Socio-political Experience of the Italians during the Triumviral Period Cristina Rosillo-López ............................................................................... 353 Hasta infinita? Financial Strategies in the Triumviral Period Marta García Morcillo ............................................................................. 379 V. THE TRIUMVIRS AND THE PROVINCES Provinces and Provincial Command during the Triumvirate: Hispania as a Study Case Alejandro Díaz Fernández ........................................................................ 401 contents 11 Triumviral Documents from the Greek East Andrea Raggi ............................................................................................ 431 Antonius and Athens W. Jeffrey Tatum ...................................................................................... 451 VI. CONCLUSION Law, Violence and Trauma in the Triumviral Period Clifford Ando ..........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • RICE, CARL ROSS. Diocletian's “Great
    ABSTRACT RICE, CARL ROSS. Diocletian’s “Great Persecutions”: Minority Religions and the Roman Tetrarchy. (Under the direction of Prof. S. Thomas Parker) In the year 303, the Roman Emperor Diocletian and the other members of the Tetrarchy launched a series of persecutions against Christians that is remembered as the most severe, widespread, and systematic persecution in the Church’s history. Around that time, the Tetrarchy also issued a rescript to the Pronconsul of Africa ordering similar persecutory actions against a religious group known as the Manichaeans. At first glance, the Tetrarchy’s actions appear to be the result of tensions between traditional classical paganism and religious groups that were not part of that system. However, when the status of Jewish populations in the Empire is examined, it becomes apparent that the Tetrarchy only persecuted Christians and Manichaeans. This thesis explores the relationship between the Tetrarchy and each of these three minority groups as it attempts to understand the Tetrarchy’s policies towards minority religions. In doing so, this thesis will discuss the relationship between the Roman state and minority religious groups in the era just before the Empire’s formal conversion to Christianity. It is only around certain moments in the various religions’ relationships with the state that the Tetrarchs order violence. Consequently, I argue that violence towards minority religions was a means by which the Roman state policed boundaries around its conceptions of Roman identity. © Copyright 2016 Carl Ross Rice All Rights Reserved Diocletian’s “Great Persecutions”: Minority Religions and the Roman Tetrarchy by Carl Ross Rice A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts History Raleigh, North Carolina 2016 APPROVED BY: ______________________________ _______________________________ S.
    [Show full text]
  • First Triumvirate and Rise of Octavian BY: Jake, Eliza and Maheen First Triumvirate
    First Triumvirate and Rise of Octavian BY: Jake, Eliza and Maheen First Triumvirate • An alliance of the three most powerful men in Rome, Marcus Licinus Crassus, Gaius Julius Caesar, and Gneaus Pompey Magnus. Rome was in chaos and the 3 seized control of the Republic. • The three would dominate Roman politics for personal gains throughout the territories of the Republic. Julius Caesar • In Rome, Julius Caesar was elected as the tribune of the Plebs, military tribune, and governor of many provinces throughout the Republic. • Believed Crassus helped Julius Caesar win the election to become the Propraetor or governor of Hispania in 63 B.C.E. • Julius returned to Rome after his term as governor. Caesar had a business or political agreement with Pompey and Crassus in 60 B.C.E. Caesar was the consul while Pompey and Crassus were in the senate. • Created the First Triumvirate • After his term, Julius was in deeply in debt politically and financially to Crassus and desperately needed to raise money. Marcus Crassus • Crassus was the richest man in all the Roman Republic. He was sharp and clever in Roman politics. He would be a senator and even become consul a few times. • He was a mentor to Julius Caesar in his early career. • Gained much fame during the Spartacus rebellion but much of it was stolen by Pompey. • He was a longtime rival to Pompey Magnus and this would be his eventually downfall. He would ally with Caesar and Pompey, but strived for military victory over Pompey. He went to Parthia where he was defeated at Carrhae.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Rome
    Ancient Rome William E. Dunstan ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK ................. 17856$ $$FM 09-09-10 09:17:21 PS PAGE iii Published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://www.rowmanlittlefield.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Copyright ᭧ 2011 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. All maps by Bill Nelson. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. The cover image shows a marble bust of the nymph Clytie; for more information, see figure 22.17 on p. 370. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dunstan, William E. Ancient Rome / William E. Dunstan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7425-6832-7 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7425-6833-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7425-6834-1 (electronic) 1. Rome—Civilization. 2. Rome—History—Empire, 30 B.C.–476 A.D. 3. Rome—Politics and government—30 B.C.–476 A.D. I. Title. DG77.D86 2010 937Ј.06—dc22 2010016225 ⅜ϱ ீThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/ NISO Z39.48–1992. Printed in the United States of America ................
