Report08.Pdf

Production of the 2-1-1 @ IMPACT Report to the Community was sponsored by:

“No one likes to be in a place where you have to Acknowledgments ask for help but 2-1-1 had lots of suggestions and The Planning Council acknowledges the representatives helped me identify some next steps. I don’t know how of human service agencies for participating in our information gathering process, and for the work they I would have figured this out on my own because I do. Thanks to: Donna Rongholt-Migan and Arcelia didn’t know these programs were available. 2-1-1 Martinez, The Cathedral Center, Inc.; Steven Peterson made it all come together for me and my family.” and Chester Kuzminski, Milwaukee County Department — Ronald on Aging; Barbara Beckert and Elise Cassidente, Disability Rights Wisconsin; Cindy Krahenbuhl, The Guest House of Milwaukee, Inc.; Sherrie Tussler, Hunger Task Force, Inc.; Tom Cannon and Karen Dardy, Legal Aid Ronald, a married father of two, lost his job after a factory Society of Milwaukee, Inc.; Jan Buchler, The Parenting closure. He secured a new, lower-paying job after a month but, Network; Maureen Martin, The Salvation Army; Deborah by that time, he had already started to fall behind on rent. Then Duskey, St. Vincent de Paul Society; and Deborah his car broke down which jeopardized his new employment. Blanks, Social Development Commission. We would also 2-1-1 @ IMPACT referred Ronald to the local W-2 office to like to thank the individuals who took the time to talk to inquire about the Emergency Assistance Program, administered us about their experiences in using 2-1-1 @ IMPACT. by the American Red Cross, and Job Access Loan. Through these programs, Ronald was able to catch up on his rent Staff members at IMPACT were extremely helpful payment and make necessary car repairs. throughout this process, in particular, Mike Davis, Bob Waite, Matricia Patterson, Rochelle Fritsch, and Vickie Boneck.

The following Planning Council staff members contributed to this project: Kathleen Pritchard, Ph.D., Executive Director; Carol Johnson, M.A., Director of Planning; Susan Tragesser, B.A., Data and Information Specialist; Lonna Kruse, B.A., Assistant Planner; Quinton D. Cotton, M.S.S.A., Associate Planner; Megan Gagnier, undergraduate student intern, University of Wisconsin Madison; and Emily Weseman, B.A., graduate student intern, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee.

The Planning Council for Health and Human Services, Inc., is a non-profit organization serving Southeastern Wisconsin as an independent resource for information, education, research, and consulting on community issues. Five years ago it would have been difficult to imagine the unqualified success that 2-1-1 @ IMPACT has had in serving over 500,000 callers in the Milwaukee Realizing Milwaukee’s County area. Embedded in that success is a lesson in the power of collaboration. Initiated by POTENTIAL United Way of Greater Milwaukee, 2003-2007 Report to the Community leaders from the public, private and philanthropic sectors were gathered to plan for the creation of a single telephonic access point for those in our community CONTENTS seeking a wide range of services. Because it began as a collaborative planning effort, and has grown to include thousands of organizations, multiple funding sources and the good will of the entire community, Welcome ...... 3 2-1-1 @ IMPACT is at the heart of one of Milwaukee’s most Executive Summary ...... 4 successful social service initiatives. Introduction ...... 6 The benefits of this complex collaboration are many. Callers are History of 2-1-1 ...... 7 directed to resources that fit their individual needs in a respectful, simple and straightforward manner, thereby helping to alleviate Utilization ...... 10 problems in the early stages when they’re easier and more cost- Category Groupings ...... 13 efficient to address. Community organizations receive 2-1-1 @ IMPACT referrals that are specific to their cause. Service Milwaukee County Utilization ...... 16 providers can rely on 2-1-1 @ IMPACT to provide their clients Major Needs Profiles ...... 21 with referrals for additional resources that fall outside their mission; thereby allowing them to focus on what they do best. And the Housing and Basic Needs ...... 22 valuable data collected helps funders, stakeholders, and policy makers Food-Related Needs ...... 26 deploy resources and draw attention to unmet needs and emerging Family and Legal Service Needs ...... 29 trends in an effort to improve conditions in our community. All of Health and Mental Health Needs ...... 33 these benefits are about maintaining system-wide efficiency, Income Security Needs ...... 39 achieving a high level of customer service, and helping Milwaukee Other Needs ...... 44 reach its potential. Milwaukee County Area Profiles ...... 45 On behalf of IMPACT, our callers, and the 2-1-1 @ IMPACT staff, Near Northside Area ...... 50 I want to thank all of you who have made this community-wide, Northwest Side Area ...... 52 multi-dimensional collaboration work. We know that we have many challenges ahead but with the strong foundation of high quality Near Southside Area ...... 54 organizations, committed funders, and a single access point to Westside and West Suburbs Area ...... 56 services, we believe this community is ready to meet whatever the Southside and South Suburbs Area ...... 58 future holds. I ask that you continue to support 2-1-1 @ IMPACT Eastside and Northeast Suburbs Area ...... 60 with the same enthusiasm that you have demonstrated during its Combined Demographic Information ...... 62 first five years. Calls Per Household Ratios ...... 64 Service Provider Insight ...... 65 Looking Ahead ...... 69 Michael G. Davis, President & CEO

Background Milwaukee County caller needs The digits 2-1-1 were set aside by the More than half of caller requests from Federal Communications Commission within Milwaukee County were for (FCC) in 2000 as the national dialing Housing and Basic Needs and Food- code for health and human services Related Needs. Housing and Basic information and referral. IMPACT, Needs includes help locating emergency which has had a long history of providing shelter, assistance with utility and rent We are getting more calls from families with information and referral services in payments, and help procuring household Milwaukee County, introduced round- furnishings. It has consistently represented requests for basic needs than we’ve had in the-clock 2-1-1 service in late 2002. about one-third of all Milwaukee County ten years. And that, to us, is a barometer of This report contains an analysis of calls caller needs. Needs in this category the climate. The financial stresses that families received from 2003 through 2007, as increased 85 percent between 2003 and well as a summary of conversations with 2006, but dipped slightly in 2007. The are facing — literally, ‘I can not feed my agency leaders and consumers about their decline was primarily due to a change family tonight and the food pantries are experiences with 2-1-1 @ IMPACT. in policy that now allows consumers to closed,’ — we don’t have the capacity to access emergency shelters directly rather All calls 2003-2007 than going through 2-1-1 @ IMPACT. open all of those doors. 2-1-1 @ IMPACT Between January 1, 2003 and The five-year increase in needs was no has much greater capacity and makes those December 31, 2007, over half a million doubt fueled by the shortage of affordable connections. So the more challenging the (523,544) calls were made to 2-1-1 @ housing and the housing market IMPACT from Milwaukee County and downturn. Requests for Food-Related economic issues that families face, the more surrounding counties. Eighty-seven Needs, including food pantries, meal critical a 2-1-1 line is to that community. percent of the calls over the five-year sites, and distribution sites for baby — Jan Buchler, Parenting Network period came from within Milwaukee food and formula, increased by nearly County. Overall, there was a 52 percent 50 percent between 2003 and 2007. This increase in calls from 2003 to 2007. category has consistently represented Eighty percent of callers were women, about one-quarter of Milwaukee and three-fourths were between the County caller needs. ages of 18 and 55. More than half of the caller requests were for housing and Family and Legal Services Needs, basic needs, and food-related needs. which includes holiday assistance and education, increased 46 percent Unmet needs between 2003 and 2007. Requests in A need is considered unmet if 2-1-1 @ this category have remained steady IMPACT staff are unable to locate a over the years at about 13 percent of all referral for a caller. The top five unmet caller needs. Health and Mental Health needs between 2003 and 2007 were Needs, which includes referrals to emergency shelter, food pantry, utility substance abuse resources, increased bill payment assistance, holiday 38 percent between 2003 and 2006 and assistance, and rent assistance/rental declined slightly in 2007. Health and payment assistance. Mental Health Needs consistently represented about nine percent of all Milwaukee County calls requests from Milwaukee County callers. From 2003 to 2007, 456,207 calls were made from within Milwaukee County Income Security Needs, which includes to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT. There was a 78 referrals for government benefit programs percent increase in calls over the five- like FoodShare, Medicaid, and W-2, is year period. Twenty percent of all calls the only category to show a decrease in came from ZIP Codes 53206 and 53209. needs over the five-year period. Income Although greater awareness of 2-1 1 @ Security Needs decreased from 10 percent IMPACT certainly contributed to the of total needs in 2003 to five percent of increase in calls, other issues, such as total needs in 2007. Data shows that poverty and the slumping economy, no some of these benefit programs had doubt played a part. declining enrollments during this time

area where 28 percent of What did Milwaukee County callers need? households had income “When times are tough and you 2003-2007, combined below the federal poverty can’t seem to catch a break, level. The least number of you start to feel hopeless. 2-1-1 CATEGORY OF NEED PERCENT OF TOTAL NEEDS calls (11,796) came from Housing and Basic Needs 32% the Eastside and Northeast gave me something to feel good 2 Food-Related Needs 25% Suburbs Area , where 10 about — they understand percent of households had Family and Legal Services Needs 13% what it’s like for people income below the Health and Mental Health Needs 9% federal poverty level. who are struggling.” — Amelia Income Security Needs 6% Other Needs 14% Service provider insight The Planning Council A local attorney called on behalf of period, so that could account for some spoke with 14 agency leaders who said his client, Amelia, who was facing of the decrease. Other Needs, which are that the availability of 2-1-1 @ IMPACT bankruptcy after a divorce. Amelia mainly requests for agency and program allows them to focus on their own missions, was concerned because she could not phone numbers or directions, increased helps with community planning, and afford to continue renting a refrigerator substantially from 2003 to 2007. leads to better informed clients. They at $44.80 per week but she would were also pleased that 2-1-1 @ IMPACT lose her rent assistance without the Theoretical framework operates around the clock, has crisis appliance. The 2-1-1 community Caller needs can be analyzed in relation intervention capability, has a well trained resource specialist initiated a conference to a theory developed by Psychologist staff, and keeps its information up-to-date. call with the rental center’s manager Abraham Maslow, which suggests that A recurrent theme was the impact that and explained the circumstances. people are motivated to fulfill basic poverty has on the Milwaukee community Consequently, the manager agreed to needs before moving on to other needs. and how this drives the need for 2-1-1 @ dissolve the balance of the rent-to-own Analysis of calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT IMPACT. The consumers that were contract, which was $109, and reinforces this theory in that the highest interviewed told of needing food, needing explained that he would send the number of caller needs were for housing a walker, needing clothes, needing mental client a “paid in full” statement. and basic needs and food-related needs. health assistance, and needing help to cut through bureaucratic red tape. All said Milwaukee County caller distribution by that 2-1-1 @ IMPACT directed them to ZIP Code helping resources. The Near Northside Area1 produced the 1 Includes ZIP Codes 53203, 53205, 53206, 53216, most calls (205,940) to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT 53233, 53210, 53212, and 53201. over the five-year period. This is an 2 Includes ZIP Codes 53202, 53211 and 53217.

This is a report about 2-1-1 @ IMPACT The report is organized into seven and how it serves the community. 2-1-1 major sections: @ IMPACT is a 24-hour central access point for Milwaukee County residents 1. History: This section traces the who need assistance with family, health, evolution of 2-1-1 at the national level 2-1-1 is our top referral source and the and social services. When someone and summarizes the development at majority of requests we receive are for calls 2-1-1 @ IMPACT, they speak with the local level of 2-1-1 @ IMPACT. a Community Resource Specialist, a furniture, appliances, rent assistance, and professional trained to listen carefully 2. Utilization: This section presents food. St. Vincent’s also refers a significant to the needs of callers, help assess their information on all calls to 2-1-1 number of people to 2-1-1 when there are situations and connect them to organi- @ IMPACT from Milwaukee and zations that will respond to their needs. surrounding counties. needs that we cannot meet. I think it’s a great thing that they’re there. In 2005, 2-1-1 @ IMPACT released 3. Milwaukee County utilization: — Deborah Dusky, “Sign of the times: A report card to the This section contains information community,” which contained an analysis about calls placed to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT St. Vincent de Paul Society of calls received in 2003 and 2004. Now by Milwaukee County residents. that several more years have elapsed, 2-1-1 @ IMPACT wanted to look at the 4. Major needs profiles: In this section, call data once again, paying particular call data is analyzed as it relates to attention to trends over time in utilization, the major categories of need: caller needs, and demographics. Housing and Basic Needs, Food- Related Needs, Health and Mental The current report was prepared by the Health Needs, Family and Legal Planning Council for Health and Human Services Needs, Income Security Services, Inc., a nonprofit planning and Needs, and Other Needs. research agency with nearly 45 years of service to the community. In addition to 5. Milwaukee County and area an analysis of the call data, the current profiles: In this section, readers are report contains a new component, given demographic overviews of testimonials about the significance of Milwaukee County and six areas, 2-1-1 @ IMPACT from leaders of which are based on Milwaukee organizations that use and receive County ZIP Codes, as well as an referrals from 2-1-1 @ IMPACT. In analysis of the calls that were made order to allow for consistency and from these areas to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT. comparisons, we have preserved the format and themes from the earlier 6. Service provider insight: This 2005 report to the extent possible. component of the report contains a summary of interviews with leaders Readers should be aware that: of agencies that are recipients of 2-1-1 @ IMPACT referrals. • Unless otherwise noted, demographic data found throughout the report is 7. Looking ahead: This section presents from the 2000 Census. a forecast of economic and social • All call data in the report was conditions that may have an impact provided by 2-1-1 @ IMPACT staff. on calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT over the next several years.

National evolution of 2-1-11 states should move forward on 2-1-1 is an easy-to-remember telephone statewide 2-1-1 implementation. number that, where available, connects people with important community At the end of 2007, 2-1-1 was serving services and volunteer opportunities. over 219 million Americans — nearly The implementation of 2-1-1 has been three-quarters of the entire population spearheaded over the past 15 years by — through 238 active 2-1-1 systems United Way of America (UWA) and the covering all or part of 43 states (including Alliance for Information and Referral 26 states with 90 percent plus coverage) Systems (AIRS). According to UWA, plus Washington, DC and Puerto Rico. 2-1-1 is now accessible to 75 percent of Every few weeks, those numbers increase. the United States population. In Canada, 2-1-1 currently covers more than 20 percent of the population. The United Way of Atlanta developed and implemented a 2-1-1 service in In January 2007, both houses of the 110th 1997, followed soon after by related Congress re-introduced the Calling for actions taken by several regional 2-1-1 Act, which, if passed, will provide associations and other states, notably financial support to designated 2-1-1 Connecticut and North Carolina. state entities. The bill authorizes $150 million for years one and two, and $100 Expansion of 2-1-1 information and million for years three through five referral (I&R) services was boosted through the United States Department significantly in July 2000 when the of Health and Human Services (HHS) Federal Communications Commission to help implement and sustain 2-1-1 (FCC) set aside 2-1-1 as the national nationwide. States would designate, if dialing code for health and human they have not already, a lead entity for services information and referral. It 2-1-1 which would develop a statewide was further encouraged when on plan for implementation and administration June 12, 2002, President Bush signed of the funds. States would be required into law the Public Health Security and to provide a 50 percent match in order Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response to draw down the federal dollars. Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-188), According to GovTrack.us, which authorizing state block grants and tracks bills through Congress, the last establishing 2-1-1 as an allowable use action on this bill in the Senate occurred of funds. on January 9, 2007, when it was “read twice and referred to the Committee on The expertise and knowledge that 2-1-1 possesses Following the September 11 attacks, Health, Education, Labor, and is very helpful to all the social service agencies in the necessity for 2-1-1 as a means of Pensions.” The last action in the House aggregating resources and enhancing of Representatives was on February 2, Milwaukee. Before 2-1-1, our staff were taking post-disaster assistance became obvious. 2007 when it was “referred to the so many information and referral calls that 2-1-1’s role during and following the Subcommittee on Telecommunications they were not able to do anything else. 2004 Florida hurricane disasters was and the Internet.” studied and summarized in “Trial by — Donna Rongholt-Migan, Cathedral Center Wind and Water: How 2-1-1 Played a A national cost-benefit analysis conducted Vital Role During the 2004 Florida by the University of Texas estimates a Hurricanes.” Following the Katrina and net value to society of a national 2-1-1 Rita disasters, FEMA (Federal Emergency system at almost $130 million in the first Management Agency) issued a follow-up year alone, and a conservative estimate study titled, “2005 Hurricane Season of $1.1 billion over ten years. Savings After-Action Report,” in which it both include time saved, tax assistance and recognized the accomplishments of 2-1-1 recovery, volunteer recruitment, 24/7 and made a strong recommendation that service, a reduction in the number of

1 www.211.org and www.airs.org. The Alliance of Information & Referral Systems (AIRS) was incorporated in 1973 to improve access to services for all people through information and referral (I&R). AIRS offers a professional umbrella for all I&R providers in both public and private organizations.

1-800 numbers, and a reduction in non- Planning for 2-1-1 began in 1997 when emergency calls to 9-1-1. The University the Planning Council for Health and of Nebraska’s Public Policy Center Human Services, Inc., convened a estimates that a fully realized 2-1-1 system council of stakeholders interested in in Nebraska will bring $7.4 million in establishing a countywide information benefits to the state of Nebraska with a and referral service. The Planning Council population of 1.7 million. assisted the stakeholders in amassing information for decision-making, bringing It was also reported in the aforementioned in other 2-1-1 providers for consultation, University of Texas study that 93 percent and identifying technology needs. of 2-1-1 callers surveyed found the information they sought with ease, and 97 During 2001 in Wisconsin, proposals percent said they would call 2-1-1 again. were submitted by agencies in Milwaukee, Racine, Waukesha, and Evolution of 2-1-1 @ IMPACT Dane Counties to provide the 2-1-1 History service in their respective communities. In Milwaukee County, an I&R line began In Milwaukee County, the 2-1-1 number in 1968 as a counterculture phone line was reserved for use by the Community operated by volunteers called the Information Line and was formalized as Underground Switchboard. It served as a the existing 2-1-1 Network in 2002. In mental health and drug overdose helpline, 2005, 2-1-1 @ IMPACT became one of offering counseling and information 91 I&Rs located throughout the United and referral for persons with chronic States and Canada to be accredited by mental illness and suffering from the the Alliance of Information & Referral effects of drug overdose. The line was Systems. renamed the HELPLINE in 1990. 2-1-1 @ IMPACT services During 1995 and 1996, a number of 2-1-1 @ IMPACT is a central access other phone information services were point for Milwaukee County residents added parallel to the HELPLINE. These who need assistance with family, health, included the former Social Development and social services. This 24-hour central Commission (SDC) program known as access point for information and referral First Call for Help (renamed the line serves nearly 120,000 people each FOODLINE), the United States year. It is prevention and pre-crisis Department of Housing and Urban focused. When someone calls 2-1-1 @ Development’s (HUD’s) wraparound IMPACT, they speak with a Community program telephone referral service Resource Specialist, a professional known as ACALL, and the W-2 Rapid trained to listen carefully to the caller's ResponseLine. Concurrent discussion needs, help assess their situation, and in Milwaukee County regarding a connect them to an agency that will consolidated phone referral service respond to their needs. resulted in the folding of the HELPLINE and FOODLINE networks into what 2-1-1 @ IMPACT Community Resource was then known as the Community Specialists use a comprehensive data- Information Line. The Milwaukee base of resources to help link callers Council on Alcoholism and Drug to the right resource the first time. Dependence (MCADD), which later This information and referral database is changed its name to IMPACT in 1999, also available for purchase on-line.1 It operated the hotline. In 2000, ACALL contains information on over 3,500 and the W-2 Rapid ResponseLine were agencies and programs in the greater absorbed into the Community Milwaukee area and is searchable by using Information Line as well. keywords and phrases and by ZIP Code.

