WASHINGTON GEOLOGIC NEWSLETTER
'· Volume 15 Number 3 July 1987
Washington State Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources
Pa rt of bu i Id ing in Pou I sbo on an ancient , deep-seated sI ide • Reactivation of the sI ide in 1974 severely damaged the building and adjacent streets and utilities. (see article, p. 3) IN THIS ISSUE . . . Soil bluff failure • • • • • 3 Oi I and gas activity • • • • • • 12 Division open file geologic maps available • ••• 16 WASHINGTON TIMBER, FISH AND WILDLIFE GEOLOGIC by NEWSLETTER Raymond Lasmanis, State Geologist Leaders from the timber industry, environmental groups, Indian tribes, and the The Washington Geologic Newsletter is published quarterly by the Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Department of Natural Resources. The newsletter is state Departments of Fisheries, Game, free upon request. The Division also publishes bulletins, information circulars, re Ecology, and Natural Resources have been ports of investigations, and geologic maps. A list of these publications will be sent upon request. meeting since August 1986 to reach a mutually satisfactory agreement on forest DEPARTMENT Brian J. Boyle practices regulations and forest management. OF Commissioner of Public Lands A comprehensive package has been developed NATURAL Art Stearns RESOURCES Supervisor by this Timber, Fish and Wildlife group (TFW) that calls for significant changes in DIVISION OF Raymond Lasmanis the manner in which forest practices are GEOLOGY AND State Geologist evaluated and regulated and natural resources EARTH RESOURCES J. Eric Schuster Asst. State Geologist a re managed. Of the the eleven key components of the new management system under the TFW Geologists Bonnie B. Bunning Weldon W. Rau (Olympia) Michael A. Korosec Katherine M. Reed program, forest practices on unstable slopes William S. Lingley, Jr. Henry W. Schasse have been identified as a major issue because Robert L. (Josh) Logan Gerald W. Thorsen harvesting timber and \.\Orking on such slopes William M. Phillips Timothy J . Walsh can, in some instances, accelerate natural Geologists Nancy L. Joseph Keith L. Stoffel instability processes and impact fish, wild..! (Spokane) I ife, water, cultural and archaeological Librarian Connie J . Manson resources, public capital improvements, and off-site property. Management decisions re Research Technician Arnold Bowman garding the potential impacts of such timber Editor Katherine M. Reed harvests can be imp roved by ( 1 ) using more Cartographers Nancy E. Herman complete technical and scientific data and Donald W. Hiller information; (2) having technical specialists Keith G. Ikerd on the ground to assess impacts and offer Word Processor Operator J. C. Armbruster appropriate management alternatives; and (3) Administrative Assistant Susan P. Davis defining ways to measure the effectiveness of Clerical Staff Loretta M. Andrake state-of-the-a rt management practices. Willa Bonaparte Resolution of the unstable slopes issue Joy Fleenor wi 11 require investment by state government, Regulatory Clerical Staff Barbara A. Preston industry, and others in imp roving the
(continued on page 15 )
MAILING ADDRESSES Martin Way Main Office: Department of Natural Resources To Division of Geology and Earth Resources Interstate 5 Mail Stop PY.12 Olympia, WA 98504 : MAIN OFFICE : Phone: (206) 459-6372 .,;; :Geology and Earth Resources: o:: : 4224-6th Ave. S.E. : Field Office: Department of Natural Resources South ~ ~ : Rowe Six, Building One 1 0 Division of Geology and Earth Resources -~ L------,.-, ------"' u Spokane County Agricultural Center Sound :,::: Arctic ...... ,- N. 222 Havana Center lii Circle l!__J Paulson's Spokane, WA 99202 D St. Martin's Phone: (509) 456-3255 Mall ~D 6th Ave. S.E. College iJi Albertsons NOTE: Publications available from Olympia address only. D
2 SOIL BLUFFS + RAIN = SLIDE HAZARDS
by Gerald W. Thorsen
INTRODUCTION confined to either coastal areas or western Washington. Many miles of such bluffs in • Lands I ide season• in the Puget Lowland eastern Washington are now sliding, primarily normally occurs from November through April. as a result of reservoir drawdown and During that period, familiar names commonly irrigation. Here, areas relatively dry for reappear in the press. The Alki, Queen thousands of years are now being subjected to Anne, and Magnolia districts of Seattle are • artificial precipitation•. The resulting in mentioned in the news nearly every winter. creases in soil water locally have profound This repetition is because natural landslides effects on bluff stability. u sua I ly occur where they have occur red be fore. In spite of such warnings, there is a SETTING THE STACE variety of reasons to crowd development against or even to occupy slide hazard areas. Repeated continental glaciation punctuated If these reasons are important enough, the by long periods of floodplain, delta, and lake risks and/or extra costs may be acceptable. deposition has left thick sections of un Probably the commonest reasons for in consolidated