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Performance of Strip Seals in Iowa Bridges: Pilot Study Vui-Bin Kau Iowa State University

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Performance of Strip Seals in Iowa Bridges: Pilot Study Vui-Bin Kau Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2001 Performance of strip seals in Iowa bridges: pilot study Vui-Bin Kau Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Civil Engineering Commons, and the Structural Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Kau, Vui-Bin, "Performance of strip seals in Iowa bridges: pilot study" (2001). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 17261. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/17261 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Performance of strip seals in Iowa bridges, pilot study Vui-Bin Kau Major Professor: Lowell F. Greimann Iowa State University Supervising Professor: James E. Bolluyt Iowa State University Spring 2001 Perf01mance of strip seals in Iowa bridges, pilot study Vui-Bin Kau Major Professor: Lowell F. Greimann Iowa State University A pilot study was conducted on the premature failures of neoprene strip seals in expansion joints in Iowa bridges. In a relatively large number of bridges, strip seals have pulled out of the steel extrusions or otherwise failed well before the expected life span of the seal. The most serious consequence of a strip seal failure is damage to the bridge substructure due to salt, water, and debris interacting with the substructure. A literature review was performed. Manufacturers' specifications and recommendations, practices in the states bordering Iowa, and Iowa DOT design and installation guidelines were reviewed. Iowa DOT bridge databases were analyzed. A national survey was conducted on the use and performance of strip seals. With guidance from the Iowa DOT, twelve in-service bridges with strip seal expansion joints were selected for detailed investigation. Effective bridge temperatures and corresponding expansion joint openings were measured, DOT inspection reports were reviewed, and likely cause(s) of premature failures of strip seals were proposed. Experimental results show that for a majority of these serious failures (all in concrete girder bridges), the joint opening at 0°F predicted by the Iowa DOT design equations, the joint opening at 0°F extrapolated from the experimental data, or both, are larger than the movement rating of the strip seal specified on the bridge plans. Other likely causes of premature failures of seals in the twelve bridges include debris and ice in the seal cavity, skew of bridge deck, improper installation, and improper setting of the initial gap. Performance of strip seals in Iowa bridges, pilot study by Vui-Bin Kau A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Civil Engineering (Structural Engineering) Major Professor: Lowell F. Greimann Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2001 Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the Master's thesis of Vui-Bin Kau has met the thesis requirements oflowa State University Major Professor For the Major Program For the Graduate College iii TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... I. I. Background ............................................................................ 1.2. Objectives . 2 1.3. Overview and Scope . 2 2. LITERATURE REVIEW . 5 2.1. Coefficients of Expansion and Contraction (a values) ........................... 5 2.1.1. Concrete . 5 2.1.2. Steel ... I 0 2.2. Effective Bridge Temperature . ... 11 2.3. Movement Characteristics ... .. ............ .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 2.4. Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete . 16 2.4.1. Creep .. 17 2.4.2. Shrinkage . 19 2.5. Vertical Wheel Loading on Expansion Joints . ......... .. .. .. .. 22 2.6. Miscellaneous Topics . 25 2.6.1. Drainage of Expansion Joints . 25 2.6.2. Field Evaluations and General Recommendations 26 3. DATABASEANALYSIS .................................................................. 29 3.1. Overview . 29 3.2. Analysis Based on Iowa DOT Databases . .............................. 29 4. EXPERIMENT AL INVESTIGATION OF SELECTED BRIDGES . 34 4.1. Overview . 34 4.2. Experimental Program . 34 4.2.1. Bridge Selection . 34 4.2.2. Instrumentation . 36 iv 4.2.3. Data Collection . .. 39 4.3. Experimental Results . ... 42 4.3.1. Bridge 1: 0781.1R218 (FHWA 606200) 42 4.3.2. Bridge 2: 0781.1L218 (FHWA 606210) 50 4.3.3. Bridge 3: 0996.0R218 (FHWA 601235) . ............ ... .. .. .. .. 54 4.3.4. Bridge 4: 0996.0L218 (FHWA 601240) . .......... ... .. .. ... .. 59 4.3.5. Bridge5:0787.7A218(FHWA601575) ................................... 64 4.3.6. Bridge 6: 0784.8S2 l 8 (FHW A 605800) 70 4.3.7. Bridge 7: 8561.5L030 (FHWA 607795) 74 4.3.8. Bridge 8: 7776.8L065 (FHW A 606800) 77 4.3.9. Bridge 9: 6485.3L030 (FHWA 601620) 80 4.3.10. Bridge 10: 6402.0S014 (FHWA 007911) 84 4.3.11. Bridge 11: 6403.6L014 (FHWA 035431) 89 4.3.12. Bridge 12: 6481.9L030 (FHWA 601895) 94 4.4. Summary of the Experimental Results . 