1 http://www.impactinc.org/211/211.htm#Directory.

Staffing and database for the call, geographic origin of call, the The 2-1-1 @ IMPACT I&R line is result of the call, and an automatically staffed by one Director, two Managers, established date for a follow-up call, “The operator was very helpful two Resource Specialists, an Intern/ should one be necessary. in finding a counselor to talk to, Volunteer Coordinator and 15 Community food pantries that were close to Resource Specialists. The line is answered Funding 24 hours per day, seven days per week, Major funding for 2-1-1 @ IMPACT is my house, and a location where with six to 10 Community Resource provided by United Way of Greater I could get more health insurance Specialists on duty during the day, three Milwaukee and Milwaukee County and help during my pregnancy. to four during second shift, and one or Government. Other funders, including two during the late night and early Harley-Davidson, support the Intern It’s nice to know that someone morning hours. 2-1-1 @ IMPACT is Program and other special projects. 2-1-1 is always there for you… also a frequent placement site for interns @ IMPACT provides overnight and no matter what.” — Cassandra from local colleges and universities weekend coverage for other Wisconsin with seven to 12 individuals serving at 2-1-1s including United Way Fox any one time assisting with emergency Cities, Brown County United Way, and Cassandra called 2-1-1 because she food and housing-related calls. Resource Tri-City United Way (located in was having trouble financially and and call information is stored in IRis Marinette County) for which fees are emotionally when she was pregnant (Information and Referral Information charged. In addition, 2-1-1 @ IMPACT with her daughter and on bed rest. System), a proprietary database. The provides overnight and weekend coverage IRis database is powerful and extensive, for the Parent Helpline and the making this the definitive single resource Milwaukee County Department on for information regarding the needs of Aging. 2-1-1 @ IMPACT receives consumers in Milwaukee County. The funding for providing this coverage database is used to log each call by from Milwaukee County and Brighter time, date, name, and phone number of Futures, respectively. consumer or organization, the reason

UTILIZATION AND CALLER NEEDS FROM MILWAUKEE AND SURROUNDING COUNTIES

“I called 2-1-1 for help locating a All Calls and Caller Needs Trends at a Glance shelter and also some advice because I Q There was a 52 percent increase in the number of calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT from Milwaukee and need to find permanent housing. 2-1-1 surrounding counties between 2003 and 2007. got me connected with Health Care for Q Women comprised 80 percent of the callers. the Homeless and to Southside Housing Q Persons between the ages of 18 and 35 made up 39 percent of the callers. Those aged 36 to 55 Co-Op. I am so happy that I called were 36 percent of the total. 2-1-1 because they were successful in Q Over half of all requests during the five-year period were for food, housing, and other basic needs. finding us a place to live.” — Janessa Q The top two unmet needs for each of the five-years were emergency shelter and food pantries.

Janessa and her two children had been staying with a friend because she was Number of calls on social security and trying to save enough money to afford an apartment From January 1, 2003 to December 31, of her own. The landlord notified her friend that Janessa would have to 2007, more than half a million calls move out by the end of the month or he would evict everyone. (523,544) were received by 2-1-1 @ IMPACT.1 Eighty-seven percent of these calls came from within Milwaukee County, while calls from surrounding counties made up the remaining 13 percent.

Profile of callers Over the five-year period:

• Women were more frequent users of 2-1-1 @ IMPACT than men; 80 percent of all callers were women and 20 percent were men. See Chart A. • Seventy-five percent of all calls were from people between the ages of 18 and 55. See Chart B. • In the 18-35 age group, the percent of women calling 2-1-1 @ IMPACT was higher (43%) than the percent of men in that age group (25%) who called 2-1-1 @ IMPACT. Compare Chart C to Chart D. • In the 36-55 age group, the reverse is true; the percent of men calling 2-1-1 @ IMPACT was higher (48%) than the percent of women in that age group (33%) who called 2-1-1 @ IMPACT. Compare Chart D to Chart C.

1Total calls were tallied per call, not per caller and may therefore include individuals who called more than once.

CHART A: Percent of callers by gender, CHART B: Percent of callers by age, 2003-2007, combined 2003-2007, combined Under age 18 - 1%

Men 20% Age Unknown 16% Ages 18-35 Over Age 55 - 8% 39%

Women 80% Ages 36-55 36%

N = 518,522 N = 518,522

CHART C: Percent of female callers by CHART D: Percent of male callers by age, 2003-2007, combined age, 2003-2007, combined Under age 18 - 1% Under age 18 - 1%

Age Unknown Age Unknown 15% Ages 18-35 17% 25% Ages 18-35 Over Age 55 43% Over Age 55 8% 9%

Ages 36-55 Ages 36-55 36% 48%

N = 413,208 (80% of Total Calls) N = 105,314 (20% of Total Calls)

When someone is seeking services that we don’t provide, we give out 2-1-1’s number or our staff will call 2-1-1 for information on their behalf. For people that we can’t serve, it’s nice that we can at least direct them to 2-1-1. — Cindy Krahenbuhl, Guest House of Milwaukee

Trends in call volume 2005 and 2006, and then decreased by There was a 52 percent increase in the three percent between 2006 and 2007. number of calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT Calls from outside of the county have from 2003 to 2007. The number of calls gone from 21 percent of all calls in 2003 increased every year except for 2007, to eight percent of the calls in 2007. when calls declined slightly (see Table This decline in the percent of calls 1). Calls from within Milwaukee from outside Milwaukee County could County increased 17 percent between partially reflect the fact that 2-1-1 is now 2003 and 2004, 32 percent between available in other areas, such as Racine, 2004 and 2005, 19 percent between Waukesha, and the Fox Cities area.

TABLE 1: Total calls, 2003-2007, by year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 TOTAL

Milwaukee County 62,226 72,741 95,937 114,499 110,804 456,207 All Other Counties 16,956 17,000 15,852 8,141 9,388 67,337 Total Calls 79,182 89,741 111,789 122,640 120,192 523,544 Milwaukee County Calls as a Percent of Total Calls 79% 81% 86% 93% 92% 87%

Caller needs The 523,544 calls received by 2-1-1 @ Calls received by 2-1-1 @ IMPACT are IMPACT between 2003 and 2007 grouped into one of six major categories: resulted in 623,194 requests for services, which simply means that some people 1. Housing and Basic Needs who called had more than one need. 2. Food-Related Needs Stated another way, over the five-year 3. Family and Legal Services Needs period, there was an average of 1.19 4. Health and Mental Health Needs needs per call (see Table 2). Chart E 5. Income Security Needs shows the percent of caller needs by the 6. Other Needs six major categories. Approximately one-third of all caller needs fell into the Housing and Basic Needs category, and approximately one-fourth fell into the Food-Related Needs category.

TABLE 2: Total calls and needs, 2003-2007, by year YEAR CALLS NEEDS NEEDS PER CALL 2003 79,182 95,461 1.21 2004 89,741 110,166 1.23 2005 111,789 130,742 1.17 2006 122,640 143,991 1.17 2007 120,192 142,834 1.19 Total 523,544 623,194 1.19

CHART E: Percent of total caller needs by major needs categories, 2003-2007, combined 40.0% 32.8% 30.0%

22.8% 20.0% 14.9% 13.7% 10.0% 9.8% 5.9%

0.0% Family and Legal Food-Related Health and Housing and Income Security Other Needs Services Needs Needs Mental Health Basic Needs Needs Needs N = 623,194 CATEGORY GROUPINGS

FAMILY AND LEGAL SERVICES NEEDS FOOD-RELATED NEEDS • Consumer Services • Any Food Related Needs • Crime and Justice Assistance • Disaster/Military Service HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH CARE NEEDS • Education • Health Care • Holiday Assistance • Mental Health Treatment/Evaluation • Individual and Family Life • Specialized Counseling • Legal Services • Substance Abuse Services • Organizational/Community Services HOUSING AND BASIC NEEDS • Financial and Household Needs • Housing Resources • Environmental Quality

INCOME SECURITY NEEDS • Employment/Job Readiness • Home/Nutritional Maintenance • Medical Assistance

OTHER NEEDS • Administrative Call • Agency/Program Phone Number/Address • Other/Unknown

UNMET NEEDS For each need, 2-1-1 @ IMPACT callers. The category with the highest operators record whether or not that number of unmet needs was Housing need was met. A need is considered and Basic Needs. Twenty percent of the unmet if 2-1-1 @ IMPACT staff are needs in that category were recorded as unable to locate a referral for a caller.1 unmet. Income Security Needs had the Chart F depicts the relationship lowest percent of unmet needs at three between the needs and unmet needs of percent.

CHART F: Relationship of unmet needs to total needs, 2004*-2007, combined

200,000 Needs Unmet Needs 173,442 160,000

120,149 120,000

83,841 80,000 72,378

49,866 40,000 35,231 16,897 28,057 6,063 3,067 5,456 955

Family and Legal Food-Related Health and Housing and Income Security Other Needs Services Needs Needs Mental Health Basic Needs Needs Needs N = 527,733 *In 2003, unmet needs were not consistently recorded, so data for 2003 is not included.

1 Reasons for inability to locate a referral can include circumstances such as no suitable program found; program not accepting new applications; caller ineligible due to age, gender, income/financial, or “value” conflict with agency; caller hang-up; caller unable to access service due to service hours, language barrier, or lack of transportation.

“I needed help finding clothing and a food pantry. 2-1-1 told me the location of services and told me what to bring. 2-1-1 was helpful.” Gwendolyn

Gwendolyn was trying to make ends meet for herself and her four children. She decided to call 2-1-1 @ IMPACT because she and her kids were hungry and needed clothes.

Specific unmet needs top ten unmet needs from 2004 to 2007. 2-1-1 @ IMPACT breaks each major Unmet needs were not consistently need category down into more specific recorded in 2003 and so are not included needs, as is shown in Table 3. There here. Topping the list each year were was no fluctuation in the ranking of the emergency shelter and food pantry needs.

TABLE 3: Top twenty unmet needs, 2004*-2007, combined TOTAL UNMET TOTAL PERCENT OF NEED NEEDS NEEDS UNMET NEEDS

1. Emergency shelter 14,955 49,819 30.0% 2. Food-pantry 12,465 95,278 13.1% 3. Utility bill payment assistance 5,885 23,399 25.2% 4. Holiday assistance - total** 3,604 11,107 32.4% 5. Rent assistance/rental payment assistance 3,273 10,624 30.8% 6. Temporary financial assistance/ea1 grant 2,375 7,450 31.9% 7. Formula/baby food 2,233 7,293 30.6% 8. Appliances 1,436 5,889 24.4% 9. Meal site - for all 889 6,019 14.8% 10. Furniture - general 765 7,699 9.9% 11. Low-cost home rental 667 15,364 4.3% 12. Inpatient substance abuse treatment 587 2,399 24.5% 13. Domestic violence shelter 572 3,998 14.3% 14. Furniture-beds 571 4,353 13.1% 15. Security deposit assistance/security deposit 551 3,901 14.1% payment assistance 16. Fan/air conditioner/heater 511 1,046 48.9% 17. Transportation-local 474 1,583 29.9% 18. Substance abuse assessment 350 5,504 6.4% 19. Government surplus food-CSFP2 349 2,787 12.5% 20. Transportation expense assistance 320 720 44.4%

*In 2003, unmet needs were not consistently recorded, so data for 2003 is not included. **Holiday Assistance includes Thanksgiving basket, Thanksgiving meal, Christmas basket, Christmas gift, Christmas toy, Christmas meal, and other holiday assistance. Note: Needs categorized as other or unknown (unmet needs = 5,456, total needs = 83,841, percent of needs unmet = 6.5 percent) included requests for other phone numbers (directory assistance), calls from other agencies, and calls not related to the other five major needs categories.

1 ea = Energy Assistance 2 CSFP = Commodity Supplemental Food Program

CALLS AND CALLER NEEDS

Milwaukee County Calls and Caller Needs Trends at a Glance

Q Calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT from within Milwaukee County increased 78 percent between 2003 and 2007. Q There was a three-percent drop in calls between 2006 and 2007, which could have resulted from a new policy that allows consumers to access shelters directly without having to go through 2-1-1 @ IMPACT. Q Fifty-eight percent of all requests during the five-year period were for Housing and Basic Needs and Food-Related Needs. Q There was little fluctuation over the five-year period among Milwaukee County ZIP Codes producing the most calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT. Twenty percent of all calls originated from ZIP Codes 53206 and 53209.

We’re trying to solve problems together. We’re MAP 1: ZIP Codes producing the TABLE 4: Top nine ZIP Codes, not operating in silos. We understand that our most calls, 2003–2007, combined 2003-2007, combined strength really comes from collaboration and ZIP NUMBER PERCENT 53217 CODE OF CALLS OF CALLS partnership, and I tend to believe that that’s 53224 53223 what low-income families deserve from us. 53206 50,831 11.1% — Deborah Blanks, 53209 40,737 8.9% 53208 36,324 8.0% Social Development Commission (SDC) 53225 53218 53209 53212 35,726 7.8% 53218 31,481 6.9% 53210 31,399 6.9% 53222 53216 53211 53216 27,424 6.0% 53206 53212 53210 53204 27,054 5.9%

53226 53213 53208 53205 53215 24,997 5.5% 53202 53233 Number of Milwaukee County calls 53203 There were 456,207 calls from within 53214 53204 Milwaukee County to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT between 2003 and 2007. 53227 53219 53215 53207 Location of Milwaukee County calls 53235 The darkened areas in Map 1 correspond 53228 53220 53221 to ZIP Codes that produced the most calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT. Eleven percent of 53110 53130 the calls over the five-year period came 53129 from ZIP Code 53206, and nine percent were from ZIP Code 53209. There was 53172 very little fluctuation in ZIP Codes that produced the most calls over the five- year period, or in their order (see Table 4). 53132 53154

The economic well-being of ZIP Code 53206 was the focus of an entire report issued in 2007 by the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Employment and Training Institute.1 Among the report’s major findings:

• Subprime loans and high-interest loans made up over three-fourths of the mortgage loans issued for owner-occupants in 2005. Milwaukee County caller needs • Nearly two-thirds of men ages 30-34 Chart G shows that 58 percent of from ZIP Code 53206 had been Milwaukee County callers had a request incarcerated in state Department related to either Housing and Basic of Corrections facilities or were Needs or Food-Related Needs. The currently incarcerated. fewest requests were in the category of • The majority (82%) of housing Income Security Needs. Table 5 shows loans in ZIP Code 53206 were the number of needs for each year and made to single purchasers rather each need as a percent of all needs for than two-person buyers. that year.

CHART G: Percent of Milwaukee County caller needs by major needs categories, 2003-2007, combined 40.0%

32.3% 30.0% 25.3%

20.0%

13.2% 13.9% 10.0% 9.0% 6.3%

0.0% Family and Legal Food-Related Health and Housing and Income Security Other Needs Services Needs Needs Mental Health Basic Needs Needs Needs N = 549,213

1 Lois M. Quinn, “Neighborhood Indicators of Employment and Economic Well-Being of Families, Barriers to Employment, and Untapped Opportunities: New Indicators of Neighborhood Need in ZIP Code 53206,” University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Employment and Training Institute, 2007, http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/ETI/reports/indypage.htm.

TABLE 5: Milwaukee County caller needs by major needs categories, 2003-2007, by year HEALTH HOUSING FAMILY AND AND FOOD- AND LEGAL MENTAL INCOME BASIC RELATED SERVICES HEALTH SECURITY OTHER ALL NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS N% N % N % N % N% N% N 2003 24,950 31% 21,758 27% 11,446 14% 8,432 10% 8,034 10% 6,422 8% 81,042 2004 29,674 33% 24,814 27% 12,626 14% 8,261 9% 6,942 8% 8,634 9% 90,951 2005 37,937 33% 29,734 26% 14,987 13% 9,760 9% 6,444 6% 14,713 13% 113,575 2006 46,064 34% 29,866 22% 16,976 13% 11,677 9% 6,767 5% 22,274 17% 133,624 2007 38,520 30% 32,615 25% 16,673 13% 11,226 9% 6,487 5% 24,500 19% 130,021 177,145 32% 138,787 25% 72,708 13% 49,356 9% 34,674 6% 76,543 14% 549,213

Trends in needs of Milwaukee County callers Table 5 depicts trends in caller requests over the five-year period. In most major needs categories, the number of needs increased between 2003 and 2007. The one exception was Income Security Needs. In 2003, there were 8,034 Income Security Needs. This fell to 6,942 in 2004 and remained fairly constant after that. Housing and Basic Needs, which was the category with the most needs over the five-year period, increased steadily from 2003 to 2006 and decreased 16 percent between 2006 and 2007. 2-1-1 @ IMPACT attributes this to a change in policy that now allows consumers to contact shelters directly without having to go through an intermediary.

Food-Related Needs increased by 50 percent from 2003 to 2007. Family and Legal Services Needs jumped by 46 percent and Health and Mental Health Needs climbed 33 percent over the five- year period.

The biggest increase, almost 300 percent, was in the category of Other Needs. This is due, in large part, to the fact that many more people call 2-1-1 @ IMPACT to ask for a phone number, directions or general information.

Theoretical framework The needs of most 2-1-1 @ IMPACT Caller needs can be analyzed in relation callers fall into the bottom two tiers of to a theory developed by Psychologist Maslow’s pyramid — physiological and Abraham Maslow.1 Maslow first safety needs. Physiological needs are introduced his concept of a hierarchy of those required to sustain life, such as air, needs in his 1943 paper “A Theory of water, food and sleep. According to Human Motivation” and his subsequent Maslow's theory, if these fundamental book, Motivation and Personality. This needs are not satisfied then one will hierarchy suggests that people are surely be motivated to satisfy them. motivated to fulfill basic needs before Higher needs such as social needs and moving on to other needs. esteem are not recognized until one satisfies the needs basic to existence. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is most Once physiological needs are met, one’s often displayed as a pyramid, with lowest attention turns to safety and security in levels of the pyramid made up of the order to be free from the threat of most basic needs and more complex needs physical and emotional harm. Such at the top of the pyramid. The needs might be fulfilled by living in a basis of Maslow's theory is that safe area, medical insurance, job security human beings are motivated by and financial reserves.2 unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower needs must be More than 57 percent of 2-1-1 @ IMPACT satisfied before higher level caller needs over the five-year period needs can be satisfied. fell within the categories of Housing and Basic Needs and Food- Related Needs. Both of these categories fall into the first level of Maslow’s hierarchy, which represents physiological needs. The next tier in Maslow’s hierarchy deals with health and financial security, which could include 2-1-1 @ IMPACT’s categories of Income Security Needs, Health and Mental Health Needs, and Family and Legal Services Needs.

1 Maslow’s theory was applied to the analysis of 2-1-1 @ IMPACT caller needs for the first time in the 2005 report “Sign of the times: a report card to the community.” 2 http://www.abraham-maslow.com/m_motivation/ Hierarchy_of_Needs.asp.

CATEGORY PROFILES In the following section, the data is examined as it relates to each major category of need. Also examined are some of the major community issues that may be having an impact on callers. The information in this section relates to Milwaukee County callers only.