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson Two--Rep To
    Lesson Two: Rome’s Shift From a Republic to an Empire (Important Note: This lesson might work better being taught in 2 days. Review the lesson carefully before teaching. Perhaps the Republic to Caesar to Empire Reading and Word Wall could be made longer with a longer discussion and then the primary source and monument analyses can be accomplished the next day.) Lesson overview: Briefly remind students of yesterday’s lesson, emphasizing the process of reviewing each of Rome’s historical paradigms through analyzing primary sources and monuments and symbols. Once again review the essential question and remind students of the upcoming final assessment project. Then briefly overview the activities for today’s lesson. Students will then complete a KWL chart on the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. They will then read and report to each other on the “Rome to Caesar to Empire” reading in groups. After this, students will stay in groups and analyze the primary sources and monuments reflecting the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. Finally, the lesson will close with students completing a word wall using the “Rome to Caesar to Empire” reading and their primary source readings. This lesson satisfies the following Common Core and Career Readiness Standards for grades 6-12: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.6-8.3 Identify key steps in a text's description of a process related to history/ social studies (e.g., how a bill becomes law, how interest rates are raised or lowered). CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RH.6-8.6 Identify aspects of a text that reveal an author's point of view or purpose (e.g., loaded language, inclusion or avoidance of particular facts).
    [Show full text]
  • A BRIEF HISTORY of ANCIENT ROME a Timeline from 753 BC to 337 AD, Looking at the Successive Kings, Politicians, and Emperors Who Ruled Rome’S Expanding Empire
    Rome: A Virtual Tour of the Ancient City A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME A timeline from 753 BC to 337 AD, looking at the successive kings, politicians, and emperors who ruled Rome’s expanding empire. 21st April, Rome's Romulus and Remus featured in legends of Rome's foundation; 753 BC mythological surviving accounts, differing in details, were left by Dionysius of foundation Halicarnassus, Livy, and Plutarch. Romulus and Remus were twin sons of the war god Mars, suckled and looked-after by a she-wolf after being thrown in the river Tiber by their great-uncle Amulius, the usurping king of Alba Longa, and drifting ashore. Raised after that by the shepherd Faustulus and his wife, the boys grew strong and were leaders of many daring adventures. Together they rose against Amulius, killed him, and founded their own city. They quarrelled over its site: Romulus killed Remus (who had preferred the Aventine) and founded his city, Rome, on the Palatine Hill. 753 – Reign of Kings From the reign of Romulus there were six subsequent kings from the 509 BC 8th until the mid-6th century BC. These kings are almost certainly legendary, but accounts of their reigns might contain broad historical truths. Roman monarchs were served by an advisory senate, but held supreme judicial, military, executive, and priestly power. The last king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, was overthrown and a republican constitution installed in his place. Ever afterwards Romans were suspicious of kingly authority - a fact that the later emperors had to bear in mind. 509 BC Formation of Tarquinius Superbus, the last king was expelled in 509 BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Empire Notes
    Roman Empire Notes Pax Romana What have I learned? The term ______________ ________________ What other civilization that we’ve studied had an “unprecedented time of means “Roman Peace.” It was an unprecedented peace & prosperity? What was it called? time of __________________ & _______________________________. The Pax Romana began during the reign of ______________________________________ Years: Augustus Caesar What have I learned? Before his death, Julius Caesar named his grand- Read the timeline below to answer the questions that follow. nephew, ______________________ to be his heir. •63 BCE: Gaius Octavius was born on September 23rd in the city of Velletri southeast of Rome. His Octavian formed a 2nd triumvirate with mother Atia was the daughter of Julia, the sister of Julius Caesar. •59 BCE: The father of Octavius dies. 1. •44 BCE: Octavius went to Albania to complete his academic and military training. While there he 2. learned of the assassination of Julius Caesar. Octavius returned to Rome and found that Caesar's will makes him Caesar's adopted son and heir to his political and personal fortune. He was advised In a play for power, Octavian forced not to accept the bequest because he was only 18 and little prepared to deal with the hazards of Roman power politics. Nevertheless he did accept. Octavius borrowed funds to comply with ____________________ to resign. In the Caesar's will and his efforts garnered public support for Octavius. His efforts to fulfill Caesar's will meantime, Marc Antony had joined with Egypt’s gains him considerable support among the troops of Caesar. Queen, _______________________ in their own •43 BCE: Octavian and Antony agreed to a sharing of power.