materials over the bedrock of the dividuals choosing to live with the slide Puget Lowland. These materials, "soil" to hazards of Puget Lowland bluffs are the view from the top ( Fig. 1) or, in the case of waterfront property, access to water from the bottom. Where industry is concerned, there can be even more compelling reasons to accept such hazards. For example, a rail road must have a relatively level, albeit narrow route. A beach can meet both cri teria (Fig. 2). Unfortunately, in the Puget Lowland, beaches a re commonly backed by unstable bluffs. Such compromises of location and risk must also be made with other transportation systems. The Seattle freeway was bui It, at staggering cost, through a zone of unstable bluffs and dormant landslides. Because of the stabi I ity prob Iems , the area had been relatively unoccupied. The political and eco nomic decisions for selecting such a route were thus considered justifiable. Similarly, some of our most popular shoreline parks ( such as Kopachuck, Camano, Sequim Bay, and Golden Gardens) probably exist largely because the areas were too unstable for other Figure 1 .--Demand for view property, development • such as this area overlooking the Strait of This article is a discussion of Puget Juan de Fuca, continues to increase along Lowland bluffs and the more common forms of with the Puget Sound area's population. landslides affecting them. Most examples are Here, local collapse of somewhat cohesive from coastal bluffs, as they are among the sandy soil causes it to break up and flow best exposed and most active. Stabi I ity to the beach. Winter storms remove the problems associated with steep bluffs in un dry-flow deposits, re-exposing the toe of consolidated sediments are, of course, not the bluff to wave erosion. 3 Figure 2.--A large landslide complex south of Edmonds. The activities of railroad track maintenance crews have replaced wave erosion as the means of removing: mud f lows at the toe of the s I ide •
the geologist or engineer, are hundreds or even thousands of feet thick in places. Following the sculpting and compaction by the last continental ice sheet to occupy the Lowland, wave, as \\ Slumps A common Puget Lowland slide form is the upper bluff slump. In most of the places where these occur, the lower bluff is usually very compact silt or "blue clay" that does not fail at all. Instead, the slumped upper bank material, once it is disturbed, turns into mud and flows down and over the steep but sti 11 intact lower bluff (Fig. 6). This mode of failure leaves a distinctive landform, the mid-bluff bench, along the top of the lower unfailed silt or clay. Figure 4 .--Lake Kapowsin and ground fog The bluff below the bench is very steep, mark this sinuous glacial meltwater commonly exceeding 60°. The bench itself channel. Remnants of soil bluffs fringing tends to have a hummocky surf ace, and the such long abandoned channels remain along steepness of the slope above it increases the fronts of the Cascade foothills. upward, approaching ve rt ica I at the sea rp of the slump. This bench may not be easily range of stabi I ity problems that exist recognized if the last movement was not throughout the Low Iand. recent and if the vegetative cover is dense. Some of the best examples of upper bluff LANDSLIDES slumping in the Seattle area are in the Alki area, Fort Lawton, and Golden Gardens. In Gulleying, dry ravel, and other forms of the last instance, the park area itself has essentially particle-by-particle erosion are apparently not had a serious slope failure in important bluff-modifying processes. many decades, but the telltale bench and Landslides, however, may remove as much abundant groundwater are obvious. A slump material in minutes or hours as other forms just north of the park damaged or destroyed of erosion do in hundreds of yea rs. The almost a dozen homes in 1974. Other classic bluffs of the Puget Lowland are particularly upper bluff slump areas are Scatchet Head on susceptible to lands I ides for a variety of Whidbey Island (Fig. 5), north of Apple Cove reasons. Among these are their steepness, Point on the Kitsap Peninsula (Fig. 6), and the abundant rain fa 11 in the area, and the the Thorndyke Bay area of Jefferson County. commonly striking contrasts in permeability of Debris Avalanches their materials. These permeability contrasts create local ground-water concentrations that Sha I low debris avalanches are another commonly dictate where, how, and when a common form of landslides along the bluffs of landslide will occur. the Puget Lowland, especially where bluffs It is this "how", the type of slide are made up of compact silt, clay, or silty failure and movement, that commonly deter sand. Characteristically, the landslides are mines the nature and extent of the slide only a few tens of feet wide, and the "mat• hazard. Safe construction setback distances of material that moves is seldom deeper than from both top and bottom of a bluff must the depth of penetration of tree roots--in consider such factors. The names of slide such soils, 3 to 4 feet. The soil materials types are generally derived from how slides a re made less compact or loosened by roots initially fail--for example, as falls, slides, and by freeze-thaw eye les, but the underlying or flows. However, many landslides fail in undisturbed material remains relatively imper one manner but travel in another--that is, a vious to infiltrating rainfall. The result is a slump or rotational failure may in part move zone of saturation at the base of the as a flow (Figs. 5 and 6). Thus, pigeon- loosened soil/root mat during periods of heavy hole names can be mis leading. SI ide types rain. 5 Figure 5.