Housing and Basic Needs Housing and Basic Needs Trends at a Glance

Q Housing and Basic Needs made up 32 percent of all Milwaukee County caller needs over the five- year period. It was the category with the most caller needs over this time period. Q Requests in this category increased 85 percent between 2003 and 2006. Q The increase in caller requests involving Housing and Basic Needs coincides with major economic challenges related to housing hardship and affordability. Q Between 2006 and 2007, there was a decrease in Housing and Basic Needs requests when a When one of our pantry’s utilization rates jumped change in policy allowed individuals to access shelters directly, instead of having to go through 2-1-1 @ IMPACT. from 100 to 1,500 in one month, we asked 2-1-1 to map its referral data. We found out that referrals Number of requests half of all Housing and Basic Needs were being made because this was the only pantry There were 177,145 requests by requests were for financial/ household that was always open. The maps also showed where Milwaukee County callers for Housing needs, such as utility bill and rental and Basic Needs from 2003 through payment assistance, furniture, appliances, people were coming from to get the food. 2-1-1 2007. For the five-year period, Housing and clothing. Housing resources such as effectively reports quantifiable information that and Basic Needs comprised about one affordable housing, subsidized housing, helps us plan where services are needed based third (32%) of Milwaukee County and emergency shelter, comprised 47 caller needs. percent of basic needs requests. on poverty and lack of other services. Environmental quality, which represented — Sherrie Tussler, Hunger Task Force Subcategories three percent of Housing and Basic The subcategories under Housing and Needs, refers to things like building Basic Needs are financial/household needs; code enforcement, trash/snow removal, housing resources; and environmental and lack of heat/air conditioning. quality. From Table 6, it can be seen that

TABLE 6: Housing and Basic Needs by subcategory, 2003-2007, combined SUBCATEGORY NUMBER PERCENT Financial/household needs 88,517 50% Housing resources 83,098 47% Environmental quality 5,530 3% Total 177,145 100%

ZIP Code map ZIP Codes in which Housing and Basic Needs represented the highest percent of callers’ needs include 53203, 53233, and 53208 (see Map 2). For details on the top NEED ten ZIP Codes, see Table 7. MAP 2: Housing and Basic Needs as Five-year trends TABLE 7: Top ten ZIP Codes with the highest a percent of total needs of ZIP Code, Housing and Basic Needs percent of Housing and Basic Needs, 2003-2007, combined1 increased by 85 percent between 2003-2007, combined 2003 and 2006, from 24,950 in 2003 to 46,064 in 2006. This was PERCENT NUMBER 53217 followed by a decrease of 16 ZIP CODE OF NEEDS OF NEEDS 53224 53223 percent between 2006 and 2007 53203 39.0% 360 (see Chart H). This decrease is 53233 38.3% 4,593 likely due to a change in policy that allows consumers to access 53208 36.9% 15,907 shelters directly instead of going 53205 36.4% 5,751 53225 53218 53209 through 2-1-1 @ IMPACT. 53210 36.3% 13,558 Although the number of Housing 53206 36.1% 21,830 and Basic Needs increased between 53204 34.7% 11,412 2003 and 2006 and then decreased 53222 53216 53225 33.7% 6,299 53211 in 2007, it consistently represented 53206 53212 53212 33.5% 14,380 53210 about one-third of all needs of Milwaukee County callers. Chart I 53218 33.5% 12,572 53226 53213 53208 53205 illustrates trends in Housing and 53202 Basic Needs by subcategories. 53233 53203

53214 53204 CHART H: 53227 53219 53215 Housing and Basic Needs compared to total needs, 53207 2003-2007, by year 53235 140,000 53228 53220 53221 Housing and Basic Needs All Needs 133,624 53110 120,000 130,021 53130 53129 113,575 100,000 53172

80,000 90,951 81,042 53132 53154 60,000 46,064 37,937 38,520 40,000 29,674 24,950 20,000 35%-39.9% 30%-34.9% 25%-29.9% 20%-24.9% 18%-19.9%

1 ZIP Code 53201 (Main Post Office box) 40.0%, N = 176 ZIP Code 53193/53295 (VA Hospital) 47.4%, N = 63 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

CHART I: Comparison of Housing and Basic Needs, 2003-2007, by year 50,000 Housing Resources AVAILABILITY 45,000 Financial/Household Needs 46,064 MAP 3: Number of Housing and Basic Needs 40,000 Environmental Quality All Housing and Basic Needs resources by ZIP Code, from 2-1-1 @ 38,520 IMPACT’s resources database, July 20081 35,000 37,937

30,000 53217 29,674 53224 53223 25,000 23,921 21,646 24,950 20,344 20,703 20,000 15,241 16,605 15,183 15,000 13,613 12,732 53225 53218 53209 11,627 10,000

5,000 53222 53216 1,691 53211 591 820 988 1,440 53206 53212 0 53210 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 53226 53213 53208 53205 53202 53233 Housing and Basic Needs resources 53203 As of July 2008, 2-1-1 @ IMPACT 53214 53204 had 463 Housing and Basic Needs resources in its database; of those, 53227 53219 53215 there were approximately 120 53207 resources to assist low-income renters, first-time buyers, or 53235 homeowners with financial issues 53228 53220 53221 around housing. There were also 53110 14 electric and gas bill payment 53130 assistance resources, and seven 53129 resources for community shelters. Map 3 illustrates the number of 53172 Housing and Basic Needs resources by ZIP Codes. ZIP Code 53204 had the highest number (44) 53132 53154 of Housing and Basic Needs resources.

40+ 30-39 20-29 10-19 0-9

1 ZIP Code 53201 = 5, ZIP Code 53295 = 1

Community issues affecting Housing and Basic Needs It is not surprising that calls for Housing Although home ownership in Milwaukee and Basic Needs remained high over the County has risen, there has been a five-year period, given the economic downside. According to a 2007 study conditions in the housing arena, both conducted by the Employment and nationally and locally. Following are Training Institute at the University of findings from several local studies and Wisconsin-Milwaukee:3 reports on this issue. • Home ownership has risen throughout Housing Affordability1 Milwaukee County as a result of the According to the Milwaukee Housing availability of subprime and high- Trust Fund Coalition, “Housing insecurity interest rate mortgages. has increased dramatically in Milwaukee • At the same time, the number of since 2000.” Major findings of the residents living in housing over- Coalition’s 2008 report2 include: leveraged for their income increased substantially. Mortgaged households • Of major Midwest cities, only spending more than half of their income Detroit has witnessed a more severe on housing nearly doubled from 10 decline in housing affordability than percent in 2000 to 19 percent in 2006. the City of Milwaukee. • Most at-risk among home owning • Since 2000, we have seen a 48 residents are 13,896 adults and percent increase in the number of children living in the City of renters [in the City of Milwaukee] Milwaukee and 4,766 suburbanites spending greater than 50 percent of whose mortgage payments and other their income on housing. housing expenses totaled 75 percent • The number of City of Milwaukee or more of their household income. renters who receive Public Assistance • Nearly a third (31%) of renting and who live in housing that is households in the City of Milwaukee affordable plummeted from 38 percent was reported as spending at least half in 2000 to only 20 percent in 2006. of their income on housing in 2006, • Milwaukee County residents receiving up from 21 percent in 2000. only SSI can afford rent of $181 per month. The 2007 Fair Market Rent Energy Costs for a zero bedroom apartment is Related to housing costs are energy costs. $510 per month. Residential energy costs in Wisconsin • In 2004, there were 658 foreclosure have risen significantly between 2002 sales in Milwaukee County. By the and 2007. The Consumer Price Index end of 2007, that number had grown shows that overall household energy to an estimated 2,800. costs for gas and electricity rose 46 • The number of households on the percent between 2000 and 2006 in the waiting list for City of Milwaukee Milwaukee-Racine metropolitan area. Public Housing or Section 8 Vouchers is 4,250. The average amount of time Homelessness the Housing Authority waiting lists Some of the same factors cited above for City Section 8 Vouchers and City have probably contributed to an Public Housing Family Units increase in the homeless population. remain closed is 24 months.

1 The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) standard for affordable housing is that no more than 30 percent of household income should be spent on housing related costs. 2 “Status of Affordable Housing in Milwaukee,” Milwaukee Housing Trust Fund Coalition, February 2008. 3 “Milwaukee’s Housing Crisis: Housing Affordability and Mortgage Lending Practices,” University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee Employment and Training Institute, Legal Action of Wisconsin 2007 Housing Update.

According to the Milwaukee Continuum of Care’s 2005-2010 Strategic Plan1:

• The length of stay in shelters has increased dramatically. • Funding for homeless services has decreased. • Political support has waned. • Mainstream resources have dwindled remarkably, including the demise of general assistance, changes in Corrections release standards, difficulty in obtaining SSI, slashed Legal Aid funding, and reduced Section 8 housing vouchers.

The Continuum of Care’s 2007 Point in Time Survey2 contained a question about unmet needs. “Help finding work/employment assistance” and “help finding permanent housing” were the two most frequently mentioned services that homeless adults needed but could not obtain; 21 percent said they could not find employment help and 17 percent could not find housing assistance.

1 The Continuum of Care is a community-based, long-range strategic plan that addresses the needs of homeless persons in order to help them reach maximum self-sufficiency, developed through collaboration with a broad cross section of the community and based on a thorough assessment of homeless needs and resources. 2 The Point in Time Survey is a profile of homeless adults who could be identified and interviewed at a single point in time, in this case, January 25, 2007; “My grandson, Jordan, has been on drugs. Jordan was taking 714 homeless adults were interviewed. my pills for back pain, so I took all my pills and hid them. I was afraid he would kill himself. 2-1-1 gave us information on when the County office was open and told us to get there before 9 a.m. to avoid the lines, so we could get the services we needed. 2-1-1 made us feel like we were going to get some kind of help. I did not expect to get that type of help from 2-1-1; they were very compassionate.” — Jordan’s grandmother Rayna

Jordan is a 22-year-old male without health insurance who experienced a mental health crisis, depression, leading to suicidal thoughts. Jordan’s grandmother says that he used drugs to get high whenever he would experience symptoms of mental illness. Jordan is now receiving services such as medication and counseling through the Milwaukee County Behavioral Health Division. He is stable and works part-time.

ZIP Code map ZIP Codes in which Food-Related Needs represented the highest percent of callers’ needs include 53206, 53212, and 53209 (see Map 4). For details on the top ten ZIP Codes, see Table 8.

NEED Food-Related Needs MAP 4: Food-Related Needs as a percent of total needs of ZIP Code, Food-Related Needs Trends at a Glance 2003-2007, combined1 Q Requests for Food-Related Needs in Milwaukee County have consistently comprised about 25 percent of all Milwaukee County caller needs between 2003 and 2007. 53217 Q Requests for Food-Related Needs increased 50 percent from 2003 to 2007. 53224 53223 Q Food-Related Needs has ranked second, after Housing and Basic Needs, as the most needed service over the five-year period.

Number of requests TABLE 8: Top ten ZIP Codes with the 53225 53218 53209 There were 138,787 requests by highest percent of Food-Related Needs, Milwaukee County callers for 2003-2007, combined Food-Related Needs from 2003 53222 53216 through 2007. For the five-year PERCENT NUMBER 53211 period, Food-Related Needs ZIP CODE OF NEEDS OF NEEDS 53206 53212 53210 represented one-fourth of all 53206 29.6% 17,891 Milwaukee County caller requests. 53212 28.5% 12,210 53226 53213 53208 53205 Persons calling 2-1-1 @ IMPACT 53202 with Food-Related Needs can be 53209 28.3% 13,768 53233 53203 connected to various agencies and 53216 26.9% 8,762 services, including food pantries, 53208 26.4% 11,364 53214 53204 meal sites, and places that 53210 25.9% 9,677 distribute baby food/formula. 53227 53219 53215 53204 25.8% 8,498 53207 53215 25.3% 7,788 53218 25.0% 9,405 53235 53228 53220 53221 53219 24.8% 2,555

53110 53130 Five-year trends 53129 Food-Related Needs increased by nearly 50 percent between 2003 53172 and 2007, from 21,758 requests in 2003 to 32,615 requests in 2007 (see Chart J). Although the number of Food-Related Needs in 53132 53154 Milwaukee County has increased over the five-year period, the need has consistently represented about one-quarter of all needs of Milwaukee County callers.

28%-29.9% 25%-27.9% 20%-24.9% 15%-19.9% 6%-14.9%

1 ZIP Code 53201 (Main Post Office box) 11.8%, N = 52 ZIP Code 53193/53295 (VA Hospital) 6.8%, N = 9

CHART J: Food-Related Needs compared to total needs, 2003 2007, by year 140,000 Food-Related Needs All Needs 133,624 130,021 120,000 AVAILABILITY 113,575 MAP 5: Number of Food-Related Needs 100,000 resources by ZIP Code, from 2-1-1 @ IMPACT’s resources database, July 20081 90,951 80,000 81,042 53217 60,000 53224 53223

40,000 32,615 29,734 29,866 24,814 21,758 20,000 53225 53218 53209

53222 53216 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 53211 53206 53212 53210

Food-Related Needs resources 53226 53213 53208 53205 As of July 2008, 2-1-1 @ 53202 IMPACT had 428 Food-Related 53233 53203 Needs resources in its database; of those, there were 81 food pantries, 53214 53204 26 soup kitchens, and 172 summer food service programs. Map 5 53227 53219 53215 illustrates the number of Food- 53207 Related Needs resources by ZIP Codes. ZIP Code 53206 had the 53235 53228 53220 53221 highest number (42) of Food- Related Needs resources. 53110 53130 53129

53172

53132 53154

32+ 24-31 16-23 8-15 0-7

1 ZIP Code 53201 = 1

Community issues affecting Food-Related Needs Food Insecurity and Hunger programs. They represented 54 The University of Wisconsin Extension percent of food pantry clients and 61 Wisconsin Food Security Project defines percent of meal site clients. food insecurity as households having • Single parents were the largest category uncertain or limited access to food of food pantry users (29%). through normal channels.1 Wisconsin • Respondents most frequently reported Community Action Program Association utilizing a food pantry because of (WISCAP) defines hunger as an FoodShare running out, high rent and “extreme form of food insecurity,” utility costs, and low wages. linked to social conditions such as a poor economy, as well as individual Fifty-eight percent of food pantry circumstances like divorce, death of a respondents said they visit a food pantry spouse, physical and/or mental illness, six or more times a year and 67 percent disability, and single parenthood. of meal site respondents visited a meal site five or more times a month. According to “Household Food Security in the United States 2006,” a report In 2007, the Hunger Task Force conducted published annually by the United States a survey at the Marcia P. Coggs Human Department of Agriculture (USDA), Services Center targeted to people who food insecurity rates were substantially use FoodShare Wisconsin, a benefit that higher than the national average for: helps people with limited income to buy food. According to this survey, 67 percent • Those with incomes near or below of participants (306 people) reported the federal poverty level (which in food shortages in their house in the last 2006 for a family of four was six months and 62 percent (283) said $20,444); they skipped meals or had eaten less due • Households with children headed by to food shortages. The Fueling Young a single women; and Minds Collaboration, targeted toward • Black and Hispanic households. children,2 served 711,724 meals and snacks to Milwaukee’s low-income “In Search of a Hunger-Free Community: children during the summer of 2007. This An Assessment of the Emergency Food is the fourth consecutive year that Fueling Network in Milwaukee,” by Aiyeshia Young Minds has been in operation, Hudson, a report released in February and, each year, the number of children 2006, contains responses from surveys served has increased. The Hunger Task administered in 2005 to food pantry Force points out that hunger is particularly recipients and meal site participants. devastating to children, increasing their The results reinforce the findings of the susceptibility to chronic illness; behavioral USDA food insecurity report in that: problems; physical, mental and emotional delays; lowered attention spans; and • African Americans were over absenteeism, tardiness and school represented in the emergency food suspensions.

1 The Wisconsin Food Security Project is a collaboration between the University of Wisconsin - Extension and the Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services (DHFS). 2 Fueling Young Minds, a collaboration among Hunger Task Force, Milwaukee Public Schools, and other local social-service agencies, provides meals to children at locations throughout Milwaukee during the summer, a traditionally high-risk period for under-nutrition because children are not receiving school meals. The collaboration is funded by the Harley-Davidson Foundation.

Family and Legal Services Needs

Family and Legal Services Needs Trends at a Glance

Q Caller requests for Family and Legal Services Needs consistently made up 13 percent of all Milwaukee County caller needs over the five-year period. Q Requests for Family and Legal Services Needs increased 46 percent between 2003 and 2007. Q The consumer services subcategory, which includes help with issues involving utilities, saw a 75 percent jump between 2003 and 2007.

TABLE 9: Family and Legal Services Needs by Number of requests subcategory, 2003-2007, combined There were 72,708 requests by Milwaukee County callers for Family and Legal Services from 2003 SUBCATEGORY NUMBER PERCENT through 2007. For the five-year period, Family and Legal services 26,622 37% Legal Services Needs comprised 13 percent of Milwaukee County caller needs. Individual and family life 13,753 19% Holiday assistance 12,481 17% Subcategories Organizational/community services 8,046 11% The subcategories under Family and Legal Services Consumer services 4,814 6% Needs are legal services, individual and family life, Education 3,850 5% holiday assistance, organizational/community services, Criminal and justice assistance 2,786 4% consumer services, education, criminal and justice assistance, and disaster/military service. From Table Disaster/military service 356 1% 9, it can be seen that the greatest number of Family Total 72,708 100% and Legal Services Needs were for legal services.

“When you’re overwhelmed and feel all alone and don’t know where to turn, it’s nice to know that people care. We are strangers to you but you’ve opened your hearts and held out your hands to us. I thank God for 2-1-1.” — Nancy

Following Hurricane Katrina, 2-1-1 @ IMPACT became an important resource for hundreds of displaced residents of the gulf coast who were brought to Milwaukee. From hurricanes to floods to bio-terrorism, 2-1-1 call centers that already exist in communities, operating 24/7, are the logical platform for building emergency response communication capacity, as well as responding to a multitude of needs including food and water, shelter, transportation, construction materials, mental health services and information about the availability of and application for state and federal assistance.