    [Show full text]
  • AH2020 Politics and Society in the Late Roman Republic
    1 School of Archaeology & Ancient History AH2020 Politics and Society in the Late Roman Republic. Academic Year: 2009-2010 Semester: 2 Time and location: 11.00-13.00 Tuesday CW 801 First meeting: Tuesday 26nd January Module coordinator: Elly Cowan e-mail: [email protected] Room: Archaeology and Ancient History 025 Office hours: Tuesday 10.00-11.00 Tuesday 13.00-14.00 Your individual appointments (e.g. tutorials, seminars): …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… …………………………………………………… document prepared by: ERC 20.01.10 1 2 AH2020 Politics and Society in the Late Roman Republic. The Fall of the Republic. Weighting: 20 credits Coordinator: Elly Cowan Module The late Republic is one of the most exciting periods of Roman history both in outline: terms of events and evidence. This module examines both what happened in these years and, just as importantly, what people living at the time thought about it (by reading texts in translation). Topics covered will include politics, constitutional history (assemblies and elections), the impact of empire and relations between Rome and Italy. The module concentrates on the idea of the ‘fall of the Republic’ in ancient and modern literature and scholarship. By looking at some key texts and inscriptions, we will explore the nature of the Roman constitution, the impact of the ‘military dynasts’ and the expansion of the empire on the ‘Republic’. What was the ‘Republic’ and what do we mean when we say that it ‘fell’? Aims: - to examine the fall of the Republic using a variety of evidence (literary, epigraphic, archaeological). - to engage with and assess critically modern approaches to the ancient material.
    [Show full text]
  • THE PRINCIPATE – LIFEBELT, OR MILLSTONE AROUND the NECK of the EMPIRE? John Drinkwater* the Augustan Principate Was the Produc
    THE PRINCIPATE – LIFEBELT, OR MILLSTONE AROUND THE NECK OF THE EMPIRE? John Drinkwater* The Augustan Principate was the product of crisis – a response to the challenges that precipitated the fall of the Republic. The Principate worked because it met the political needs of its day. There is no doubt that it saved the Roman state and the Roman Empire: it was a lifebelt. But it was not perfect. In its turn it precipitated more challenges that had to be responded to – more crises – in particular that known as the ‘third century Crisis’. In the long run it was a problem as much as a solution: a millstone as much as a lifebelt. In the end, it had to go. I will brie y deal with the Principate as a problem, and then suggest a new way of discerning the strains that brought about its demise. The Principate was created by Augustus and continued by the Julio- Claudians. However, there is a case for arguing that the Principate had still to establish itself as ‘the of\ ce of emperor’ as late as the death of Nero. The continuing challenges and responses that created and developed the Principate sometimes also broke it open to show its workings, and what contemporaries made of it. Thus Plutarch reports that in A.D. 68, Galba, on his way from Spain to take up power in Rome, entertained a group of senators in southern Gaul. Though he could have used the imperial furniture and servants sent to him by the Praetorian Prefect, Nymphidius Sabinus, initially he chose not to, which was remarked upon favourably by his guests.1 Galba’s modesty is explicable in various ways but, following Wiedemann’s appreciation of Galba’s family pride, I believe that he rejected this ‘family silver’ basically because it was the silver of an alien family.2 Galba, born in 3 B.C., had lived under all the Julio-Claudian rulers.