--Rain infiltrating the upland surface of southern Whidbey Island easily penetrates the underlying sand, but further downward movement of the water is impeded by the relatively impermeable silt layer. A zone of saturation at the top of the silt causes slumps in the overlying sand. The disturbed and now saturated sand oozes over the steep silt bluff as a series of mudflows. When a patch of such material loses its small mlume. This is because the avalanches grip on the hillside, its weight is suddenly attain a high rate of speed as they flow transferred to adjacent material downslope. downslope. Even a small debris avalanche The rapid progressive slope failure results in can easily smash through the wall of a frame a tangled pile of trees, brush, and soil at house and/or drop uprooted trees through the the base of the bluff (Fig. 7). The re roof. sulting lineal scar of bare, compact subsoil may take decades to fully revegetate. When SOIL FALL/ FL OW it does, the scar is commonly covered by a telltale lineal strip of alder trees, all of Soil fall is commonest in relatively dry about the same age and size. cohesive sediments. Where such materials are Storm drainage, even that from a single excessively undercut by wave or stream lot, may trigger a debris avalanche. The action, the resulting steep bluffs may simply common practice of disposing of trash, collapse. Where bluff materials are cohesive construction rubble, and land-clearing debris and cont a in abundant dessication cracks, the on soi I bluffs also may set the stage for a slide deposit will be made up of hard, debris avalanche. Because they involve only angular clay and/or silt "boulders" (Fig. 8). a thin layer of materials, debris avalanches Where bluff sediments are less cohesive, the are seldom a threat to homes or other initial collapse may cause the landslide mass structures at the top of a bluff. However, to disintegrate and move as a dry flow. these avalanches are a serious hazard to Such flows commonly form steep cone-I ike those living below, in spite of their relatively deposits at the bases of bluffs ( Fig. 1). 6 Figure 6.--Falling trees caused much of the damage to this beach cabin near Kingston. The steep clay bank behind the cabin did not fail, but mud and trees from higher on the slope flowed over it • Figure 7. - -Shallow debris avalanches such as this one on Camano Island are common throughout the Puget Lowland. They occur as soil/vegetation-mat slides on clay or silt slopes too compact for root penetration or for rapid infiltration of precipitation. Dark streaks are muddy water. - ...... - *'~~.t-':!.. 7 Figure 9.--Bluffs composed entirely of Figure 8. --This Smith Island bluff is till, such as this one in Port Townsend, made up of easily erodable sand and is may stand vertically for decades. When overlain by cohesive but intensely they fail, it is usually as slabs breaking fractured glaciomarine sediments. Wave off at cracks parallel to the bluff face. cutting causes soil fall, with bluff retreat averaging 27 inches per year (Ralph groundwater, especially in combination with Keuler, written commun., 1986) focused surface runoff, will commonly turn a slump, slide, or soil fall into a mudflow. Extremely cohesive sediments such as til I The mudflow is capable of great destruction may not break up significantly when a bluff because its \'\ This photo illustrates the section of Kitsap County shoreline bracketed by the leaders. Note that it was designated "Urs • {unstable-recent slide) in the county Coast a I Zone At las. { Feature X shown in photo above. ) Figure 10.--Slope stability map for part of the coast near Kingston. U, unstable slopes; Uos, post-glacial but prehistoric slide; Urs, recent or historically active slide. {modified from Washington Dept. of Ecology, Coastal Zone Atlas, Kitsap County [v. 10), 1979. 