ZIP Code map ZIP Codes in which Family and Legal Services Needs represented the highest percent of callers’ needs include 53217, 53228, and 53129 (see Map 6). For details on the NEED top ten ZIP Codes, see Table 10. MAP 6: Family and Legal Services Needs Five-year trends TABLE 10: Top ten ZIP Codes with the as a percent of total needs of ZIP Code, During the five-year period, highest percent of Family and Legal 2003-2007, combined1 Family and Legal Services Needs Services Needs, 2003-2007, combined increased by 46 percent, from 11,446 in 2003 to 16,673 in 2007 PERCENT NUMBER 53217 (see Chart K). As can be seen in ZIP CODE OF NEEDS OF NEEDS 53224 53223 Chart K, Family and Legal 53217 20.8% 395 Services Needs climbed steadily 53228 18.3% 362 between 2003 and 2006, and remained relatively flat from 2006 53129 18.2% 232 to 2007. Regardless of the increase 53130 17.7% 161 53225 53218 53209 in needs between 2003 and 2006 53172 17.3% 794 and the leveling off in 2007, 53211 17.1% 703 Family and Legal Services Needs 53213 16.9% 616 consistently represented about 13 53222 53216 53110 16.9% 947 53211 percent of all needs of Milwaukee 53206 53212 53132 16.7% 418 53210 County callers. 53226 16.6% 456 53226 53213 53208 53205 53202 53233 CHART K: Family and Legal Services Needs compared to total needs, 53203 2003-2007, by year 53214 53204 140,000 Family and Legal Services Needs 53227 53219 53215 All Needs 133,624 130,021 53207 120,000

53235 113,575 53228 53220 53221 100,000

53110 90,951 53130 80,000 53129 81,042

53172 60,000

40,000 53132 53154

20,000 14,987 16,976 16,673 11,446 12,626

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

20%-21% 18%-19.9% 16%-17.9% 14%-15.9% 9%-13.9%

1 ZIP Code 53201 (Main Post Office box) 9.1%, N = 40 ZIP Code 53193/53295 (VA Hospital) 18.0%, N = 24

Family and Legal Services Needs resources As of July 2008, 2-1-1 @ IMPACT had 1,641 Family and Legal Services Needs resources in its AVAILABILITY database; of those, there were 52 MAP 7: Number of Family and Legal Services child, elder and domestic violence Needs resources by ZIP Code, from 2-1-1 @ prevention programs, 31 sites IMPACT’s resources database, July 20081 where tax returns can be prepared for free and 58 head start sites and 17 resources for holiday assistance. 53217 Map 7 illustrates the number of 53224 53223 Family and Legal Services Needs by ZIP Codes. ZIP Code 53212 had the highest number (146) of Family and Legal Services Needs resources.

53225 53218 53209

53222 53216 53211 53206 53212 53210

53226 53213 53208 53205 53202 53233 53203

53214 53204

53227 53219 53215 53207

53235 53228 53220 53221

53110 53130 53129

53172

53132 53154

100+ 60-99 40-59 20-39 0-19

1 ZIP Code 53201 = 25, ZIP Codes 53193/53295 = 1

Community issues affecting Family and Legal Services Needs The biggest increase in Family and Legal There was little yearly fluctuation in the sub- Services Needs over the five-year period was category of individual and family life, which in the subcategory of legal services. Legal includes child protective services. Data from services requests rose from 4,076 in 2003 to the Wisconsin Department of Children and 6,004 in 2005, before declining slightly to Families also shows little change in the number 5,494 in 2007 (see Chart L). One explanation of child protective services reports3 from 2003 for the rise in 2005 could be that bankruptcy to 2006 (13,442 reports in 2003 as compared reforms went into effect during 2005 and with 13,654 in 2006).4 There was also little “hundreds of thousands of people filed for fluctuation in requests for crime and justice bankruptcy in the weeks leading up to the law assistance. change.”1 Indeed, statistics from the United States Bankruptcy Court, Eastern District of The number of requests in the sub-categories Wisconsin, show that there were 25,670 of holiday assistance, consumer services, and bankruptcy filings in 2005 as compared education is relatively small, but there were with 7,703 in 2006.2 increases in each of these areas over the five- year period. The other subcategory with a major increase was organizational/community services, which Requests for disaster/military services were not jumped by 200 percent, from 858 in 2003 to very numerous, but it is interesting to note that, 2,756 in 2007. Staff at 2-1-1 @ IMPACT in 2005, there was a noticeable rise in this attribute this to an increase in the number of subcategory. Although there were only 185 people who are calling for 2-1-1 services but requests that year, it was a marked increase who live in a different area that has its own over prior years (12 in 2003 and 76 in 2004). 2-1-1 service. This one year rise could be attributable to the fact that Milwaukee did welcome a number of Hurricane Katrina victims at that time. CHART L: Comparison of Family and Legal Services Needs, 2003-2007, by year 18,000 1 www.totalbankruptcy.com. 2 United States Bankruptcy Court Eastern District of Holiday Assistance Wisconsin, Statistics, Past Filings, Calendar Year 16,000 Legal Services Needs 16,976 16,673 Comparisons 2004-2007. Other Family and Legal Services Needs 3 The term “report” refers to a count of children suspected of All Family and Legal Services Needs being maltreated. 14,000 14,987 4 Wisconsin Child Abuse and Neglect Annual Reports, Wisconsin Department of Children and Families.

12,000 11,179 12,626 10,000 11,446

8,130 8,000 6,306 6,004 5,982 6,000 5,483 5,494 5,264 5,066 4,076 4,000 2,677 2,864 2,757 2,106 2,077 2,000

0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Health and Mental Health Needs

Health and Mental Health Needs Trends at a Glance

Q Milwaukee County caller requests for Health and Mental Health Needs made up nine percent of all caller needs over the five-year period. Q Health and Mental Health Needs increased 38 percent between 2003 and 2006 and then declined slightly in 2007. Q Much of this increase occurred between 2005 and 2006, when requests jumped by nearly 2,000, which could, in part, be accounted for by the closure of St. Michael’s Hospital. Q In 2003, needs involving behavioral health services were greater than those for health care; in contrast, between 2004 and 2007, about half of all Health and Mental Health Needs were for health care and half were for behavioral health needs.

TABLE 11: Health and Mental Health Needs by Number of requests subcategory, 2003-2007, combined From 2003 through 2007, there were 49,356 requests for Health and Mental Health Needs, which comprised SUBCATEGORY NUMBER PERCENT nine percent of Milwaukee County caller needs over Health care 24,499 50% the five-year period. Substance abuse services 11,057 22% Subcategories Mental health treatment/evaluation 8,033 16% The subcategories under Health and Mental Health Specialized counseling 5,767 12% Needs are health care, substance abuse services, mental Total 49,356 100% health treatment/evaluation, and specialized counseling. From Table 11, it can be seen that about half of all needs involved health care, and half involved behavioral health services. In this report, behavioral health services include the subcategories of substance abuse services, mental health treatment/evaluation and specialized counseling.

2-1-1 handles our after-hours calls and, because of their extensive database, they can answer calls about housing and meal services without referring people to the MCDA or the 24-hour workers on duty. There are not as many emergency calls because 2-1-1 can triage them. They can tell if a person can wait until morning for services. This provides a higher level of service for the consumers and greater efficiency for us. — Steven Peterson, Milwaukee County Department on Aging

ZIP Code map ZIP Codes in which Health and Mental Health Needs represented the highest percent of callers’ needs include 53211, 53129, and 53217 (see Map 8). For details on the NEED top ten ZIP Codes, see Table 12. MAP 8: Health and Mental Health Needs Five-year trends TABLE 12: Top ten ZIP Codes with the as a percent of total needs of ZIP Code, Health and Mental Health Needs highest percent of Health and Mental 2003-2007, combined1 increased by 38 percent between Health Needs, 2003-2007, combined 2003 and 2006, from 8,432 requests in 2003 to 11,677 in 2006 (see Chart PERCENT NUMBER 53217 M). A large part of the increase took ZIP CODE OF NEEDS OF NEEDS 53224 53223 place between 2005 and 2006 when 53211 17.2% 706 Health and Mental Health Needs rose 53129 17.1% 218 by nearly 2,000. This was followed in 2007 by a slight decline to 11,226. 53217 17.0% 323 One factor contributing to the rise in 53132 16.9% 423 53225 53218 53209 calls in 2006 could be that St. Michael 53172 16.7% 765 Hospital closed most of its departments 53213 16.4% 599 during that year, including its 53130 16.1% 146 emergency and inpatient areas, 53222 53216 53235 15.9% 282 53211 “greatly scaling back a major health 53206 53212 53210 care provider for a large number of 53154 15.9% 654 poor people.”2 Milwaukee residents 53228 15.8% 312 53226 53213 53208 53205 who relied on this hospital would 53202 have needed to know about other Health Needs over the five-year period, it 53233 53203 alternatives. Regardless of the consistently represented about nine percent fluctuations in Health and Mental of all needs from Milwaukee County callers. 53214 53204

53227 53219 53215 CHART M: Health and Mental Health Needs compared to total needs, 53207 2003-2007, by year

53235 140,000 53228 53220 53221 Health and Mental Health Needs All Needs 133,624 130,021 53110 120,000 53130 53129 113,575 100,000 53172 90,951 80,000 81,042 53132 53154 60,000

40,000

20,000 9,760 11,677 11,226 16%-17.9% 14%-15.9% 10%-13.9% 8%-9.9% 6%-7.9% 8,432 8,261

1 ZIP Code 53201 (Main Post Office box) 9.5%, N = 42 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 ZIP Code 53193/53295 (VA Hospital) 8.3%, N = 11

2 “St. Michael Hospital to close: North side emergency room serves many poor people,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, May 8, 2006.

Except in 2003, when needs involving behavioral health services were greater than those for health care, there were not any significant differences annually in the number AVAILABILITY of needs involving health services MAP 9: Number of Health and Mental Health versus the number of needs Needs resources by ZIP Code, from 2-1-1 @ involving behavioral health care 1 (see Chart N). IMPACT’s resources database, July 2008

CHART N: 53217 Comparison of Health and Mental Health Needs, 2003-2007, by year 53224 53223 16,000 Health Care Needs Mental Health Treatment/Evaluation, 14,000 Specialized Counseling, Substance Abuse Services 53225 53218 53209 12,000 All Health and Mental Health Needs

11,677 11,226 53222 53216 10,000 53211 53206 53212 9,760 53210 8,000 53205 8,432 8,261 53226 53213 53208 53202 6,045 5,998 6,000 5,632 53233 5,035 5,228 53203 4,959 4,801 4,100 4,161 53214 4,000 53204 3,397 53227 53219 53215 2,000 53207

0 53235 53228 53220 53221 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

53110 Health and Mental Health Needs 53130 53129 resources As of July 2008, 2-1-1 @ IMPACT had 958 Health and Mental Health 53172 Needs resources in its database. There were 144 health screening resources; 115 human reproduction 53132 53154 and family planning resources; 112 drug and alcohol abuse education, prevention, and treatment resources; and 262 mental health treatment and counseling resources. Map 9 illustrates the number of Health and Mental Health Needs resources 50+ 40-49 30-39 20-29 0-19 by ZIP Codes. ZIP Code 53204 1 had the highest number (66) of ZIP Code 53201 = 11 Health and Mental Health Needs resources.

Community issues affecting Health and Mental Health Needs Although it is not entirely clear why ranked 68th and the City of Milwaukee people called for Health and Mental was number 72 of the 73 places ranked.3 Health Needs, some observations can be The health outcomes rankings were based made about the health status indicators on an equal weighting of two measures, in Milwaukee County that may have had mortality and general health status. an impact on the nature of caller needs. On a brighter note, children in Wisconsin Overall Health Status accessing quality heath care services The health system infrastructure in fare better than children in other states. Wisconsin ranks well nationally, but In an assessment of health care systems disparity in the system can still be for children, released in May of 2008, observed in the health outcomes for Wisconsin ranks 11th nationally.4 those in poverty, and racial and ethnic minorities. According to the Center for Infant Mortality Population Health, “In 2006, the City of According to the City of Milwaukee’s Milwaukee ranked worse than any website, in 2006 there were 140 infant Wisconsin county for health outcomes deaths and 83 stillbirths in the City of and worse than all but one county for Milwaukee. The overall City rate for health determinants.”1 In 2007, the infant mortality in 2006 was 12 per 1,000 Milwaukee Health Department released births. For Milwaukee’s non-Hispanic findings from a community survey, families, the White infant mortality rate commissioned by Aurora Health Care in was seven, and the Black rate was higher partnership with the Milwaukee Health by two and a half times (18 per 1,000). Department and Center for Urban According to the 2007 Big Cities Health Population Health Research.2 Among Inventory, the City of Milwaukee ranked the key findings: seventh worst for infant mortality among the 53 largest cities in the United States, • In 2006, 47 percent of [City of] and the difference between Milwaukee’s Milwaukee respondents reported infant mortality rates for African their health as excellent or very Americans and Whites is one of the worst good. That compares to 57 percent of in the nation. To give some perspective, Wisconsin residents reporting their UNICEF’s 2007/2008 Human health as excellent or good and a Development Report shows that the national figure of 54 percent. following countries have infant mortality • According to the survey, 58 percent rates superior to that of African of residents felt violence was the top Americans in the City of Milwaukee: health issue, followed by 49 percent Colombia (17), the Russian Federation of residents who cited alcohol or (14), Argentina (15), Malaysia (10), drug use, and 48 percent of residents Croatia (6), and Cuba (6). who mentioned chronic diseases like diabetes, cancer, and obesity. Teen Births Although the overall teen birth rate in Both Milwaukee County and the City of Wisconsin (births per 1,000 females Milwaukee ranked near the bottom of aged 15-19) declined from 37 in 1996 to the 2007 Wisconsin County Health 31 in 2006,5 Milwaukee had the second Outcomes Rankings. Milwaukee County highest percent of births to teens in the

1 “Health Disparities in Milwaukee by Socioeconomic Status,” Center for Urban Population Health, 2006. 2 http://www.aurorahealthcare.org/yourhealth/comm-health-reports/art/2006-milwaukee.pdf. 3 The City of Milwaukee was the only municipality included in the rankings. All others were county areas. J.K. Athens, B.C. Booske, K.W. Taylor, A.K. Rohan, and P.L. Remington, “2007 Wisconsin County Health Rankings,” University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute, 2007. 4 “State ranks high in care for kids: Health systems perform in top tier,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, May 27, 2008. 5 “Births to Teens in Wisconsin, 2006,” Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services, Division of Public Health, Bureau of Health Information and Policy, September, 2007.

50 largest United States cities, and one reported states, and the highest rate of in four teenage mothers who gave birth current alcohol use.4 Better news, already had one or more children. The according to this same survey, is that use teenage birthrate in Milwaukee was 86 of cigarettes and other tobacco products births per every 1,000 female teenagers.1 has decreased significantly among Wisconsin high school students. The Health Insurance Coverage prevalence of students who smoked a Wisconsin residents are more likely to cigarette before the age of 13 decreased have health insurance than residents of from 27 percent in 1993 to 12 percent other states, according to a 2005 report, in 2007. “On Wisconsin’s Health,” from the Department of Health and Family Mental Health Status TABLE 13: Health insurance coverage in Services. Annual reports The National Institute of Mental Health Milwaukee County, 2004–2006 between 2000 and 2006 on (NIMH) estimates that 26 percent of Wisconsin health insurance Americans ages 18 and older, about one INSURANCE TYPE ESTIMATED ESTIMATED coverage from the State Bureau in four adults, suffer from a diagnosable NUMBER PERCENT of Health Care Information mental disorder in a given year. In a Currently uninsured 94,000 10% show that Wisconsin’s percent recent national survey, 12 percent of of uninsured increased from Wisconsin’s population reported being Employer-sponsored 550,000 60% six percent in 2000 to eight in serious psychological distress, which Private 32,000 3% percent in 2006. In Milwaukee puts Wisconsin at about the mid-point Medicaid 161,000 18% County, the percent of uninsured when looking at this indicator across all Medicare 52,000 6% is slightly higher, as can be 50 states.5 However, in another survey, Others 20,000 2% seen in Table 13. 36 percent of Wisconsin adults reported having had poor mental health in the Source: 2004-2006 Wisconsin Family Health Survey, Bureau Substance Abuse Status past 30 days.6 of Health Information and Policy, Division of Public Health, Wisconsin's rates of alcohol use and Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services. misuse are among the highest, if not the The mental health of Wisconsin youth highest, in the nation. As of 2006, poses a greater concern. In the National Wisconsin adults continued to have the Survey on Drug Use and Health survey, 1 “If Truth Be Told,” United Way of Greater highest rates of alcohol consumption, cited above, a little over nine percent of Milwaukee, 2006. 2 “Wisconsin Epidemiological Profile on binge drinking, and heavy drinking Wisconsin youth aged 12-17 reported Alcohol and Other Drug Use, 2008,” Bureau among all states and territories in the having at least one major depressive of Health Information and Policy, Division of United States. People in Wisconsin are episode in the past year, putting Wisconsin Public Health, in consultation with the Division of Mental Health and Substance more likely to report consuming alcohol in the highest group of states for this Abuse Services, and the University of and driving than people in any other indicator. Among Wisconsin’s high school Wisconsin Population Health Institute. state.2 As a whole, consumption patterns students, there has been a decrease in the 3 “The Toll of Tobacco in Wisconsin,” Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. of illicit drugs in Wisconsin mirror percent who report seriously considering “Wisconsin Epidemiological Profile on national trends. It is estimated that one suicide and making a plan to attempt Alcohol and Other Drug Use, 2008.” out of every five adults in Wisconsin suicide. Unfortunately, there has not been 4 National Survey on Drug Use and Health 3 SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, 2005 uses tobacco. the same decrease in the percent of high and 2006. school students who report attempting 5 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System The Youth Risk Behavior Survey contains suicide and the rate of those who die Survey Data (BRFSS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004. some good news in that that fewer from suicide attempts. 6 Wisconsin Youth Risk Behavior Survey, students reported experimenting with Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, alcohol and use of certain drugs was In 2005, 9,099 people in Milwaukee 2007. 7 Wisconsin Hospital Association Information down. However, the prevalence of County were hospitalized for a Center. marijuana use has increased significantly psychiatric issue, an increase from over the last 14 years. Also, according 8,818 people in 2004 and 8,617 people to a state report, Wisconsin high school in 2003. The number of people students had a binge drinking rate in hospitalized for a mental illness in 2007 that was the third highest of 2007 rose to 10,764 people.7

Income Security Needs Income Security Needs Trends at a Glance

Q Income Security Needs accounted for six percent of all Milwaukee County caller needs over the five-year period. Q Requests for Income Security Needs decreased 19 percent between 2003 and 2007. Q The largest decrease in Income Security Needs came between 2003 and 2004, when requests decreased 14 percent. Q Employment/job readiness needs decreased 26 percent from 2003 to 2007, the largest decrease of the three Income Security Needs subcategories for the five-year period. However, the unemployment rate also decreased during this period, as did the number of participants in the State’s W-2 program.

TABLE 14: Income Security Needs by subcategory, Number of requests 2003-2007, combined There were 34,674 requests involving Income Security Needs over from 2003 through 2007, which SUBCATEGORY NUMBER PERCENT accounted for six percent of Milwaukee County caller Home/nutritional maintenance 14,012 40% needs for the five-year period. Medical assistance 11,308 33% Subcategories Employment/job readiness 9,354 27% The subcategories under Income Security Needs include Total 34,674 100% home/nutritional maintenance, medical assistance, and employment/job readiness. Table 14 shows that requests involving home/nutritional maintenance were the most frequent, while Chart P shows how the three major subcategories of Income Security Needs compare to each other.

