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University Physics Volume 3 University Physics Volume 3 SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS SAMUEL J. LING, TRUMAN STATE UNIVERSITY JEFF SANNY, LOYOLA MARYMOUNT UNIVERSITY WILLIAM MOEBS, PHD OpenStax Rice University 6100 Main Street MS-375 Houston, Texas 77005 To learn more about OpenStax, visit https://openstax.org. Individual print copies and bulk orders can be purchased through our website. ©2018 Rice University. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). 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We’ll send you an OpenStax sticker to thank you for your support! Access. The future of education. OpenStax.org Table of Contents Preface . 1 Unit 1. Optics Chapter 1: The Nature of Light . 7 1.1 The Propagation of Light . 8 1.2 The Law of Reflection . 12 1.3 Refraction . 15 1.4 Total Internal Reflection . 19 1.5 Dispersion . 24 1.6 Huygens’s Principle . 28 1.7 Polarization . 33 Chapter 2: Geometric Optics and Image Formation . 53 2.1 Images Formed by Plane Mirrors . 54 2.2 Spherical Mirrors . 56 2.3 Images Formed by Refraction . 67 2.4 Thin Lenses . 70 2.5 The Eye . 82 2.6 The Camera . 89 2.7 The Simple Magnifier . 91 2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes . 94 Chapter 3: Interference . 117 3.1 Young's Double-Slit Interference . 117 3.2 Mathematics of Interference . 121 3.3 Multiple-Slit Interference . 124 3.4 Interference in Thin Films . 126 3.5 The Michelson Interferometer . 132 Chapter 4: Diffraction . 145 4.1 Single-Slit Diffraction . 146 4.2 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction . 150 4.3 Double-Slit Diffraction . 155 4.4 Diffraction Gratings . 157 4.5 Circular Apertures and Resolution . 162 4.6 X-Ray Diffraction . 168 4.7 Holography . 171 Unit 2. Modern Physics Chapter 5: Relativity . 185 5.1 Invariance of Physical Laws . 186 5.2 Relativity of Simultaneity . 188 5.3 Time Dilation . 191 5.4 Length Contraction . 201 5.5 The Lorentz Transformation . 206 5.6 Relativistic Velocity Transformation . 216 5.7 Doppler Effect for Light . 220 5.8 Relativistic Momentum . 223 5.9 Relativistic Energy . 225 Chapter 6: Photons and Matter Waves . 247 6.1 Blackbody Radiation . 248 6.2 Photoelectric Effect . 256 6.3 The Compton Effect . 262 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom . 267 6.5 De Broglie’s Matter Waves . 277 6.6 Wave-Particle Duality . 285 Chapter 7: Quantum Mechanics . 303 7.1 Wave Functions . 304 7.2 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle . 315 7.3 The Schrӧdinger Equation . 318 7.4 The Quantum Particle in a Box . 321 7.5 The Quantum Harmonic Oscillator . 327 7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers . 332 Chapter 8: Atomic Structure . 355 8.1 The Hydrogen Atom . 356 8.2 Orbital Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Electron . 365 8.3 Electron Spin . 370 8.4 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table . 374 8.5 Atomic Spectra and X-rays . 380 8.6 Lasers . 391 Chapter 9: Condensed Matter Physics . 403 9.1 Types of Molecular Bonds . 404 9.2 Molecular Spectra . 409 9.3 Bonding in Crystalline Solids . 412 9.4 Free Electron Model of Metals . 419 9.5 Band Theory of Solids . 424 9.6 Semiconductors and Doping . ..
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