9 some of our best examples of old dormant covered with mature vegetation. In the case slides (Fig. 10) are deep-seated slumps, the of slow-moving active slides, however, the toe area uplift or tilt characteristic of a process of recognition may begin with simply slump may be one of the first signs of re noticing something anomalous or out of place, newed movement ( Fig. 1 0) • such as a fir tree growing in a pond. Fortunately, wholesale reactivation of Following are some characteristic features such slides generally occurs slowly and may that may signal the presence of a slide: consist of only a few feet of movement in a particular episode. Unfortunately, even this Geomorphic characteristics: amount of movement is enough to cause severe • amphitheaters or sea I lops in an other damage to structures and ut i I it ies, espec ia I ly wise straight bluff line if they a re founded on both stable and • low bank areas in an area of bluffs (an unstable ground (Cover Photo). Piecemeal cient slides) reactivation of large slides is more common • local reversals in slope direction (slumps) than reactivation of the entire mass. One hummocky topography, especially with un 7 ,000-foot stretch of coastal bluff on drained depressions Whidbey Island is an ancient slide complex • ground cracks (most slide forms) that undergoes piecemeal adjustment every few stair-step topography (multiple-slice years. slumps) Ancient slides and slide complexes are • slopes that steepen downward (very vis areas not only of broken, disturbed, and cous flows) weakened soil, but also of disrupted ground water flow. The resulting erratic distribution Vegetation clues: of soil conditions make drainage or other • distribution of water-loving plants on stabilization techniques all the more difficult slopes, suggesting groundwater concen and expensive. Such difficulties are com trations pounded by the s I ide' s large size. Ownership • tilted or jackstrawed conifers (slumps, of land parcels on such large slides is earthflows) commonly divided, especially in high-value • patches of dead trees ( suggesting shear coastal residential areas. In such instances, ed roots) some kind of group effort, such as formation • I inea r groups of aider trees of the same of a "Natural Hazard Abatement District• age on a hillside (any active slide) (Kockelman, 1986) may be a solution to slide • bare soil patches, especially their slope control. Piecemeal or lot-by-lot stabilization and distribution (debris avalanches) efforts are usually doomed from the start. • buried logs and other vegetation (flows, debris avalanches) SLIDE RECOGNITION • vegetation out of place (trees in ponds, etc.) Landslide recognition is an art based on • split trees and/or stumps training, experience, and careful attention to detail. Recognition is important because, as Structural indications: already mentioned, almost all natural slides • buckled or crooked fence lines and most construction- and drainage-related • broken underground plumbing slides occur in areas where slides have pre • powe rl ines unusually taut or loose viously occur red. SI ide recognition shou Id • excessive foundation or driveway crack consider where the slide originated, as well ing as the slide deposit itself. One reason for • new gaps between parts of structures this is that the slide mass, especially that of (e.g. , between deck and house) smaller slides, may have been completely •vertical elements out of plumb, tilted removed by erosion. poles or walls With sufficient experience, one can • sticking doors and windows become aware of subtle signs of a slide without at first even recognizing specific Other clues : clues. The sense of the presence of a slide • aggregates of delicate fine-grained sedi- is especially useful on large ancient slides ment in a high-energy environment that have been modified by erosion and are (e.g., silt "pebbles• in a gravel) 10 • tilted sediments, such as lake bed si Its landslide on a tree farm might be consider that \\ere deposited horizontally (slumps) ably less than that on a residential structure, • muddy springs or muddy spring deposits and the cost of preparing the site for the • water emerging or disappearing in a new proposed activity might determine if the land area is a reasonable investment. Landslides are a normal erosional pro Few, if any of these alone are certain cess, more common in some settings than in indicators of landslides, but several in others. In places, they may even be desir- combination suggest that a landslide may be able. For example, without the fine sedi- present. ments •fed• to beaches by lands I ides, many sandy beaches \\Ould become fields of gravel WHAT TO DO and boulders. In general, the individual would do \\ell to avoid slides. Structural What can homeo\Nf'le rs do if they not ice controls are often extremely expensive and some of these signs of slides? First, record seldom justified for low- or even moderate and monitor them; keep photographic and density residential areas. written records. Make and record measure ments from permanent reference points. SELECTED REFERENCES ( Repeated measurements of the width of a ground crack may not be meaningful if the Kockelman, W. J., 1986, Some techniques walls of the crack are sloughing into it.) for reducing landslide hazards: Bulletin These records may help determine if the of the Association of Engineering Geolo ground movement is merely settlement of gists, v. 23, no. 1, p. 24-52. poorly compacted f i 11, the result of ti It ing in [Discusses many nonstructural approaches a landscaping wall, or an actual landslide. to slide hazard