In the last five years, we have seen an entire industry emerge that deliberately targets low-income people in the inner city: predatory lenders who offer auto title loans, payday loans, home improvement loans, income tax refund anticipation loans, and mortgage foreclosure "rescue" loans that charge up to 1000% interest or are designed to steal your home equity. At the Legal Aid Society, we ask clients how they heard about us. Many have been referred by 2-1-1, a vital clearinghouse that connects clients with Milwaukee's complex and extensive social service network. — Tom Cannon, Legal Aid Society

ZIP Code map ZIP Codes in which Income Security Needs represented the highest percent of callers’ needs include 53129, 53132, and 53154 (see Map 10). For details on the top ten ZIP NEED Codes, see Table 15. MAP 10: Income Security Needs as a Five-year trends TABLE 15: Top ten ZIP Codes with the percent of total needs of ZIP Code, Overall, the number Income highest percent of Income Security Needs, 2003-2007, combined1 Security Needs decreased 19 percent 2003-2007, combined over the five-year period, from 8,034 in 2003 to 6,487 in 2007. PERCENT NUMBER 53217 Needs in this category decreased by ZIP CODE OF NEEDS OF NEEDS 53224 53223 14 percent from 2003 to 2004 and 53129 16.9% 216 then remained fairly constant 53132 16.0% 399 between 2004 through 2007 (see Chart O). In 2003, Income Security 53154 14.1% 583 Needs comprised 10 percent of all 53130 14.1% 128 53225 53218 53209 needs, and in 2007 it only comprised 53235 12.9% 229 five percent of all caller needs. 53172 12.5% 570 53228 12.0% 238 53222 53216 53211 53220 11.6% 659 53206 53212 53210 53211 10.8% 443 53110 10.6% 592 53226 53213 53208 53205 53202 53233 53203 CHART O: Income Security Needs compared to total needs, 53214 53204 2003-2007, by year 53227 53219 53215 140,000 53207 Income Security Needs All Needs 133,624 130,021 53235 120,000 53228 53220 53221 113,575 53110 100,000 53130 53129 90,951 80,000 53172 81,042

60,000 53132 53154 40,000

20,000

8,034 6,942 6,444 6,767 6,487 0 15%-16.9% 13%-14.9% 11%-12.9% 7%-10.9% 1.5%-6.9% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

1 ZIP Code 53201 (Main Post Office box) 3.6%, N = 16 ZIP Code 53193/53295 (VA Hospital) 1.5%, N = 2

Income Security Needs resources As of July 2008, 2-1-1 @ IMPACT had 282 Income Security Needs resources in its database; of those, there were 44 application sites for either FoodShare or WIC, 53 application sites for low-income medical insurance programs, and 170 resources for jobs. Map 11 illustrates the number of Income Security Needs resources by ZIP Code. AVAILABILITY ZIP Code 53204 had the highest number (39) of Income Security Needs resources. MAP 11: Number of Income Security Needs resources by ZIP Code, from 2-1-1 @ CHART P: Comparison of Income Security Needs, 2003-2007, by year IMPACT’s resources database, July 20081 10,000 Home/Nutritional Maintenance Medical Assistance 53217 9,000 53224 53223 Employment/Job Readiness 8,000 All Income Security Needs 8,034 7,000 6,942 6,000 6,444 6,767 6,487 53225 53218 53209

5,000 53222 53216 4,000 53211 53206 53212 3,246 53210 2,918 2,759 3,000 2,539 2,667 2,422 2,307 53205 2,249 2,168 2,232 2,062 53226 53213 53208 1,856 2,000 1,790 1,793 1,666 53202 53233 53203 1,000 53214 53204 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 53227 53219 53215 53207

53235 53228 53220 53221

53110 53130 53129

53172

53132 53154

30+ 20-29 10-19 5-9 0-4

1 ZIP Code 53201 = 7, ZIP Code 53193/53295 = 1

Community issues affecting Income Security Needs The fact that there has not been an Between 2003 and 2007, the number of increase in Income Security Needs may unduplicated W-2 participants in be at least partially due to the fact that Milwaukee County decreased by nearly participation in some government benefit 6,000 individuals.5 W-2 is Wisconsin’s programs has remained fairly constant Temporary Assistance for Needy Families over the five-year period. For instance: (TANF) block grant program, available to all parents with minor children, low • Low-income persons who are over assets, and low income. Individuals who age 65, blind, or disabled may be are eligible for W-2 are required to eligible to receive Supplemental participate in the Work Programs (WP) Security Income (SSI). The number subsystem, which records/documents of persons in Milwaukee County individual activities and services provided covered by SSI rose only slightly to assist the individual to gain and from January 2003 (33,138) to maintain self-sufficiency.6 The most January 2007 (34,084).1 recent objective evaluation of the W-2 • FoodShare Wisconsin is offered to program was completed in April of 2005 Wisconsin residents with limited by the non-partisan state Legislative income to help stop hunger and to Audit Bureau. The audit’s major finding improve nutrition and health. In 2007, was that “the majority of poor people the number of individuals eligible for stay poor after going through the state's FoodShare in Milwaukee County had landmark welfare reform program. only increased by about two percent.2 Although the W-2 program has been • Medicaid data for Milwaukee successful in helping some participants County shows a decrease from obtain unsubsidized employment, a 209,122 recipients in December of substantial proportion of former 2003 to 206,641 recipients in participants remain in poverty.” December of 2007.3 • Milwaukee County average monthly It should also be noted that, according to enrollment in BadgerCare went from the 2003 American Community Survey, 25,310 in 2003 to 18,685 in 2007; unemployment7 was 11 percent for however, the average monthly Milwaukee County; however, it dropped enrollment in Healthy Start showed to eight percent for the 2006 American an increase, from 33,631 enrollees Community Survey. in 2003 to 40,375 in 2007.4

1 “Supplemental Security Income: Supporting People with Disabilities and the Elderly Poor,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2005. 2 Unduplicated Food Stamp Recipients Served By County, Reports from 2003–2007. 3 http://dhs.wisconsin.gov/MEDICAID. 4 Wisconsin Medicaid Statistics. BadgerCare and Healthy Start are Medicaid-related programs. BadgerCare is a program of health care coverage for low-income families and individual children who lack employer-sponsored medical insurance and are not eligible for Medical Assistance. Healthy Start is a program that pays for medical care for pregnant women, babies, and children under 19 years of age. It covers most babies until they are one year of age, even if the family’s income increases. Families with other health insurance may apply. 5 “An Evaluation: Wisconsin Works (W-2) Program,” State of Wisconsin Legislative Audit Bureau, 2005. 6 Wisconsin Department of Children and Families, Data and Statistics, Selected Employment and Family Support Programs. 7 Unemployment is defined, for purposes of the American Community Survey, as persons 16 and over in the civilian labor force who are unemployed.

“Things have turned into a nightmare and I cannot work. It is hard when you have a disability. I seem to fall in between all the cracks. It feels like you get defeated because you are trying. I do not qualify for a lot of the help available because of my income. My wife works, but her income is not enough for us to live on. 2-1-1 helped me with information on the food pantry, told me when to go, and what to bring. At the food pantry, they treated me like a person.” — Allen

Allen is a 55 year-old man with a disability, and can no longer sit or stand for long periods. It became hard for Allen and his wife to pay bills. After filing for bankruptcy, Allen called 2-1-1 @ IMPACT seeking food assistance. He and his wife now access a food pantry in their area and receive some assistance from the FoodShare Program.

Other Needs Other Needs Trends at a Glance

Q Other Needs made up 14 percent of all Milwaukee County caller needs over the five-year period. NEED Q Requests for Other Needs increased 282 percent between 2003 and 2007. Q MAP 12: Other Needs as a percent The vast majority of needs in this category are requests for agency phone numbers or directions. of total needs of ZIP Code, 2003-2007, combined1 Number of requests TABLE 16: Top ten ZIP Codes with There were 76,543 requests for the highest percent of Other Needs, 53217 Other Needs from 2003 through 2003-2007, combined 53224 53223 2007, which accounted for 14 percent of Milwaukee County caller needs PERCENT NUMBER over the five-year period. The vast ZIP CODE OF NEEDS OF NEEDS majority of calls in the Other 53217 21.0% 398 Needs category were requests for 53226 20.2% 555 53225 53218 53209 agency or program phone numbers or directions. 53211 17.6% 1,480 53202 17.0% 1,378

53222 53216 Five-year trends 53203 16.3% 150 53211 Other Needs increased 282 percent 53205 15.5% 2,444 53206 53212 53210 from 2003 to 2007, from 6,422 53233 15.2% 1,829 requests in 2003 to 24,500 in 2007 53110 15.0% 843 53226 53213 53208 53205 (see Chart Q). As the number of 53202 Other Needs increased, so did the 53218 14.7% 5,519 53233 53203 percent of Other Needs in relation to 53130 14.6% 133 total needs. Other Needs increased 53214 53204 from eight percent of all needs in 2003 to 19 percent in 2007. This was the percent of total needs steadily 53227 53219 53215 the only major need category in which increased over the five-year period. 53207

53235 CHART Q: Other Needs compared to total needs, 2003-2007, by year 53228 53220 53221 140,000 Other Needs 53110 All Needs 133,624 130,021 53130 120,000 53129 113,575 53172 100,000

90,951 80,000 53132 53154 81,042

60,000

40,000

22,274 24,500 22%-25.9% 19%-21.9% 16%-18.9% 14%-15.9% 12%-13.9% 20,000 14,713 8,634 1 ZIP Code 53201 (Main Post Office box) 25.9%, N = 114 6,422 ZIP Code 53193/53295 (VA Hospital) 18.0%, N = 24 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

MILWAUKEE COUNTY AND AREA PROFILES This section is a way of looking at both demographic information for six specific areas, based on Milwaukee County ZIP Codes, as well as trends in calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT in each of these areas. The section begins with a demographic profile for Milwaukee County and is followed by a closer look at each of the ZIP Code areas.1

Milwaukee County and Area Profiles Trends at a Glance

Q Between Census 2000 and the 2006 American Community Survey, the percent of households in poverty2 in Milwaukee County rose from 13 percent to 16 percent; the percent of children living in poverty3 rose from 23 percent to 28 percent. Q The Near Northside Area made the most calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT (205,940), while the Eastside and Northeast Suburbs Area accounted for the fewest number of calls (11,796) over the five-year period. Q There were more requests for Housing and Basic Needs than for any other category of need in each of the ZIP Code areas over the five-year period. Q The trends in the major needs categories over the five-year period for the Westside and West Suburbs Area, the Southside and South Suburbs Area, and the Eastside and Northeast Suburbs Area were most unlike the trends over the five-year period for Milwaukee County.

Milwaukee County profile In this report, the usage is based on that Population of the United States Census Bureau. The As of July 1, 2007, the population for Census categorizes both historical racial Milwaukee County was 951,2524, an groups (Black and White) as well as increase of about one percent since 2000. national origin groups (Native Hawaiian For demographic details on Milwaukee and Other Pacific Islander) as races. County, see Table 17. When comparing Ethnicity, on the other hand, is solely data from the 2000 Census and 2006 defined as whether one identifies with American Community Survey, the White Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin.6 Alone population decreased by 60,533 people. Over this same period, there was Income an increase in the non-White population. In 2000, the median household income The Hispanic/Latino population increased in Milwaukee County was $38,100 and from 82,408 people to 103,873 people. rose to $41,308 in 2006. The average There was also a marginal increase in household income rose from $48,796 in the number of African Americans living 2000 to $53,628 in 2006. in Milwaukee County, 231,164 people to 241,179 people.

About Race and Ethnicity The distinction between the terms “race” 1 These are the same ZIP Code configurations that appeared in 2 1 1@IMPACT’s 2005 report “Sign of and “ethnicity” is sometimes confusing. the times. A report care to the community.” “Race” can de defined as a human 2 Households with income in 1999 below the federal population considered distinct based on poverty level. 3 Number of children under 18 in families with income physical characteristics. “Ethnicity” can be in 1999 below the federal poverty level. defined as a term which represents social 4 See third note following Table 17. groups with a shared history, sense of 5 http://racerelations.about.com/od/ skillsbuildingresources/g/racedef.htm. identity, geography and cultural roots 6 Christy M. Byrd, “Reaction Paper,” February 22, 2008, 5 which may occur despite racial difference. www personal.umich.edu/~cmbyrd/reactionpaper.doc.

Poverty Milwaukee has consistently had high levels of poverty and concentrated poverty that has disproportionately affected children, single parents, and minorities. The poverty rate in Milwaukee County is higher than both the statewide and national rate. Milwaukee County’s poverty rate for all persons based on the 2006 American Community Survey was 19 percent, as compared to Wisconsin’s rate of 11 percent and the national rate of 13 percent. The City of Milwaukee’s poverty rate in 2000 was 21 percent and is now higher than the County’s at 26 percent, making Milwaukee the eighth poorest city in the United States. Since 2000, the number of school-aged children in poverty has grown by 10,000 people. In 2005, 38,785 people or one-third of 117,884 school-aged children were living with a family in poverty.1

The three ZIP Codes with both the highest percent of households2 living in poverty and families with a female householder3 living in poverty were 53205, 53233, and 53206. See Maps 13 and 14. It is interesting to note that, for families with a female householder, there were 15 ZIP Codes where the percent living in poverty was less than two-and-a-half percent.

Labor Market “My family was comfortably middle Milwaukee County’s percent of unemployed4 was seven percent, according to the 2000 Census, and rose slight to class a couple years ago. Before I eight percent, according to the 2006 American Community knew it, I was left without a job and survey. Milwaukee ranked second only behind Philadelphia our world started spinning out of for the black male unemployment rate. Unlike the unemployment rate, the jobless rate includes both persons not control. My husband is still working in the labor force and discouraged workers. In 2005, the but it isn’t enough. I never thought black male unemployment rate was 44 percent in the City that we would need help to feed our of Milwaukee.5 kids or pay our bills. Never.” 1 Bill Glauber and Ben Poston, “33 percent of students here live in poverty; — Laurie Milwaukee Schools feel impact on learning,” JSOnline, January 9, 2008. 2 With income below the federal poverty level. 3 No husband present, with related children under 18 living below the federal poverty level. Laurie called seeking resources to support 4 Unemployment is defined, for purposes of the American Community Survey, as her family and legal services to contest persons 16 and over in the civilian labor force who are unemployed. 5 being fired from her job. She received John Schmid, “Black male joblessness takes rare fall; Milwaukee's slight decline is first in 30 years, study shows,” JSOnline, March 12, 2007. referrals to local food pantries, St. Vincent DePaul, utility bill payment assistance, free legal resources, as well as information to apply for Quest and WIC.

TABLE 17: Milwaukee County demographic profile Milwaukee County Profile at a Glance 2000* 2006** Total Population 940,164 915,097† Race/Ethnicity One Race 97.8% 98.3% White 65.6% 60.8% Black or African American 24.6% 26.4% American Indian and Alaska Native 0.7% 0.6% Asian 2.6% 3.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander*** 0.04% 0.06% Some Other Race 4.2% 7.4% Two or more Races 2.2% 1.7% Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity 8.8% 11.4%

Sex Male 47.9% 48.4% The problems that our families come to us with Female 52.1% 51.6% are really community problems, they’re social problems and we need a community answer to Age Median Age 33.7 35.4 that. 2-1-1 is one of those organizations that 0 to 19 29.4% 29.5% 20 to 24 7.4% 6.7% brings us all together and provides that glue 25 to 34 15.0% 13.0% that helps us give our families what they need. 35 to 44 15.3% 14.6% — Francine Feinberg, Meta House 45 to 54 12.6% 14.5% 55 to 64 7.4% 9.8% 65 to 74 6.4% 5.6% 75 and up 6.6% 6.2%

Total Households 377,983 376,239 Average Household Income $48,796 $53,628 Median household income $38,100 $41,308 Households with income in 1999 below the federal poverty 13.2% 15.6% level, as a percent of all households Families with female householder, no husband present, with 7.5% 9.4% related children under 18 living below the federal poverty level, as a percent of all families Children under 18 240,325 239,852 Children under 18 in families with income in 1999 below the 23.3% 27.7% federal poverty level

Total Housing Units 400,093 408,160 Percentage Occupied 94.4% 92.2% Percentage Renter Occupied 47.4% 44.7%

* Data from Census 2000, Summary File 3 ** Data from 2006 American Community Survey ***Two decimal places are used here to show percent greater than zero percent. †Although the American Community Survey shows that there was a decline in Milwaukee County’s population, it has been revealed that the exact opposite has been taking place. The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel published an article in March of 2008 to inform the public that the City’s population has been increasing rather than decreasing. The article stated that “Milwaukee County saw a 1.2 percent population boost from the 2000 census to July 1, 2007, as its population rose to 951,252.” Bill Glauber and Ben Poston, “Milwaukee County population rises: Report flips recent declines; other area counties also gain,” March 19, 2008.

MAP 13: Percent of households with MAP 14: Percent of families with female householder, income below the federal poverty no husband present, with related children under 18 living level by ZIP Code, 1999 below the federal poverty level by ZIP Code, 1999

53217 53217 53224 53223 53224 53223

53225 53218 53209 53225 53218 53209

53222 53216 53222 53216 53211 53211 53206 53212 53206 53212 53210 53210

53226 53213 53208 53205 53226 53213 53208 53205 53202 53202 53233 53233 53203 53203

53214 53204 53214 53204

53227 53219 53215 53227 53219 53215 53207 53207

53235 53235 53228 53220 53221 53228 53220 53221

53110 53110 53130 53130 53129 53129

53172 53172

53132 53154 53132 53154

40%-45.9% 25%-39.9% 10%-24.9% 5%-9.9% 2.4%-4.9% 30%-34% 20%-29.9% 5%-19.9% 1%-4.9% 0%-0.9%

Page 48 2-1-1 @ IMPACT 2-1-1 @ IMPACT — AREA PROFILES

Area profiles Map 15 profiles 2-1-1 @ IMPACT utilization by ZIP Code in Milwaukee County. The ZIP Codes MAP 15: Number of Milwaukee County with the greatest number and percent of calls were calls by ZIP Code, 2003-2007, located in the Near Northside and Near Southside combined2 Areas. In fact, 67 percent (305,973) of calls originated from only nine of the 37 ZIP Codes in the County1. Of all ZIP Codes, the highest number 53217 of calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT came from 53206, 53224 53223 which totaled 50,831 calls over the five-year period. Needs in this ZIP Code increased by 64 percent between 2003 and 2007, growing from 8,918 to 14,591. The fewest number of calls came from ZIP Code 53295, the Veterans’Administration Hospital, 53225 53218 53209 which ranked 37th every year.