    [Show full text]
  • Augustus: the Eternal Emperor
    Augustus: The Eternal Emperor Sarah REY Augustus, the founder of the Roman Empire in 27 BC, was a thoroughly ambiguous man: At once a republican and an autocrat, a conqueror and a peacemaker, he was the inventor of a tradition who governed like a sphinx. A biography has just come out that emphasizes the topicality of his reign. Review of Frédéric Hurlet, Auguste. Les ambiguïtés du pouvoir, Paris, Armand Colin, 2015, 296 p., 24, 90 €. Augustus has always discouraged his biographers. From Velleius Paterculus, his contemporary, to Claude Nicolet (1930-2010), a specialist in ancient Rome, many renounced writing the life of the first Roman emperor. For Augustus, who was a master of ambiguity, has largely eluded historians: He was a sphinx, and he governed as such. At most we can say he was the man of the “permanent coup” who took care not to define the regime he helped to establish. Another emperor, Julian the Apostate (4th century AD), who was as unpredictable as his distant predecessor, characterized Augustus in these words: “His color changed like that of the chameleon, in turns pale, red, black, brown, and dark, and then charming like Venus and the Graces; he wanted to have eyes as piercing as the rays of the great Sun, such that nobody could withstand their gaze.”1 The emperor often changed faces, but also names: He was born Octavius, became “Octavian” after his adoption by Caesar, and then “Augustus” by decision of the Roman Senate. With him, duplicity was embodied in power: He was at once a republican and an autocrat, a conqueror and a peacemaker, as well as the inventor of a tradition.
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION Prodigies Were a Standard Feature of Roman
    INTRODUCTION Apud Actium descendenti in aciem asellus cum asinario occurrit: homini Eutychus, bestiae Nicon erat nomen; utrisque simulacrum aeneum victor posuit in templo, in quod castrorum suorum locum vertit. At Actium as he was going down to begin the battle, he met an ass with his driver, the man having the name Eutychos [Lucky] and the beast that of Nikon [Victor]; and aft er the victory he set up bronze images of the two in the sacred enclosure into which he converted the site of his camp (Suet. Aug. 96.2).1 Prodigies were a standard feature of Roman historiography and the triumviral period was no exception. Th e setting of this story is the hill of Michalitsi just before the battle of Actium on 2nd September 31 BC, north of the future Nicopolis, where the statue of the donkey and the driver was erected on Octavian’s Victory Monument (Plut. Ant. 65.3). Together with rams from captured enemy ships the statue showed that Octavian was helped by the gods in his victory at Actium.2 Th e luck might refer to Apollo, who also had a statue on the monument, as he was the god that helped Octavian to victory. Octavian clearly thought it was important to spread the story of divine intervention at Actium. Th e legend of Actium was born. Historical analysis and the ideology of the regime of Octavian/ Augustus, not narrative, is the subject of this book. A re-evaluation of Augustus’ rise to power in 43–27 BC, fi rst as triumvir, and then as sole ruler, will be central to the analysis, focusing particularly on the part played by ideological claims.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Republic to Roman Empire
    Roman Republic to Roman Empire Start of the Roman Revolution By the second century B.C., the Senate had become the real governing body of the Roman state. Members of the Senate were usually wealthy landowners, and they remained Senators for life. Rome’s government had started out as a Republic in which citizens elected people to represent them. But the Senate was filled with wealthy aristocrats who were not elected. Rome was slowly turning into an aristocracy, and the majority of middle and lower class citizens began to resent it. Land was usually at the center of class struggles in Rome. The wealthy owned most of the land while the farmers had found themselves unable to compete financially with the wealthy landowners and had lost most of their lands. As a result, many of these small farmers drifted to the cities, especially Rome, forming a large class of landless poor. Changes in the Roman army soon brought even worse problems. Starting around 100 B.C. the Roman Republic was struggling in several areas. The first was the area of expansion. The territory of Rome was expanding quickly and the republic form of government could not make decisions and create stability for the new territories. The second major struggle was that due to expansion, the Republic was also experiencing problems with collecting taxes from its citizens. The larger area of the growing Roman territory created difficulties with collecting taxes from a larger population. Government officials had to go to each town, this would take several months to reach the whole extent of Roman territory.
    [Show full text]
  • The Princeps Optimus: Towards a New Reading Ofvelleius Paterculus' History
    The Princeps Optimus: Towards a New Reading ofVelleius Paterculus' History Christopher Dawson, BA Hon Classics Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Humanities Faculty of Arts, Brock University st. Catharines, Ontario ©2008 Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements ................. '" ...................................................................................... ii Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1-19 0.1 Prologue ........................................................................................................... 1 0.2 Tiberius and Velleius: The Relationship .......................................................... 2 0.3 The Political Goals ofVelleius' History: Past Scholarship .............................. 4 0.4 Methodology .................................................................................................. 10 0.5 Charismatic Theory ........................................................................................ 13 0.6 The Text .......................................................................................................... 16 0.7 Structure ......................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 1: Velleius' Ideal Tiberius: from Virtues to Consensus .........................
    [Show full text]