mitigation; written If the ground movement appears to suggest primarily for local governments] lands I ide movement, the data collected can Mina rd, J • P. , 1985, Geologic map of the help experts determine the nature, extent, Arlington West 7.5 minute quadrangle, and rate of sliding. Snohomish County, Washington: U.S. Ge If you notice the signs of a landslide on ological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies land you are considering purchasing, some of Map MF-1740, scale 1:24,000. your options are: Tubbs, D. w., 1974, Landslides in Seattle: Washington Division of Geology and Earth • consulting available information, such as Resources Information Circular 52, 15 p. government maps or reports, and records [Discusses 1972 landslides, their geologic of local regulatory agencies setting, and the distribution in time of • hiring an expert in slope stabi I ity and rainfall. Includes a map showing slide landslide analysis location and the "hazardous zone"] • talking to residents in the area, es Washington Department of Ecology, 1978- pecially those who have lived there for 1980, Coastal zone atlas of Washington: many years Washington Department of Ecology, 12 v. • choosing an alternative site. ( Each county volume includes a colored coastal strip map showing landslides and Clearly, the decision to purchase \\Ould relative slope stability. Brief text in be based pa rt ly on the intended land use. cludes some details of geology and slope For example, the economic impact of a stability] Correction: On page 11 of Volume 15, no. 1, of this newsletter: the age of the rhyodacite at the Cannon mine is 43.2 + 0.4 m.y. 11 OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION IN WASHINGTON AT ITS HIGHEST LEVEL IN RECENT YEARS by William Lingley Petroleum exploration in Washington State significant wells drilled in the United States is presently at its highest level since the this year. This wildcat has potential to open early eighties despite the lingering recession a new petroleum province. It is the first in the oil industry. Five wells are presently test of prospective sedimentary rock testing in the state, t'M> a re suspended, and underlying the Columbia River basalt to be t'M> other locations have been permitted. In drilled in the entire eastern half of the many parts of the state, bidding for miner Columbia Basin ( Fig. 1). The Development al-rights lease acquisition is highly competi Associates, Inc., Basalt Explorer No. 1 tive (David Faley, Walt Mays and Associates, drilled in Lincoln County recovered red shale oral commun., 1987). Furthermore, the and siltstone barren of fossils and granitic presence of six Vibroseis reflection rocks from a core taken at total depth. seismograph crews, which have been acquiring Furthermore, the Darcell-Western Ex data for Shel I, Exxon, Chevron, Amoco, ploration-1 will be the first wildcat in the Arco, and other companies during 1987, sug Columbia Basin drilled solely on the basis of gests that the present level wi II persist or geophysical interpretations. In the past, increase during 1988. interpretation of subsurface geologic condi This increase in activity results primarily tions favorable for petroleum entrapment was from t'M> facto rs : not possible because data from geophysical tools such as seismographs, gravimeters, ( 1) Improvements in seismic data magnetotel lurometers, and magnetometers used quality. These improved data are allowing to "see' into the subsurface lacked resolution geophysicists to locate heretofore obscured and/or record quality requisite to identify anticlinal culminations having potential to trap prospects. Explorationists were obliged to petroleum, and choose wildcat locations by extrapolating geological observations from the outcrop into ( 2) A marked dee rease in unexplored the subsurface. A prospect such as the sedimentary basins where explorationists can Darcell-Western Exploration structure could seek large and therefore economically signi not have been located because structure ficant petroleum accumulations. Large oil or cropping out at this location is not conducive gas fields generally cover large areas. to petroleum entrapment. That Shel I chose However, most sedimentary basins have been to locate this well on a southwest-dipping intensively drilled, and, as a consequence, homoc I ine on the east flank of the Pasco Washington contains some of the few remain subbas in suggests that data qua I ity in the ing unexplored areas within the United States. Columbia Basin is no longer an insurmountable problem. Exploratory activity has been concentrated The we 11 wi 11 spud in the Frenchman in the Columbia Basin where this month Shel I Springs Member of the Wanapum Basalt and Western Exploration and Production, Inc., penetrate approximately 700 feet of older staked a location for a 15,000-foot-deep Wanapum Basalt and 6,300 feet of Grande wildcat, the Darcell-Western Exploration-1. Ronde Basalt (S. P. Reidel, oral commun., Additionally, Shell continues to acquire 1987). It is predicted that these basalts approximately 60 miles of reflection seismic unconformably overlie Eocene siliciclastic data per month, ma inly in Grant County. strata equivalent to the Swauk/Roslyn sections Exxon is also actively acquiring seismic data subcropping in the western part of the in Adams and Franklin Counties. Columbia Basin; these rocks were the primary The Shell Darcell-Western Exploration-1, exploratory objectives of wells drilled here located in sec. 1 0, T. 1 O N. , R. 3 3 E. , tofore. Extrapolation of regional strati Walla Walla County, will be one of the most graphy suggests that Oligocene to lowermost 12 121° 120° 118° 117° .R. 48° Wenatchee -<>- BASALT EXPLORER NORCO "'9"MOSES LAKE-1 BISS~ 47° BOYLSTON 2-1 AU' 'MA 2 1f1---..'