53222 53216 53211 53206 53212 53210

53226 53213 53208 53205 53202 53233 53203

53214 53204 “I had a caller who was threatening suicide and it was then that I really saw how the 53227 53219 53215 2-1-1 staff’s team approach helps everyone 53207 – from the caller to the person answering 53235 53228 53220 53221 the call. We worked together and saved that person’s life. Weeks later, he contacted us 53110 53130 for shelter and, because I knew about his 53129 previous situation, I was able to connect 53172 him to a resource that could offer shelter along with support for his depression. It was one of the many times that I saw how 53132 53154 people’s lives depend on 2-1-1.” — Luciana

Luciana is a former student intern for 2-1-1 @ IMPACT who participated in the Intern & Volunteer Resource Program while earning her undergraduate 41,000 to 32,000 to 16,000 to 7,000 to 60 to degree in social work from UW-Milwaukee. 50,999 40,999 31,999 15,999 6,999 Students are initially trained to take food-related 1 calls and then progress to fielding more complex 53204, 53206, 53208, 53209, 53210, 53212, 53215, 53216, and 53218 2 ZIP Code 53201 (Main Post Office box) 483 calls; ZIP Code 53193/53295 calls – including those from people in crisis. (VA Hospital) 60 calls

This section of the report highlights Milwaukee’s Near TABLE 18: Near Northside Area demographic profile commonly accepted indicators on conditions Northside Area had the of a community; including, poverty and most calls (205,940) to Profile at a Glance homeownership rates, the age of housing 2-1-1 @ IMPACT over Total Population 189,894 stock, transportation, income, age, race, the five-year period. For Race/Ethnicity and ethnicity. Indicators are a planning demographic details on One Race 97.7% this area, see Table 18. tool used to understand, monitor, and White 23.2% address community issues. See Table 36 for Milwaukee’s Near Black or African American 68.9% a side-by-side comparison of demographic Northside Area includes information for each area. Table 37 shows the City of Milwaukee ZIP American Indian and Alaska Native 0.5% the major needs categories by the six areas. Codes 53203, 53205, Asian 3.1% Unless otherwise noted, all demographic 53206, 53208, 53216, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander* 0.06% data is from the 2000 Census. 53233, and 53210 (parts of Some Other Race 1.9% Milwaukee and Wauwatosa), Two or More Races 2.3% 53212 (parts of Milwaukee Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity 4.5% NEAR and Glendale), and the Main Post Office box, Sex Male 46.7% NORTHSIDE 53201. The area is bordered Female 53.3% by Capitol Drive on the north, 76th Street on the AREA Age Median ranges from 22.2 in 53233 to 34.9 in 53203 west, and I-94 on the south. 45 to 54 10.9% The area runs as far east as 0 to 19 38.3% Oakland Avenue. Most of 20 to 24 9.0% 55 to 64 5.9% 53217 the housing stock was built 25 to 34 14.2% 65 to 74 4.2% 53224 53223 before 1939, although at 35 to 44 14.0% 75 and up 3.3% least one ZIP Code (53216) had an influx of new housing Total Households 67,854 developments in the Average household income $33,883 53225 53218 53209 1950s.1 Transportation to Median household income ranges from $13,140 in work varied in this area. In 53233 to $50,875 in 53203 53222 53216 53203, the majority of 53211 Households with income in 1999 below 53206 53212 households had two the federal poverty level, as a percent of 53210 vehicles available and the all households 28.4% 53226 53213 53208 53205 occupants drove alone to 53202 Families with female householder, no 53233 work for a commute of less 53203 than 20 minutes, with husband present, with related children 53214 53204 finance and insurance as under 18 living below the federal poverty the predominant industries. level, as a percent of all families 20.6% 53227 53219 53215 53207 However, in 53233, the Children under 18 62,446 majority of households had Children under 18 in families with income 53235 53228 53220 53221 no vehicle and walked to in 1999 below the federal poverty level 43.3% work, with health and 53110 53130 social assistance as the Total Housing Units 75,831 53129 dominant industries. Housing units occupied 89.7% 53172 Occupied housing units renter occupied 63.1% The population of this area was 189,894 people. Source: Census 2000, Summary Files 1 and 3 53132 53154 Nearly 70 percent of the *Two decimal places are used here to show percent greater than zero percent. population identified themselves as area, the 53206 ZIP Code had the high- African American, 23 percent as White est percent of African American and and three percent as Asian. Five percent lowest percent of White of any other of the population identified themselves as ZIP Code in Milwaukee County. Across 1 Data on geographic boundary, housing stock, transportation, and industry was accessed at of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. In this all ZIP Codes in this area and in http://www.city-data.com.

Milwaukee County, the highest TABLE 19: Near Northside Area calls, 2003-2007, by year concentration of the Asian population was in the 53208 ZIP VOLUME 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 TOTAL Code (9%). Overall, this area had more females (53%) than males Total 2-1-1@IMPACT Calls for (47%). However, this trend did not Milwaukee County 62,226 72,741 95,937 114,499 110,804 456,207 hold in 53203, which had the 2-1-1@IMPACT calls for this area 28,234 33,862 43,107 51,330 49,407 205,940 greatest gap between males and Percent of Milwaukee County females in this area, with males 2-1-1@IMPACT calls 45.4% 46.6% 44.9% 44.8% 44.6% 45.1% accounting for 56 percent of the Households in this area* 67,854 67,854 67,854 67,854 67,854 population. Three ZIP Codes in this 1:2 area (53205, 53206, and 53210) had Calls per Household Ratio** 1:2 1:2 1:1 1:1 the highest percent of people in *Number is from Census 2000, Summary File 1. **1 call was made for every X household(s) in the area. Milwaukee County under the age of 20. The 53203 ZIP Code had a high percent of people in the 25 to 34 and 45 to 54 age range at 37 percent Between 2003 and 2007, the Near and 20 percent respectively. Northside Area accounted for 45 percent (205,940) of all calls to 2-1-1 The average household income for the @ IMPACT received from Milwaukee Near Northside Area was $33,883. County (see Table 19). The number of The 53205 and 53233 ZIP Codes had needs resulting from these calls was the lowest average household incomes 245,572. The percent of each needs in Milwaukee County at $22,638 and category mirrored the pattern of $20,489 respectively. Moreover, these Milwaukee County. For details on same ZIP Codes had the same percent number and percent of each major (46%) of households in poverty1, three need category in this area by ZIP times that of Milwaukee County (13%). Code, see Table 20. This area had the highest percent of children living in poverty2 in Milwaukee 1 Households with income in 1999 below the County, 43 percent compared to the federal poverty level. 2 Children under 18 in families with income in 1999 County rate of 23 percent. Three ZIP below the federal poverty level. Codes in this area (53205, 53206, and 53212) had over 50 percent of children TABLE 20: Needs by ZIP Code for Near Northside Area, 2003-2007, combined living in poverty. HEALTH In this area, 90 HOUSING FAMILY AND AND FOOD- AND LEGAL MENTAL INCOME percent of the housing BASIC RELATED SERVICES HEALTH SECURITY OTHER TOTAL units were occupied NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS and 63 percent of those housing N % N % N% N% N%N%N % units were 53201 176 40 52 12 40 9 42 10 16 4 114 26 440 100 occupied by 53203 360 39 155 17 105 11 90 10 63 7 150 16 923 100 renters. The 53205 5,751 36 3,779 24 1,896 12 1,156 7 757 5 2,444 15 15,783 100 53233 ZIP 53206 21,830 36 17,891 30 6,481 11 3,728 6 2,590 4 7,965 13 60,485 100 Code had the highest percent 53208 15,907 37 11,364 26 4,653 11 3,005 7 2,107 5 6,072 14 43,108 100 of renters in 53210 13,558 36 9,677 26 4,695 13 2,626 7 1,784 5 5,027 13 37,367 100 Milwaukee 53212 14,380 34 12,210 28 5,142 12 3,166 7 2,187 5 5,810 14 42,895 100 County at 96 53216 10,547 32 8,762 27 4,278 13 2,710 8 1,774 5 4,496 14 32,567 100 percent. 53233 4,593 38 2,619 22 1,404 12 975 8 584 5 1,829 15 12,004 100 Total 87,102 35 66,509 27 28,694 12 17,498 7 11,862 5 33,907 14 245,572 100

The Northwest Side Area TABLE 21: Northwest Side Area demographic profile NORTHWEST had the second most calls (109,620) to 2-1-1 @ Profile at a Glance SIDE AREA IMPACT over the Total Population 164,868 five-year period. For Race/Ethnicity demographic details on One Race 97.7% 53217 this area, see Table 21. 53224 53223 Milwaukee’s Northwest White 42.9% Side Area includes ZIP Black or African American 50.2% Codes 53209 (parts of American Indian and Alaska Native 0.4% Milwaukee, Brown Deer, Asian 3.1% 53225 53218 53209 Glendale, and River Hills), Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander* 0.04% 53218, 53223 (parts of Some Other Race 1.1% 53222 53216 Milwaukee and Brown Two or More Races 2.3% 53211 53206 53212 Deer), 53224, and 53225 Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity 2.9% 53210 (parts of Milwaukee and 53205 53226 53213 53208 Wauwatosa). The area is Sex Male 45.9% 53202 bounded by Capital Drive 53233 Female 54.1% 53203 on the south, County Line 53214 53204 Road on the north and extends from Green Bay Age Median ranges from 29.2 in 53218 to 38.9 in 53223 53227 53219 53215 0 to 19 33.3% 45 to 54 12.3% 53207 Road to the county line at 124th Street. The 20 to 24 6.3% 55 to 64 7.4% 53235 53228 53220 53221 housing stock in this area 25 to 34 13.9% 65 to 74 6.1% is relatively recent, with 35 to 44 14.4% 75 and up 6.2% 53110 53130 development beginning in 53129 the 1950s in most of the Total Households 63,282 ZIP Codes and as recently 53172 Average household income $44,810 as the 1970s in 53224. Median household income ranges from $32,968 in Most owner-occupied 53218 to $42,970 in 53223 53132 53154 homes had two vehicles Households with income in 1999 below the available. ZIP Code 53223 federal poverty level, as a percent of all had the highest percent of people who drove a car households 14.0% alone to work (83%) Families with female householder, no compared to the rest of this husband present, with related children area. The commute time under 18 living below the federal poverty for this area was close to level, as a percent of all families 10.1% 20 to 24 minutes. The Children under 18 48,846 dominant industries in this Children under 18 in families with income in area were health care and 1999 below the federal poverty level 25.8% social assistance, although finance, information, and Total Housing Units 66,888 data processing were key Housing units occupied 94.5% industries in ZIP Codes Occupied housing units renter occupied 46.2% 53223 and 53224. Source: Census 2000, Summary Files 1 and 3 The population of this area *Two decimal places are used here to show percent greater than zero percent. was 164,868 people. Fifty percent of the population identified identified themselves as of Hispanic or themselves as African American, 43 Latino ethnicity. In this area there were percent as White, and three percent as more females (54%) than males (46%). Asian. Three percent of the population There was a ten year gap in median age

in the 53218 and 53223 ZIP TABLE 22: Northwest Side Area calls, 2003-2007, by year Codes, 29 and 39 respectively. VOLUME 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 TOTAL The average household income in the Northwest Side Area was Total 2-1-1@IMPACT Calls for $44,810. Fourteen percent of Milwaukee County 62,226 72,741 95,937 114,499 110,804 456,207 households in this area lived in 2-1-1@IMPACT calls for this area 14,083 16,969 23,388 28,088 27,092 109,620 1 poverty , which is just above that Percent of Milwaukee County of the County (13%). Twenty-six 2-1-1@IMPACT calls 22.6% 23.3% 24.4% 24.5% 24.5% 24.0% percent of the children in this area 63,282 lived in poverty2. Nearly one out Households in this area* 63,282 63,282 63,282 63,282 of every three children in both the Calls per Household Ratio** 1:4 1:4 1:3 1:2 1:2 53218 ZIP Code and the 53224 *Number is from Census 2000, Summary File 1. **1 call was made for every X household(s) in the area. ZIP Code lived in poverty, the highest (30%) in the Northwest Side Area, compared to the 53223 ZIP Code, which had the lowest percent in the area (14%).

Ninety-five percent of the housing units in this area were occupied, and 46 percent of those housing units were occupied by renters. Although the 53218 ZIP Code had the highest percent of households living in poverty in this area, it also had the highest percent of home ownership.

Between 2003 and 2007, the Northwest Side Area accounted for 24 percent (109,620) of all calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT received from Milwaukee County (see Table 22). The number of needs resulting from these calls was TABLE 23: Needs by ZIP Code for Northwest Side Area, 2003-2007, combined 131,057. The percent of each needs category HEALTH mirrored the pattern of HOUSING FAMILY AND Milwaukee County. AND FOOD- AND LEGAL MENTAL INCOME BASIC RELATED SERVICES HEALTH SECURITY OTHER TOTAL For details on number NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS and percent of each major need cate- N% N % N % N % N% N% N % gory in this area 53209 16,169 33 13,768 28 6,126 13 3,603 7 2,560 5 6,423 13 48,649 100 by ZIP Code, see 53218 12,572 33 9,405 25 5,090 14 2,846 8 2,152 6 5,519 15 37,584 100 Table 23. 53223 3,829 30 2,979 23 1,988 15 1,364 11 967 7 1,841 14 12,968 100 53224 4,302 33 3,003 23 2,010 15 1,148 9 823 6 1,856 14 13,142 100 53225 6,299 34 4,567 24 2,703 14 1,523 8 1,163 6 2,459 13 18,714 100 Total 43,171 33 33,722 26 17,917 14 10,484 8 7,665 6 18,098 14 131,057 100

1 Households with income in 1999 below the federal poverty level. 2 Children under 18 in families with income in 1999 below the federal poverty level.

The Near Southside Area TABLE 24: Near Southside Area demographic profile NEAR had the third highest SOUTHSIDE number of calls (61,857) Profile at a Glance to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT. For Total Population 133,775 demographic details on Race/Ethnicity AREA this area, see Table 24. One Race 95.8% Milwaukee’s Near White 64.7% Southside Area includes 53217 ZIP Codes 53204 and Black or African American 4.5% 53224 53223 53207 (Milwaukee) and American Indian and Alaska Native 2.0% 53215 (Milwaukee and Asian 3.0% West Milwaukee). The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander* 0.05% area is bounded by Lake Some Other Race 21.5% 53225 53218 53209 Michigan on the east, 43rd Two or More Races 4.2% Street on the west, and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity 39.1% 53222 53216 extends from I-94 on the 53211 53206 53212 north to College Avenue 53210 Sex Male 50.6% on the south. The primary Female 49.4% 53226 53213 53208 53205 housing stock pre-dates 53202 53233 1940. Most households 53203 Median ranges from 25.2 in 53204 to 37.1 in 53207 had one vehicle available Age 53214 53204 and people were likely to 0 to 19 32.9% 45 to 54 11.0% drive alone to work with a 20 to 24 8.1% 55 to 64 6.1% 53227 53219 53215 53207 commute of about 15 25 to 34 16.7% 65 to 74 5.1% 35 to 44 15.0% 75 and up 5.1% 53235 minutes. Renters in 53204 53228 53220 53221 ZIP Code were not likely to have a vehicle available 53110 Total Households 48,002 53130 and had a longer commute Average household income $39,406 53129 to work. Health care and Median household income ranges from $24,631 53172 social assistance were the in 53204 to $39,614 in 53207 main industries in this area. Households with income in 1999 below the federal poverty level, as a percent of all 53132 53154 The population of this households 18.1% area was 133,775 people. Sixty-five percent of the Families with female householder, no population identified husband present, with related children themselves as White, under 18 living below the federal poverty five percent as African level, as a percent of all families 8.5% American, and three percent Children under 18 38,336 as Asian. Twenty-two Children under 18 in families with income in Needs in the community have increased but the system percent of the population 1999 below the federal poverty level 28.7% has expanded to meet these needs and, because of 2-1-1, identified themselves as of some other race and 39 it is better coordinated and more user-friendly. Total Housing Units 51,552 percent of the population Housing units occupied 93.1% — Maureen Martin, Salvation Army – Emergency Lodge identified themselves as of Occupied housing units renter occupied 52.1% Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, the largest percent in Source: Census 2000, Summary Files 1 and 3 Milwaukee County. In *Two decimal places are used here to show percent greater than zero percent. the 53204 ZIP Code, 65

percent of the population report TABLE 25: Near Southside Area calls, 2003-2007, by year being of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. The median age ranges VOLUME 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 TOTAL from 25 in 53204 to 37 in 53207. Total 2-1-1@IMPACT Calls for The average household income in Milwaukee County 62,226 72,741 95,937 114,499 110,804 456,207 the Near Southside Area was 2-1-1@IMPACT calls for this area 8,673 9,841 12,882 15,265 15,196 61,857 $39,406. Eighteen percent of Percent of Milwaukee County households in this area lived in 2-1-1@IMPACT calls 13.9% 13.5% 13.4% 13.3% 13.7% 13.6% poverty.1 In the 53204 ZIP Code, Households in this area* 48,002 48,002 48,002 48,002 48,002 30 percent of households lived in poverty. Almost 40 percent of Calls per Household Ratio** 1:6 1:5 1:4 1:3 1:3 2 children in 53204 live in poverty, *Number is from Census 2000, Summary File 1. **1 call was made for every X household(s) in the area. compared to 14 percent in neighboring ZIP Code 53207. In this area, 93 percent of the housing units are occupied and 52 percent of those housing units are occupied by renters.

Between 2003 and 2007, the Near Southside Area accounted for 14 percent (61,857) of all calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT received from Milwaukee County (see Table 25). The number of needs resulting from these calls was 75,671. The percent of each needs category mirrored the pattern of Milwaukee County. For details on number and percent of each major need category in this area by ZIP Code, see Table 26.

1 Households with income in 1999 below the federal poverty level. 2 Children under 18 in families with income in 1999 below the federal poverty level.

TABLE 26: Needs by ZIP Code for Near Southside Area, 2003-2007, combined HEALTH HOUSING FAMILY AND AND FOOD- AND LEGAL MENTAL INCOME BASIC RELATED SERVICES HEALTH SECURITY OTHER TOTAL NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS N % N% N % N% N% N% N % 53204 11,412 31 8,498 27 4,322 12 2,681 8 1,519 4 4,490 18 32,922 100 53207 3,033 25 2,577 22 1,828 13 1,606 13 1,225 7 1,756 19 12,025 100 53215 9,200 28 7,788 27 4,473 13 3,095 9 2,147 5 4,021 17 30,724 100 Total 23,645 29 18,863 26 10,623 13 7,382 9 4,891 5 10,267 18 75,671 100

The Westside and West TABLE 27: Westside and West Suburbs Area WESTSIDE Suburbs Area ranked demographic profile fourth in number of calls AND WEST (37,745) to 2-1-1 @ Profile at a Glance IMPACT. For demographic Total Population 177,284 SUBURBS AREA details on this area, see Race/Ethnicity Table 27. Milwaukee’s Westside and West One Race 98.5% White 92.6% 53217 Suburbs Area include ZIP 53224 53223 Codes 53213 (Milwaukee Black or African American 2.6% and parts of Wauwatosa,), American Indian and Alaska Native 0.5% 53214 (West Milwaukee Asian 1.6% and parts of West Allis), Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander* 0.04% 53225 53218 53209 53295 (the Veterans Some Other Race 1.1% Administration Center, Two or More Races 1.5%

53222 53216 which was previously Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity 3.4% 53211 53206 53212 known as 53193), 53219 53210 (Greenfield, and parts of Sex Male 47.3% 53205 West Milwaukee and West 53226 53213 53208 Female 52.7% 53202 Allis), 53222 (Wauwatosa), 53233 53203 53226 (parts of Milwaukee Age Median ranges from 35.9 in 53213 to 41.3 in 53226 53214 53204 and Wauwatosa), 53227 (parts of Milwaukee and 0 to 19 23.3% 45 to 54 13.5% 53227 53219 53215 West Allis) and 53228 20 to 24 5.4% 55 to 64 7.9% 53207 (Greenfield). The area is 25 to 34 15.5% 65 to 74 7.9% 53235 53228 53220 53221 bounded by 124th Street 35 to 44 16.5% 75 and up 10.0% on the west and 43rd to 53110 60th Streets on the east, 53130 Total Households 79,330 53129 Morgan Avenue on the Average household income $51,911 south and Center Street on 53172 Median household income ranges from $38,162 the north. Most of the in 53214 to $53,048 in 53226 housing growth in this area Households with income in 1999 below the 53132 53154 occurred during the 1950s, with the exceptions of ZIP federal poverty level, as a percent of all Code 53213, where most households 5.6% housing was built before Families with female householder, no 1939, and 53228, where husband present, with related children the growth occurred during under 18 living below the federal poverty the 1970s. Most owner- level, as a percent of all families 1.7% occupied homes had two Children under 18 36,400 vehicles available and high Children under 18 in families with income in percents (79%-88%) of 1999 below the federal poverty level 6.6% people who commute to work by driving alone. The Total Housing Units 81,750 approximate commute time Housing units occupied 96.9% to work was between 20 and 24 minutes. The dominant Occupied housing units renter occupied 37.5% industry ranged from Source: Census 2000, Summary Files 1 and 3 accommodations and food, *Two decimal places are used here to show percent greater than zero percent. wholesale trade, and administration and support. White, three percent as African American, and two percent as Asian. The population of this area was 177,284 Three percent of the population identified people. Ninety-three percent of the themselves as of Hispanic or Latino population identified themselves as ethnicity. The median age ranged from

36 in 53213 to 41 in 53226. This TABLE 28: Westside and West Suburbs Area calls, 2003-2007, by year area had the highest percent of elderly people in Milwaukee VOLUME 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 TOTAL County; in four ZIP Codes, more Total 2-1-1@IMPACT Calls for than one out of every 10 people was 75 years of age or above. Milwaukee County 62,226 72,741 95,937 114,499 110,804 456,207 2-1-1@IMPACT calls for this area 5,175 5,655 8,105 9,253 9,557 37,745 The average household income for Percent of Milwaukee County the Westside and West Suburbs 2-1-1@IMPACT calls 8.3% 7.8% 8.4% 8.1% 8.6% 8.3% Area was $51,911. Six percent of Households in this area* 79,330 79,330 79,330 79,330 79,330 households in this area lived in Calls per Household Ratio** 1:15 1:10 1:9 poverty1, compared to the 1:14 1:8 County’s 13 percent. Children in *Number is from Census 2000, Summary File 1. **1 call was made for every X household(s) in the area. the 53227 ZIP Code were more likely to live in poverty2 (11%) than children in other ZIP Codes in the Westside and West Suburbs Area; however, the percent of children in Milwaukee County living in poverty was much higher (23%). In this area, 97 percent of the housing units were occupied and 38 percent of those housing units were occupied by renters.