97 4.4.1. Experimental a Values Versus Design a Values . .... .. .. ...... ......... 97 4.4.2. Apparent Causes of Poor Strip Seal Performance . 99 5. RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................. 103 5.1. Recommendations for Design, Installation, and Maintenance Procedures .... 103 5.1.1. Bridge Temperature Ranges for Design . .......... .. .. ..... ............ 103 5.1.2. Bridge Temperature for Setting the Gaps . 103 5.1.3. Selection of Strip Seal Size and Specifications for Gap Settings . 104 5.1.4. End Detail . ... 105 5.1.5. Leak Test After the Installation Process . ................................. 105 5.1.6. Specifications for the Design and Installation of Strip Seal Systems... 106 5.1.7. Cleaning of Expansion Joints ... .. ... ... .. ... .. .. 106 5.2. Related Recommendations ............................................................ 107 5.2.1. Inclusion of Additional Information in Iowa DOT Databases . ... 107 5.2.2. Further Research . 108 v 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION . 111 6.1. Summary . .. 111 6.2. Conclusions . 111 APPENDIX A DESIGN OF STRIP SEAL EXPANSION JOINT SYSTEMS ........ 114 A. I Manufacturers' Recommendations .. 114 A. I. I Manufacturers' Recommendations Related to Design . .. 115 A.1.2 Manufacturers' Recommendations Related to Materials . 116 A.2 Practices in States Bordering Iowa .. 117 A.2.1 Design Considerations and Requirements in Neighboring States . 118 A.2.2 Material Requirements in Neighboring States . 122 A.3 Design Practices in Iowa . 125 A.4 Review of Iowa DOT Design Guidelines for Strip Seal Systems . 128 APPENDIX B FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION OF STRIP SEAL SYSTEMS 135 B.l Manufacturers' Recommendations ................................................. 135 B.1.1 Manufacturers' Recommendations for Fabrication 135 B.1.2 Manufacturers' Recommendations for Installation 136 B.2 Practices in States Bordering Iowa .. .. .. ... ...... .. .. .. .. ......... ..... .. 141 B.3 Fabrication and Installation Practices in Iowa ............... ............ ......... 141 APPENDIX C SURVEY OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION 162 APPENDIX D THERMOCOUPLE LOCATION TEST DATA ........................ 169 REFERENCES . 172 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................... 176 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Expansion joints are used in bridges to allow expansion and contraction of the bridge superstructure due to temperature changes. In order to prevent salt, water and debris from passing through the expansion joint opening and reaching the bridge substructure, a seal or trough is required in the expansion joint opening. A strip seal expansion joint device is one alternative for this function. It consists of a pair of steel retainer rails (steel extrusions), a polychloroprene (neoprene) gland and lubricant/adhesive material to facilitate the installation of the gland and to seal the gland in the extrusions (Figure I. I). Steel extrusions Abutment Backwall Bridge deck Expansion joint opening Figure 1.1 Typical strip seal expansion joint device 2 According to a manufacturer's representative, the expected service life of a strip seal (neoprene gland) is fifteen to twenty years. In Iowa however, a significant number of strip seals have failed prematurely, which for purposes of this report will mean failure in less than five years. In these premature failures, the strip seal either tears or pulls out from the extrusions relatively soon after the bridge construction is completed. The most serious consequence of a strip seal failure is damage to the bridge substructure due to salt, water and debris interacting with the substructure, which can result in large costs to repair or replace portions of the damaged bridge. 1.2 Objectives A number of possible causes for premature strip seal failures have been proposed including thermal movement different than that predicted, incorrect setting of the expansion joint opening during construction, and wheel loads transmitted to the seal by debris and ice in the joint. The main objective of this research project was to investigate these and other possible causes of the premature failures of strip seals in Iowa bridges. 1.3 Overview and Scope To accomplish the research objective, existing Iowa Department of Transportation databases were assembled and analyzed and detailed investigations of the strip seal expansion joints on twelve Iowa bridges were carried out. A number of tasks were performed as part of this investigative process. A comprehensive literature search was conducted. Sources listed by the Transportation Research Information Services (TRIS) were obtained. International literature 3 and sources not covered by TRIS were sought by using TRANSPORT (CD-ROM database) [ l]. Design criteria, recommended installation procedures, sample specifications, and supporting test data were obtained from various manufacturers of strip seal expansion joint systems. A national survey of state departments of transportation.
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