--~ .1,., BI'L 1-9 Y " ...... I. .. ' ' fl ~,,,.. '\ MINERALS r.__1 ~ /, \ 1 • I Snoke R. I-- _J ~ ~ '-- ' \ RSH-l 4 __ ,RSH GAS FIELD ' • "\ DAR CELL-WESTERN EXPLORATION- 1 ' _ . r ' -. - · - · Washington 46° R- Orego n Pendleton# YAKIMA INDIAN R E SERVATION YAKIMA FIRING RANG E HANFORD R ESERVE -¢- KIRKPATRICK N o km. 50 !=::==;::::!=:::=;::===:::;' O mi. 30 Figure 1 .--Index map showing the location of the proposed Shell Western Exploration and Production Inc., Darcell-Western Exploration-1 wildcat and other significant Columbia Basin wildcats. RSH, Rattlesnake Hills; BN, Burlington Northern. Miocene \Olcanogenic rocks penetrated by may penetrate older basalts of the Columbia wells drilled in the western parts of the River Basalt Group, Ice Harbor basalt feede r basin are missing at the Darcell-Western dikes, and/or Mesozoic strata. The last Exploration-1 location owing to non would have particular significance for tectonic deposition. Geologists speculate that the well reconstruction of the Pacific Northwest as it 13 could constrain the northern extent of Blue A Vibroseis survey is presently under way Mountains accretionary terranes ( Pessagno and in the Ferndale area of Whatcom County near Blome, 1986). It is also significant for the depleted Bellingham gas field. Whatcom future petroleum exploration because oil-prone County, like most of \.\estern Washington, has source rocks have been observed in Mesozoic geologic conditions which have resulted in strata cropping out in northeastern Oregon poor seismic records. However, the potent i a I (Fisk, 1987). for natural gas accumulations in coal bed or Elsewhere in Washington, exp lo rat ion sandstone reservoirs is apparently encouraging activity is also intense. The Carbon River exploration ists. Sandstones of both the Partnership has installed four pump-jacks on Huntingdon and Chuckanut Format ions have their coalbed methane wildcats, which are relatively favorable characteristics for gas located a few miles south of Carbonado in reservoirs. Pierce County. These are the first pumps to have been installed in Washington wildcat wells since 1954. References Cited Twin Rivers Petroleum, Inc., continues to test their State No. 1-30 near Joyce in Fisk, L. H., 1987, Windows into the petro Clallam County. The operator has flared leum potential of north-cent ra I Oregon some gas from lower Miocene conglomerates [abstract]: Northwest Petroleum Associ but has not yet announced the open-hole flow ation Symposium, May 18-19, 1987, 1 p. potential. Pessagno, E. A., Jr.; Blome, C. D., 1986, Arco has recently completed a recon Faunal affinities and tectonogenesis of naissance seismic survey of leases in Mesozoic rocks in the Blue Mountains Wahkiakum County near Skamokawa. The ob province of eastern Oregon. In Valier, jective of this study is to locate geologic T. L.; Brooks, H. C., editors, 1986, conditions analogous to those at the Mist gas Geology of the Blue Mountains region of field in northwestern Oregon. Many operators Oregon, Idaho, and Washington; Geologic have been discouraged by the results of imp I icat ions of Paleozoic and Mesozoic drilling in adjacent areas: one of the nearby paleontology and biostratigraphy, Blue wells spudded in basalt of the Columbia River Mountains province, Oregon and Idaho: Basalt Group, drilled through a section of U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper Goble Volcanics, and reached total depth in 1435, p. 65-78. basa Its that may be pa rt of the Crescent Walsh, T. J., 1987, Geologic map of the Formation. However, investigation of the Astoria and Ilwaco quadrangles, Washington area undertaken by the Division of Geology and Oregon: Washington Division of Geol and Earth Resources as part of the revision ogy and Earth Resources Open File Report of the state geological map (Walsh, 1987) 87-2, 28 p., 1 pl., scale 1 :100,000. indicates that Cowlitz Formation sandstones may be present in the area Arco is surveying. MINING DIRECTORY AVAILABLE The Division of Geology and Earth Resources has released in its open file report series a directory of active underground mines, surface hardrock mines, and sand and gravel pits in Washington. This information was compiled by the U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration. A list of active coal mines is appended. The list of underground mines and sand and gravel pits is current as of Febru ary 13, 1987; the list of surface hardrock mine and coal mine operators is current as of April 30 of this year. The report is titled "Directory of Washington Mining Operations' and is available from the Division's Olympia office, whose address is given on page 2 of this newsletter. Please request Open File Report 87-7. The price of the report is $1; please add $1 to each order for shipping and handling. 