Between 2003 and 2007, the Westside and West Suburbs Area accounted for eight percent (37,745) of all calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT received from Milwaukee County (see Table 28). The number of needs resulting from these calls was 45,920. The percents of the six needs categories differ from the pattern of Milwaukee County, though the highest number of needs was still in the Housing and Basic Needs category. TABLE 29: Needs by ZIP Code for Westside and West Suburbs Area, 2003-2007, combined Income Security Needs HEALTH still had the lowest number HOUSING FAMILY AND of needs.For details on AND FOOD- AND LEGAL MENTAL INCOME number and percent of BASIC RELATED SERVICES HEALTH SECURITY OTHER TOTAL each major need category NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS in this area by ZIP Code, N% N % N % N % N% N% N % see Table 29. 53193, 53295 63 47 9 7 24 18 11 8 2 2 24 18 133 100 1 Households with income in 1999 53213 910 25 618 17 616 17 599 16 374 10 526 14 3,643 100 below the federal poverty level. 53214 3,747 26 2,910 20 2,325 16 1,852 13 1,469 10 2,015 14 14,318 100 2 Children under 18 53219 2,352 23 2,555 25 1,520 15 1,449 14 1,021 10 1,392 14 10,289 100 in families with income in 1999 53222 1,807 28 1,443 22 1,076 16 743 11 548 8 953 15 6,570 100 below the federal 53226 702 26 353 13 456 17 403 15 277 10 555 20 2,746 100 poverty level. 53227 1,434 23 1,348 22 997 16 949 15 601 10 914 15 6,243 100 53228 387 20 436 22 362 18 312 16 238 12 243 12 1,978 100 Total 11,339 25 9,663 21 7,352 16 6,307 14 4,528 10 6,598 14 45,787 100

The Southside and South TABLE 30: Southside and South Suburbs Area SOUTHSIDE Suburbs Area ranked fifth demographic profile in number of calls (29,249) AND SOUTH to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT. For Profile at a Glance demographic details on Total Population 188,672 SUBURBS this area, see Table 30. Race/Ethnicity Milwaukee’s Southside One Race 98.4% AREA and South Suburbs Area include ZIP Codes 53110 White 92.5% (Cudahy), 53129 Black or African American 1.9% 53217 (Greendale), 53130 American Indian and Alaska Native 0.6% 53224 53223 (Hales Corners), 53132 Asian 1.8% (Franklin), 53154 (Oak Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander* 0.03% Creek), 53172 (South Some Other Race 1.6% Milwaukee), 53220 and Two or More Races 1.6% 53225 53218 53209 53221 (parts of Milwaukee Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity 4.6% and parts of Greenfield), 53222 53216 and 53235 (Milwaukee Sex Male 48.8% 53211 and Saint Francis). The 53206 53212 Female 51.2% 53210 area is bounded by Lake 53226 53213 53208 53205 Michigan on the east and 53202 Age Median ranges from 34.8 in 53154 to 43.6 in 53129 53233 the County line on the 53203 west (124th Street). It 0 to 19 24.5% 45 to 54 14.1% 53214 53204 extends as far north as 20 to 24 5.9% 55 to 64 9.1% Beecher Street and as far 25 to 34 13.6% 65 to 74 8.3% 53227 53219 53215 53207 south as the Racine County 35 to 44 16.9% 75 and up 7.6% line. Housing stock varies 53235 53228 53220 53221 widely in this area, mostly Total Households 78,042 along municipal lines. In Average household income $55,327 53110 53130 Cudahy, most of the housing Median household income ranges from $37,035 53129 was built before 1939. in 53235 to $64,822 in 53132 Hales Corners and South 53172 Households with income in 1999 below the Milwaukee expanded federal poverty level, as a percent of all housing in the 1950s, households 5.3% 53132 53154 Greendale in the 1960s, Franklin in the 1980s, and Families with female householder, no Oak Creek in the 1990s. husband present, with related children Most owner-occupied under 18 living below the federal poverty households had two vehicles level, as a percent of all families 1.7% available and high percents Children under 18 41,307 of people who commuted Children under 18 in families with income in to work by driving alone 1999 below the federal poverty level 6.2% for approximately 20 to 24 2-1-1 is instrumental in getting callers connected to minutes. The predominant Total Housing Units 81,110 types of industry varied services. We know that when we refer clients to 2-1-1, Housing units occupied 96.2% in this area, from Occupied housing units renter occupied 36.5% they will help them out. We tell them what 2-1-1 is accommodations and food and how 2-1-1 can help them. Clients tend to be in Hales Corners, to Source: Census 2000, Summary Files 1 and 3 less frustrated and it is less stress for industrial machinery and *Two decimal places are used here to show percent greater than zero percent. equipment in South the case managers, as well. Milwaukee, to the management of population identified themselves as — Donna Rongholt-Migan, Cathedral Center corporate offices in Oak Creek. White, two percent as African American, and two percent as Asian. Five percent of The population of this area was 188,672 the population identified themselves as of people. Ninety-three percent of the Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. The median

age ranges from 35 in 53154 to TABLE 31: Southside and South Suburbs Area calls, 2003-2007, by year 44 in 53129. The median age in VOLUME 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 TOTAL 53129 ZIP Code was 44, the highest in Milwaukee County. Total 2-1-1@IMPACT Calls for The average household income Milwaukee County 62,226 72,741 95,937 114,499 110,804 456,207 for Southside and South Suburbs 2-1-1@IMPACT calls for this area 4,102 4,506 6,042 7,665 6,934 29,249 Area was $55,327. Five percent Percent of Milwaukee County of households in this area lived 2-1-1@IMPACT calls 6.6% 6.2% 6.3% 6.7% 6.3% 6.4% 1 in poverty . ZIP Code 53130 had Households in this area* 78,042 78,042 78,042 78,042 78,042 the lowest percent (3%) of Calls per Household Ratio** 1:19 1:17 1:13 1:10 1:11 households living in poverty in Milwaukee County. In this area, *Number is from Census 2000, Summary File 1. **1 call was made for every X household(s) in the area. 96 percent of the housing units were occupied and 37 percent of those housing units were occupied by renters. In the 53132 ZIP Code, 88 percent of people are homeowners, the highest percent of homeownership in the County.

Between 2003 and 2007, the Southside and South Suburbs Area accounted for six percent (29,249) of all calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT received from Milwaukee County (see Table 31). The number of needs resulting from these calls was 36,857. The percents of the six needs categories differ from the pattern of Milwaukee County, though the highest number of needs was still in the Housing and Basic Needs category. Income Security Needs still had the lowest number of needs. For details on number and TABLE 32: Needs by ZIP Code for Southside and South Suburbs Area, 2003-2007, combined percent of each major HEALTH need category in this HOUSING FAMILY AND area by ZIP Code, see AND FOOD- AND LEGAL MENTAL INCOME Table 32. BASIC RELATED SERVICES HEALTH SECURITY OTHER TOTAL NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS 1 Households with income in 1999 N% N % N % N % N% N% N % below the federal 53110 1,470 26 969 17 947 17 785 14 592 11 843 15 5,606 100 poverty level. 53129 240 19 198 16 232 18 218 17 216 17 172 13 1,276 100 53130 193 21 147 16 161 18 146 16 128 14 133 15 908 100 53132 545 22 376 15 418 17 423 17 399 16 336 13 2,497 100 53154 978 24 665 16 662 16 654 16 583 14 581 14 4,123 100 53172 1,203 26 617 13 794 17 765 17 570 12 628 14 4,577 100 53220 1,232 22 1,328 23 875 15 859 15 659 12 734 13 5,687 100 53221 2,474 24 2,570 25 1,547 15 1,290 12 1,049 10 1,480 14 10,410 100 53235 389 22 353 20 279 16 282 16 229 13 241 14 1773 100 Total 8,724 24 7,223 20 5,915 16 5,422 15 4,425 12 5,148 14 36,857 100

The Eastside and Northeast TABLE 33: Eastside and Northeast Suburbs Area EASTSIDE AND Suburbs Area had the demographic profile fewest number of calls NORTHEAST (11,796) to 2-1-1 @ Profile at a Glance IMPACT. For demographic Total Population 85,671 details on this area, see SUBURBS Race/Ethnicity Table 33. Milwaukee’s One Race 98.4% AREA Eastside and Northeast Suburbs Area includes ZIP White 89.9% Codes 53202 (downtown Black or African American 4.1% Milwaukee bordered by American Indian and Alaska Native 0.3% 53217 Lake Michigan and the Asian 3.3% 53224 53223 Milwaukee River), 53211 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander* 0.06% (the upper Eastside, Some Other Race 0.8% Shorewood, and parts of Two or More Races 1.6% Glendale and Whitefish 53225 53218 53209 Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity 2.5% Bay), and 53217 (Fox Point and parts of Sex Male 49.5% 53222 53216 Whitefish Bay, Glendale, 53211 Female 50.5% 53206 53212 River Hills, and Bayside). 53210 The area spans from the 53226 53213 53208 53205 Age Median ranges from 29.9 in 53211 to 41.6 in 53217 53202 Milwaukee/Ozaukee county 53233 0 to 19 19.8% 45 to 54 14.0% 53203 line on the north to I-794 on the south. It is bordered 20 to 24 12.6% 55 to 64 7.9% 53214 53204 by Lake Michigan on the 25 to 34 18.3% 65 to 74 6.3%

53227 53219 53215 east and runs from Martin 35 to 44 13.9% 75 and up 7.3% 53207 Luther King Jr. Drive to 53235 Green Bay Road on the Total Households 41,473 53228 53220 53221 west. Most of the housing Average household income $71,892 stock was built before 1939. 53110 Median household income ranges from $30,658 53130 Most owner-occupied 53129 in 53202 to $74,572 in 53217 households had two vehicles Households with income in 1999 below the available, and the average 53172 federal poverty level, as a percent of all commuter drove in a car alone approximately 15 to households 10.4% 53132 53154 24 minutes to his or her Families with female householder, no place of employment. The husband present, with related children predominant industries in under 18 living below the federal poverty this area were professional, level, as a percent of all families 0.9% scientific, and health care. Children under 18 12,990 Children under 18 in families with income in The population of this 1999 below the federal poverty level 3.7% area was 85,671 people. Nearly 90 percent of the Total Housing Units 42,962 population identified Housing units occupied 90.7% themselves as White, Occupied housing units renter occupied 60.5% four percent as African American, and three Source: Census 2000, Summary Files 1 and 3 percent as Asian. *Two decimal places are used here to show percent greater than zero percent. Approximately two percent of the population identified themselves as Americans (9%). The population of this of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. The area was almost evenly split between 53202 ZIP Code is the most racially and males and females; however, in the ethnically diverse of the three ZIP Codes, 53202 ZIP Code, the gender distribution containing the highest percent of African was 54 percent male and 46 percent

female. The median age ranged TABLE 34: Eastside and Northeast Suburbs Area calls, 2003-2007, by year from 30 in ZIP Code 53211 to 42 VOLUME 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 TOTAL in ZIP Code 53217. Total 2-1-1@IMPACT Calls for The average household income in the Eastside and Northeast Milwaukee County 62,226 72,741 95,937 114,499 110,804 456,207 Suburbs Area was $71,892. This 2-1-1@IMPACT calls for this area 1,959 1,908 2,413 2,898 2,618 11,796 area had the highest average Percent of Milwaukee County household income and had the 2-1-1@IMPACT calls 3.1% 2.6% 2.5% 2.5% 2.4% 2.6% largest difference between the Households in this area* 41,473 41,473 41,473 41,473 41,473 lowest and highest median Calls per Household Ratio** 1:21 1:22 1:17 1:14 1:16 household income. The 53217 ZIP Code had the highest average *Number is from Census 2000, Summary File 1. **1 call was made for every X household(s) in the area. annual household income in Milwaukee County ($109,515). Ten percent of households in this area live below the federal poverty level.1 Owner occupancy differs greatly in this area, from 12 percent in 53202 to 76 percent in 53217.

Between 2003 and 2007, the Eastside and Northeast Suburbs Area accounted for three percent (11,796) of all calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT received from Milwaukee County (see Table 34). 2-1-1 @ IMPACT, like United Way, focuses The number of needs resulting from on connecting people to opportunities these calls was 14,136. Needs were to build a better life. By helping people more evenly distributed across the six access the support they need to strengthen major needs categories in the Eastside and Northeast Suburbs Area than in their families, 2-1-1 @ IMPACT ultimately the other areas. For details on number strengthens our community as a whole. and percent of each major need — Nicole Angresano, category in this area by ZIP Code, United Way of Greater Milwaukee see Table 35.

1 Households with income in 1999 below the federal poverty level.

TABLE 35: Needs by ZIP Code for Eastside and Northeast Suburbs Area, 2003-2007, combined HEALTH HOUSING FAMILY AND AND FOOD- AND LEGAL MENTAL INCOME BASIC RELATED SERVICES HEALTH SECURITY OTHER TOTAL NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS N% N % N % N % N% N% N % 53202 1,946 24 1,810 22 1,085 13 1,223 15 683 8 1,378 17 8,125 100 53211 782 19 754 18 703 17 706 17 443 11 725 18 4,113 100 53217 373 20 234 12 395 21 323 17 175 9 398 21 1,898 100 Total 3,101 22 2,798 20 2,183 15 2,252 16 1,301 9 2,501 18 14,136 100

Near Northwest Near TABLE 36: Combined Demographic Information1 Northside Side Southside Total Population 189,894 164,868 133,775 One Race 97.7% 97.7% 95.8% White 23.2% 42.9% 64.7% Black or African American 68.9% 50.2% 4.5% American Indian and Alaska Native 0.5% 0.4% 2.0% Asian 3.1% 3.1% 3.0% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0.06% 0.04% 0.05% Some Other Race 1.9% 1.1% 21.5% Two or More Races 2.3% 2.3% 4.2% Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity 4.5% 2.9% 39.1%

Male 46.7% 45.9% 50.6% Female 53.3% 54.1% 49.4%

Median age range from 22.2 in 53233 29.2 in 53218 25.2 in 53204 Median age range to 34.9 in 53203 38.9 in 53223 37.1 in 53207 Median age Ages 0 to 19 38.3% 33.3% 32.9% Ages 20 to 24 9.0% 6.3% 8.1% Ages 25 to 34 14.2% 13.9% 16.7% Ages 35 to 44 14.0% 14.4% 15.0% Ages 45 to 54 10.9% 12.3% 11.0% Ages 55 to 64 5.9% 7.4% 6.1% Ages 65 to 74 4.2% 6.1% 5.1% Ages 75 and over 3.3% 6.2% 5.1%

Households 67,854 63,282 48,002 Average household income $33,883 $44,810 $39,406 Median household income from $13,140 in 53233 $32,968 in 53218 $24,631 in 53204 Median household income to $50,875 in 53203 $42,970 in 53223 $39,614 in 53207 Median household income Households with income in 1999 below the federal poverty level as a percent of all households 28.4% 14.0% 18.1% Families with female householder, no husband present, with related children under 18 living below the federal poverty level as a percent of all families 20.6% 10.1% 8.5% Children under 18 62,446 48,846 38,336 Children under 18 in families with income in 1999 below the federal poverty level 43.3% 25.8% 28.7%

Housing units 75,831 66,888 51,552 Housing units occupied 89.7% 94.5% 93.1% Occupied housing units renter occupied 63.1% 46.2% 52.1%

1Census 2000, Summary files 1 and 3, and American Community Survey 2006. 2American Community Survey 2006

Page 62 2-1-1 @ IMPACT 2-1-1 @ IMPACT — AREA PROFILES

Westside Southside Eastside 2000 2006 ACS2 and West and South and Northeast Milwaukee Milwaukee Suburbs Suburbs Suburbs County County 177,284 188,672 85,671 940,164 915,097 98.5% 98.4% 98.4% 97.8% 98.3% 92.6% 92.5% 89.9% 65.6% 60.8% 2.6% 1.9% 4.1% 24.6% 26.4% 0.5% 0.6% 0.3% 0.7% 0.6% 1.6% 1.8% 3.3% 2.6% 3.1% 0.04% 0.03% 0.06% 0.04% 0.06% 1.1% 1.6% 0.8% 4.2% 7.4% 1.5% 1.6% 1.6% 2.2% 1.7% 3.4% 4.6% 2.5% 8.8% 11.4%

47.3% 48.8% 49.5% 47.9% 48.4% 52.7% 51.2% 50.5% 52.1% 51.6%

35.9 in 53213 34.8 in 53154 29.9 in 53211 41.3 in 53226 43.6 in 53129 41.6 in 53217 33.7 35.4 23.3% 24.5% 19.8% 29.4% 29.5% 5.4% 5.9% 12.6% 7.4% 6.7% 15.5% 13.6% 18.3% 15.0% 13.0% 16.5% 16.9% 13.9% 15.3% 14.6% 13.5% 14.1% 14.0% 12.6% 14.5% 7.9% 9.1% 7.9% 7.4% 9.8% 7.9% 8.3% 6.3% 6.4% 5.6% 10.0% 7.6% 7.3% 6.6% 6.2%

79,330 78,042 41,473 377,983 376,239 $51,911 $55,327 $71,892 $48,796 $53,628 $38,162 in 53214 $37,035 in 53235 $30,658 in 53202 $53,048 in 53226 $64,822 in 53132 $74,572 in 53217 $38,100 $ 41,308

5.6% 5.3% 10.4% 13.2% 15.6%

1.7% 1.7% 0.9% 7.5% 9.4% 36,400 41,307 12,990 240,325 239,852 6.6% 6.2% 3.7% 23.3% 27.7%

81,750 81,110 42,962 400,093 408,160 96.9% 96.2% 90.7% 94.4% 92.2% 37.5% 36.5% 60.5% 47.4% 44.7%

2-1-1 @ IMPACT Page 63 2-1-1 @ IMPACT — AREA PROFILES

TABLE 37: Major needs categories by area, 2003-2007, combined HEALTH HOUSING FAMILY AND AND FOOD- AND LEGAL MENTAL INCOME BASIC RELATED SERVICES HEALTH SECURITY OTHER TOTAL NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS NEEDS N% N % N % N % N% N% N % Near Northside 87,102 35 66,509 27 28,694 12 17,498 7 11,862 5 33,907 14 245,572 100 Northwest Side 43,234 33 33,731 26 17,941 14 10,495 8 7,667 6 18,122 14 131,190 100 Near Southside 23,645 29 18,863 26 10,623 13 7,382 9 4,891 5 10,267 18 75,671 100 Westside and West Suburbs 11,339 25 9,663 21 7,352 16 6,307 14 4,528 10 6,598 14 45,787 100 Southside and South Suburbs 8,724 24 7,223 20 5,915 16 5,422 15 4,425 12 5,148 14 36,857 100 Eastside and Northeast Suburbs 3,101 22 2,798 20 2,183 15 2,252 16 1,301 9 2,501 18 14,136 100

Calls per household ratios The number of households in a given might be expected in some areas as The calls per household ratio is derived area is taken from the 2000 Census, more housing units are constructed. All by counting the number of calls in Summary File 1, and is constant across ratios have been rounded to the nearest relationship to the number of households the years. A decrease in the call ratio whole number. in a given area. Looking at Table 38, for instance, it shows that there TABLE 38: Calls per household ratios by area, 2003-2007, by year was an average of one call for AREA 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 every two Near Northside Area households in 2003. By 2007, Near Northside Calls 1:2 1:2 1:2 1:1 1:1 there was an average of one call Northwest Side Calls 1:4 1:4 1:3 1:2 1:2 for every single household in this same area. Near Southside Calls 1:6 1:5 1:4 1:3 1:3 Westside and West Suburbs Calls 1:15 1:14 1:10 1:9 1:8 Southside and South Suburbs Calls 1:19 1:17 1:13 1:10 1:11 Eastside and Northeast Suburbs Calls 1:21 1:22 1:17 1:14 1:16

“I was looking for a food pantry. I have not been to one since I had young kids. 2-1-1 gave me a listing of places where they were giving out walkers. I feel real comfortable talking with them; it feels like talking with someone I know. My family uses 2-1-1 for information and to see where things are located.” — Joyce

Joyce is a middle-aged woman with a disability. She needed food and a walker to assist her in getting around in her neighborhood.