14 TIMBER, FISH AND WILDLIFE • related information from regional DNR offices and private timber companies (continued from page 2) An inventory of geological hazards geologic, landslide, hydrologic, and other through data review and generation of related data bases, as 'A-el I as in making geological maps for areas not now adequately more technically skilled personnel available to mapped will require project geologists as deal with unstable areas on site. Utilizing members of the TFW interdisciplinary team. the Department of Natural Resources' The Departmentof Natural Resources' funding GEOMAPS system, the information to be request of February 23, 1987, under Baseline included in site analyses will be: lnformation--Geologic instability, estimated • distribution of soils types that staffing for TFW \<\Ork through 1995 • distribution of surficial and bedrock geo would consist of t'v\O geologists at the logic units Geologist 2 level. • location of areas of known lands I ide The legislatively approved TFW budget is potential requiring the department to adjust the scope •identification of critical rain-on-snow areas of the program. Historically, geological •amount and timing of annual rainfall instability has had the most pronounced •topographic information negative effects in Whatcom and Skagit •ground- and surface-water information Counties. Therefore, application of geologic •hazard zonation maps hazard data under TFW will begin in the Northwest Region. STAFF NOTES MEETINGS Nancy Joseph gave a talk to the American Institute of Mining Engineers in April on Pacific Northwest American Geophysical Union Washington's mineral industry in 1986. She September 2-3, 1987 also presented three in-service \o\Orkshops for The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA 81 elementary school teachers in the Spokane Abstract deadline: August 3 District; she discussed formation and identi Information: Timothy Walsh or William fication of rocks and minerals. Phillips, Washington Division of Geology During April, Josh Logan participated as and Earth Resources, PY-12, Olympia, WA an instructor in a DNR-wide forest practices 98504; (206) 459-6372 training session, coordinated by the Division of Forest Regulation and Conservation Northwest Mining Association (FRAC). The purpose of the training was to 93rd annual meeting, Dec. 3-5, 1987 inform DNR personnel of prudent forest Sheraton Hotel, Spokane, WA practices. Josh discussed the influence of Theme: A World of Opportunity geologic conditions on forest slope stability. Information: (509) 624-1158 He gave a short course on geologic terminology and reading geologic maps, using Pacific Northwest Metals and Minerals Con as examples maps, slides of geologic ference (AIM E-ASM) features, and case histories. Instructors May 3-6, 1988 from seven area offices and FRAC presented Sheraton Hotel, Spokane, WA related information. A simi tar session is Theme: Gold Quest '88 planned for fall 1987. Information: (509) 624-1150 William Lingley was recently elected to the Board of Directors of the Northwest Pe t ro leum As soc i at ion • 15 STATE GEOLOGIC MAP OPEN FILE REPORTS NOW AVAILABLE Geologic maps of the southwest quadrant of Washington are now available as a series of open file 1 :100,000-scale quadrangle maps. These maps were compiled by staff geologists of the Division as the first stage of compilation leading to publication of a map of the southwest quadrant of Washington at a scale of 1 :250,000. As reported in this Newsletter in October 1983, we decided to compile the geology of the state at 1 : 100,000 sea le because ( 1 ) modern base maps at 1 :100,000 scale exist for the entire state, (2) geologic map compilations at this scale will be useful to resource managers and explorationists, and (3) the 1 :100,000 scale allows our geologic staff to preserve most of the detail of the original source maps. The open file maps available are listed below. Maps for the south half of the Snoqualmie Pass and southwest quarter of the Wenatchee 1 :100,000 quadrangles are not included in the series because modern geologic maps for these quadrangles are available from the U.S. Geological Survey. The price for each map is given with its description. Please include $1 with each order to cover the cost of postage and handling. Mail your order to: Department of Natural Resources, Div. of Geology and Earth Resources, Mail Stop PY-12, Olympia, WA 98504. Open File Report 86-3 Open File Report 87-5 Walsh, T. J., 1986, Geologic map of the Korosec, M. A., 1987, Geologic map of west half of the Toppenish quadrangle, the