Page 64 2-1-1 @ IMPACT 2-1-1 @ IMPACT — SERVICE PROVIDER INSIGHT

SERVICE PROVIDER INSIGHT While 2-1-1 @ IMPACT is helpful to individuals, it is also helpful to organizations and to the system as a whole. Planning Council staff interviewed leaders from agencies that receive a large number of referrals from 2-1-1 @ IMPACT, as well as agencies that help 2-1-1 @ IMPACT handle hard-to-solve cases. The stories related by these agency leaders shows the variety of benefits they derive from the presence of 2-1-1 @ IMPACT in the community. Interviewees included Donna Rongholt-Migan and Arcelia Martinez, The Cathedral Center, Inc.; Steven Peterson and Chester Kuzminski, Milwaukee County Department on Aging; Barbara Beckert and Elise Cassidente, Disability Rights Wisconsin; Cindy Krahenbuhl, The Guest House of Milwaukee, Inc.; Sherrie Tussler, Hunger Task Force, Inc.; Tom Cannon and Karen Dardy, Legal Aid Society of Milwaukee, Inc.; Jan Buchler, The Parenting Network; Maureen Martin, The Salvation Army; Deborah Duskey, St. Vincent de Paul Society; and Deborah Blanks, Social Development Commission.

Poverty is the overlay of poverty by neighborhood. Sherrie Nearly everyone the Planning Council Tussler, of the Hunger Task Force, noted staff spoke with mentioned the impact that, over the past decade, there have of poverty on 2-1-1 @ IMPACT caller been increases in need in West Allis, needs. In some instances, mapping the Cudahy, South Milwaukee, and specific calls is akin to mapping poverty in the neighborhoods in the Northwest quadrant County. Indeed, the ZIP Code with the of the City of Milwaukee. Tom Cannon, most calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT, ZIP of Legal Aid Society of Milwaukee, Code 53206, is also the ZIP Code that noted that the huge rise in foreclosures, has historically had the highest rates of evictions, bankruptcy and applications poverty in the County. The Employment for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Training Institute at the University and Social Security Disability (SSD) is of Wisconsin Milwaukee noted in a primarily driven by poverty. Jan Buchler, 2007 report: of The Parenting Network, receives more calls for basic needs now than two “The 53206 ZIP Code neighborhood years ago, which she said could be “I should have called 2-1-1 sooner serves as a bellwether for poverty attributed to the poor economy, poverty changes in Milwaukee and nationally. and issues related to poverty. Deborah but I didn’t know the full extent of In the 1990s, prior to welfare reform Duskey, of St. Vincent de Paul, has your service. All this time, I was in Wisconsin, it had the largest noticed an increase in food and rent trying to keep my head above number of families receiving AFDC. payment assistance needs. Barbara In the 2000 Census, it showed the Beckert, of Disability Rights Wisconsin, water. You’re like a life preserver largest number of families in poverty observed that areas with high percentages on the other line. Because of your among Milwaukee ZIP Codes.”1 of people with disabilities also have high recommendation and referrals, I’m rates of poverty. More than one in four City of Milwaukee back on solid ground.” — Marnie residents lived in poverty in 2006. “There is a real viciousness to poverty; Milwaukee had the eighth highest rate of poverty among large cities in the it is hard to get out of.” Marnie’s boss referred her to 2-1-1 @ United States with 26 percent (143,000 — Maureen Martin, Salvation Army IMPACT because she was having a difficult people) living below the federal poverty time caring for her aging mother and it was level. In 2000, the City's poverty rate 1 resulting in lost time from work. She was was 21 percent.2 Lois M. Quinn, “New Indicators of Neighborhood Need in ZIP Code 53206. Neighborhood Indicators connected to several referrals including of Employment and Economic Well-Being of case management services, respite care Poverty has a major impact on the services Families, Barriers to Employment, and Untapped services, and support groups. Marnie is agencies offer and how they distribute Opportunities,” Employment and Training Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2007. back to work full time and happy that her their resources. The Hunger Task Force 2 United States Census Bureau, American mom’s needs are being addressed. distributes food based upon concentrations Community Survey, 2006.

“Consumers used to have to make a 2-1-1 @ IMPACT: system benefits Provides “one-stop shopping” Allows agencies to focus on Service providers were unanimous in number of calls; now they are directed to their missions their appreciation for having one place one place that can meet their needs.” The presence of 2-1-1 @ IMPACT that people can call for help with issues — Maureen Martin, Salvation Army makes it easier for other agencies to related to family, health and social services. focus on what they do best. It frees Tom Cannon, of the Legal Aid Society them from having to try to provide of Milwaukee, explained, “Milwaukee “I was impressed when I visited the 2-1-1 information and referral on top of has a complex network of social services. call center offices. I noticed a quote in the everything else that they do. As Maureen How could you expect someone that is call center about 2-1-1’s philosophy of Martin, of The Salvation Army, noted, not trained to know all of these services? “For a while, our staff members were 2-1-1 @ IMPACT provides a vital helping people, who are oftentimes in a taking so many information and referral clearinghouse function in a community crisis situation, and treating them with calls that they weren’t able to do anything that has an extensive and complex social dignity and respect. This makes me feel else; 2-1-1 frees up staff to deal more services system.” directly with people.” even better about working with them.” Operates around the clock — Deborah Blanks, Data helps with planning 2-1-1 @ IMPACT makes it possible for Social Development Commission The data collected by 2-1-1 @ IMPACT people to speak with a knowledgeable helps with planning. The call data person at any time. Most agencies cannot “2-1-1 is a strong community partner. illustrates who is calling, where they operate around the clock and, before They help to make sense of things for are calling from, what their needs are, 2-1-1 @ IMPACT, they had to rely on which needs are being met, and which answering services, a less than ideal people in need. We can send our problems cannot be met due to a lack of resources. option for callers with urgent needs. to 2-1-1 and they help find solutions.” The data helps individual organizations Steve Peterson, of Milwaukee County — Sherrie Tussler, Hunger Task Force to better plan for where their resources Department on Aging, noted, “Our are needed. Over time, the data reveals overnight calls used to be handled by changes in caller demographics and caller answering services and all they could do needs. Some interviewees mentioned was to say that someone would call that they use 2-1-1 @ IMPACT data back the next day. Now the public is when writing reports and proposals. much better served.” Sometimes 2-1-1 @ IMPACT data can help to explain sudden and significant Has crisis intervention capability changes in utilization. For instance, 2-1-1 @ IMPACT can operate in crisis when a certain food pantry’s utilization intervention mode and help people with jumped from 100 to 1,500 in one month, immediate needs. People in emergency 2-1-1 @ IMPACT mapped its referral situations don’t have to call “all over the data. They found that people were place.” This is especially helpful for coming to this pantry because it was the people who need emergency shelter. only one that was always open. They can simply call 2-1-1 @ IMPACT and don’t have to call every shelter. Helps people to come prepared The information provided to callers by Considered “state of the art” 2-1-1 @ IMPACT helps them to be better 2-1-1 @ IMPACT is regarded as “state prepared for an agency visit. According of the art.” Maureen Martin, of the to Deborah Blanks, Social Development Salvation Army, said, “Other phone lines Commission, “2 1 1 helps make sure that predated 2-1-1 were not as efficient; people are prepared with the right they didn’t have the knowledge base that documentation when they come for 2-1-1 has. The consumers are better services.” Maureen Martin, of the served. It is a better coordinated, more “I’ve heard staff say that if 2-1-1 didn’t exist, it Salvation Army, noted, “It gets the ball sophisticated system than before; now it would be a real problem.” rolling. That phone assessment helps; is a knowledge-based approach.” There — Cindy Krahenbuhl, Guest House of Milwaukee people that call us have already been was also praise for the practice known asked questions.” as “warm transfers,” meaning 2-1-1 @

IMPACT’s ability to seamlessly link “Before 2-1-1, all agencies kept information staff are “out and about” in the community, callers to helping resources while callers attending meetings, giving presentations, in a binder, which was not ideal, as are still on the line, eliminating the need and keeping themselves informed. information is constantly changing.” for callers to repeat their situation. — Donna Rongholt-Migan, Cathedral Center Provides access to on-line Provides up-to-date information resource directory Agency leaders said they appreciate that Many of the agency leaders said that “I think it’s a great thing that they’re there. 2-1-1 @ IMPACT stays up-to-date. They they use the 2-1-1 @ IMPACT online Who else does this in the community?” said they can rely on the fact that the resource directory to update their own — Deborah Duskey, St. Vincent De Paul Society information 2-1-1 @ IMPACT provides agency resource list. “I like that fact that will be accurate and current, and that we can use the 2-1-1 online resource 2-1-1 @ IMPACT staff take a proactive “I would not want to see 2-1-1 go away in directory; it is very beneficial to be able approach to staying current. Donna to look information up,” said Deborah this city. We’d be moving backwards.” Rongholt-Migan, of the Cathedral Center, Duskey of the St. Vincent De Paul — Maureen Martin, Salvation Army told Planning Council staff, “Staff at 2-1-1 Society. However, a phone call to 2-1-1 heard that there might be an intake policy @ IMPACT may still be necessary. change at our organization, so they According to Steve Peterson of the called to verify information.” Milwaukee County Department on Aging, “If a client is looking for a phone Has a well-trained staff number that is not necessarily related to The staff of 2-1-1 @ IMPACT is regarded long-term care, we will use 2-1-1’s as well-trained and knowledgeable. “We database to find it. But if a person needs have always heard good things about help sorting out the type of service needed, their operators. I’ve never heard any and that service is unrelated to what we complaints about 2 1 1, so I don’t hesitate do, we would have them call 2-1-1 or to refer people to them,” said Maureen we would do a three way transfer. Our Martin of the Salvation Army. It was staff is not trained to get into that kind also mentioned that 2-1-1 @ IMPACT of detail.”

TABLE 39: Top referral agencies, 2003-2007, combined Supplements the Internet In this age of technology, people are TOTAL often pointed toward the Internet for REFERRAL AGENCY REFERRALS help. However, as Tom Cannon, of Legal Aid Society of Milwaukee, noted, St. Vincent de Paul Society of Milwaukee 29,897 “A lot of clients don’t have access to the Community Advocates, Inc. 29,619 Internet in their homes.” Additionally, The Salvation Army 20,649 “Some may have reading or language difficulties, which would make using Social Development Commission 19,449 online resources difficult. The oral The Cathedral Center, Inc. 17,189 communication provided by 2-1-1 is Milwaukee County Department of Health and Human Services 12,695* very important.

IMPACT 9,967 Table 39 contains a list of the agencies Milwaukee Rescue Mission 8,635 that received the greatest number of United Methodist Children's Services of Wisconsin, Inc. 8,357 referrals from 2-1-1 @ IMPACT over the five-year period. Legal Action of Wisconsin, Inc. 5,977 The Guest House of Milwaukee Inc. 5,832 Legal Aid Society of Milwaukee, Inc. 5,601

*This total does not include referrals for the Milwaukee County Behavioral Division or the Milwaukee County Disabilities Services Division.

Note: Referrals were taken from the “Top 50” referral agency lists for each of the five-years and totaled for all referrals made to that agency. Referrals to a single agency may include different sites and services.

2-1-1 @ IMPACT — LOOKING AHEAD

“I called 2-1-1 to get help LOOKING AHEAD connecting with a place that We have looked at trends in calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT over the last five-years. In this would accept some items for section, we take a look at some of the factors that could have an impact on calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT in the coming years. donation that the usual places had no interest in — large The slumping economy appliances from a kitchen • The labor market is suffering its worst conditions in four years and has not hit bottom. Unless the labor market turns around soon, unemployment could pass six remodel. They were able to percent in early 2009 and the Employment Trends Index isn't signaling any such give me the names of some improvement around the corner.1 organizations.” — Heather • The housing market is not expected to turn around anytime soon. According to Alan Greenspan, former Federal Reserve chairman, the United States housing downturn is expected to continue during the foreseeable future, as United States house prices are "nowhere near the bottom” (August 2008). Specialists at 2-1-1 @ IMPACT • Utility costs will continue to increase. Utilities and industry analysts estimate that can direct volunteers and donors to it will cost families 30 percent to 50 percent more to heat their homes with natural locations where their gifts may be gas this coming winter. Families who use heating oil could face increases of most needed and appropriate. between 50 percent and 100 percent.2 Already in 2008, a rise in energy costs, combined with a brutal winter, led to a jump of nearly 12 percent in the number of residents falling behind on paying their utility bills.3 • Food prices have also been impacted by the economic conditions. The cost of crops and livestock has risen 16 percent this year compared to last year, driven higher by rising costs for feedstock and fuel, according to a report issued by the United States Department of Agriculture in August, 2008.

The aging population Increase in health care programs As the older adult population continues and participation to grow, 2-1-1 @ IMPACT can probably Participation in certain government- expect more calls from this age group. sponsored health insurance programs is The Milwaukee County population 60 on the upswing, and could lead to an and over, which stood at 152,936 in increase in calls to 2-1-1 @ IMPACT. 2005, is projected to increase 12 percent Recent reports indicate: between 2010 and 2015 (from 165,059 to 185,281). According to the Elder • The number of people in Milwaukee Economic Security Standard Index County participating in the Medicaid for Wisconsin, a county-by-county program is on the rise. After a breakdown of expenses that face those decline in participation from 2003 to 65 and older. “In Wisconsin, elders are 2007, numbers for 2008 were up, coming up short in making ends meet.”4 from 203,924 persons at the beginning One in five Wisconsin seniors counts of 2007 to 215,593 by May of 2008.5 Social Security as their only form of • The State’s BadgerCare Plus program income. The average Social Security has far exceeded the State's projection benefit for Wisconsin seniors is $13,165. of enrollees in the first 12 to 18 A single senior renting a one-bedroom months.6 As of June 2008, 154,512 apartment in Milwaukee County children, adults, caretakers, and (excluding the city of Milwaukee) faces pregnant women in Milwaukee expenses of $20,545. County were enrolled in BadgerCare Plus. Milwaukee County residents 1 CNNMoney.com August 4, 2008. enrolled in BadgerCare Plus 2 “Winter Could Test Energy Math. Rising Heat Costs May Be Last Straw For Family Budgets,” Wall Street Journal, accounted for nearly 28 percent of July 18, 2008. 3 “Weather boosts overdue utility bills. Post-winter shutoffs resume Tuesday,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, April 9, 2008. the State’s enrollees. 4 The numbers come from an index developed by the Gerontology Institute at the University of Massachusetts Boston and the Washington, D.C.-based Wider Opportunities for Women. They are designed to be used as a yardstick for policy-makers grappling with ways to ensure that seniors can age with dignity in Wisconsin. July 2008. 5 Wisconsin Medicaid data. 6 “BadgerCare Plus off to a healthy start,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, April 29, 2008.

“I could not find anyone to help me or give me information. That is when I finally called 2-1-1. I cannot get over the fact that 2-1-1 called me back to see what had happened with my situation. The representative at 2-1-1 was helpful, pleasant, and understood what I had been through in the last 30 days. They were the only ones to call me back and follow-up with me.” — Sherrie

Sherrie was working for 12 years and was then injured on the job. She applied for the FoodShare program and Medical Assistance,but there were delays in processing her applications. 2-1-1 @ IMPACT has cooperative relationships with many community agencies and was able to link Sherrie to a human services worker at Milwaukee County to help her with her benefits.

Increased food-related needs Increased poverty rates Food related needs have consistently The Census Bureau’s American been one of the top reasons for calls to Community Survey results reveal that 2-1-1 @ IMPACT, and recent news the poverty rate for all Wisconsin residents stories do not signal a downturn in rose from 10 percent in 2005 to 11 requests of this nature: percent in 2006 and the child poverty rate increased as well, from 14 percent • When about 3,000 people turned out in 2005 to 15 percent in 2006. for disaster-related food aid in June of 2008, County officials said they New homeless population felt that the unexpected had “more In a television report that aired July 1, to do with a weak economy and 2008, on Milwaukee’s TMJ4, it was crushing poverty in parts of this reported that teen homelessness is community than the devastating becoming a big problem in the City of floods that swept through the State.”1 Milwaukee. Advocates say that hundreds • The number of Wisconsin households of teens roam the streets every night in the food stamp program, called with no place to go, and that on any 1 “Food relief line grows long, tense. FoodShare, increased nearly 10 given night, almost 400 teens in Frustration rises, officials caught off-guard as thousands turn out for flood assistance,” percent between 2007 and 2008, Milwaukee are roaming the streets Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, June 23, 2008. higher than the seven percent looking for a place to stay. They many 2 “Need for food stamps rising. Weak economy, increase seen nationally, which is never find it, say advocates, because changes to state program increase enrollment nearly 10 percent,” Milwaukee Journal being attributed to rising food prices there are only 16 shelter beds specifically 2 Sentinel, May 25, 2008. and the slumping economy. dedicated to homeless youth.

©2008 IMPACT. All Rights Reserved. Analysis conducted by Planning Council for Health and Human Services, Inc. Page 70 2-1-1 @ IMPACT This report was designed by G2 Creative Inc. www.g2creativeinc.com 6737 West Washington Street, Suite 2225, Milwaukee WI 53214 (414) 256-4808 f: (414) 771-4808 www.impactinc.org