Mount Adams quadrangle, Washington : Washington: 7 p., 1 plate, scale 39 p., 1 plate, scale 1 : 100,000 1: 100,000 Price, $1.86; tax, $0.14; total, $2.00. Price, $0.93; tax, $0.07; total, $1.00. Open File Report 87-6 Open File Report 86-4 Korosec, M. A., 1987, Geologic map of Walsh, T. J., 1986, Geologic map of the the Hood River quadrangle, Washington and west half of the Yakima quad rang le, Oregon: 40 p., 1 plate, scale 1:100,000 Washington: 9 p., 1 plate, scale Price, $1.86; tax, $0.14; total, $2.00 1 :100,000 Price, $0.93; tax, $0.07; total, $1.00. Open File Report 87-8 Logan, R. L. , 1987, Geologic map of the Open File Report 87-2 Chehalis River and Westport quadrangles, Wal sh, T. J • , 1987, Geologic map of the Washington: 16 p. , 1 plate, scale Astoria and Ilwaco quadrangles, Washington 1:100,000 and Oregon: 28 p., 1 plate, scale Price, $0.93; tax, $0.07; total, $1.00 1 :100,000 Price, $1.39; tax, $0.11; total, $1.50. Open File Report 87-9 Logan, R. L. , 1987, Geologic map of the Open File Report 87-3 south half of the Shelton and the south Walsh, T. J., 1987, Geologic map of the half of the Copalis Beach quadrangles, south half of the Tacoma quadrangle, Washington: 15 p., 1 plate, scale Washington: 10 p., 1 plate, scale 1 :100,000 1: 100,000 Price, $0.93; tax, $0.07; total, $1.00 Price, $0.93; tax, $0.07; total, $1.00. Open File Report 87-10 Open File Report 87-4 Phillips, W. M., 1987, Geologic Map of Phillips, W. M., 1987, Geologic map of the Vancouver quadrangle, Washington and the Mount St. Helens quadrangle, Wash Oregon: 27 p., 1 plate, scale 1:100,000 ington and Oregon : 59 p. , 1 plate, sea le Price, $1.39; tax, $0.11; total, $1.50. 1 :100,000 Price, $2.32; tax, $0.18; total, $2.50. 16 Open File Report 87-11 Goldendale quadrangle, Washington: 7 p., Schasse, H. W., 1987, Geologic map of 1 plate, scale 1 : 100,000 the Centralia quadrangle, Washington: 28 Price, $0.93; tax, $0.07; total, $1.00. p. , 1 plate, sea le 1 : 100,000 Price, $1.39; tax, $0.11; total, $1.50. Open File Report 87-16 Schasse, H. w., 1987, Geologic map of Open File Report 87-13 the Mount Rainier quadrangle, Washington: Phillips, W. M., Walsh, T. J., 1987, 46 p., 1 plate, scale 1 :100,000 Geologic -map of the northwest part of the Price, $1.86; tax, $0.14; total, $2.00. SELECTED REPORTS ADDED TO THE LIBRARY, WASHINGTON DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES, MAY AND JUNE, 1987 THESES Pottmeyer, Judith Ann, 1984, The effect of Mt. St. Helens tephra on the water Gage, D.R., 1981, Basic and applied pro relations and growth of Verbascum thapsus jects in analytical chemistry--1. The L.: Washington State University Doctor of development of a sulfur specific detector Philosophy thesis, 187 p. for gas chromatography based on Thorndycraft, R. B., 1974, An investiga 502 fluorescence; II. The application of tion of silicate ores--Beneficiation and X laser Raman spectrometry for the ray analytical procedures: University of determination of quartz and cristobalite in Washington Master of Science thesis, Mount St. Helens volcanic ash: Univer 101 P• sity of Idaho D:>ctor of Philosophy thesis, Waldron, Richard L., 1986, Hydrothermal al 125 p. teration of the Gamma Ridge rocks ori Harris, Elaine, 1984, The effect of ashfall Glacier Peak, and their relation to hot from the May 18, 1980 erupt ion of Mount spring activity: Western Washington Uni St. Helens on cryptogams: Washington versity Master of Science thesis, 57 p. State University Master of Science thesis, 50 p. PUBLICATIONS OF FEDERAL AG ENCi ES Hayward, James L., Jr., 1982, Effects of nest habitat, behavior, and \Olcanic ash U.S. Geological Survey on reproductive success in ring-billed and California gul Is: Washington State Uni Abrams, G. A., 1987, Principal facts for versity Doctor of Philosphy thesis, 58 p. gravity stat ions in the vicinity of Mount Hornig, C. E., 1984, Effects of Mt. St. St. Helens, Skamania County, Washington: Helens ashfal I on aquatic insects: Uni U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report versity of Idaho Master of Science thesis, 87-271, 12 p. 74 P• Bortleson, G. C.; Cox S. E., 1986, Occur Kendra, W.R., 1983, Effects of volcanic rence of dissolved sodium in ground waters ash on the composition, abundance, and in basalts underlying the Columbia vertical distribution of benthic macroin Plateau, Washington: U.S. Geological vertebrates in Chatcolet Lake, Idaho: Survey Water-Resources Investigations University of Idaho Master of Science Report 85-4005, 24 p., 5 plates. thesis, 40 p. Dinwiddie, G. A.; Trask, N. J., 1986, Peterson, D. A., 1982, Effects of fine \01- U.S. Geological Survey research in canic ash on surface irrigation in central radioactive waste disposal--Fiscal years Washington: Washington State University 1983, 1984, and 1985: U.S. Geologi Master of Science thesis, 111 p. cal Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 87-4009, 109 p. 17 Drost, B. W.; Whiteman, K. J., 1986, Sur Survey Water-Resources Investigations Re ficial geology, structure, and thickness of po rt 86-4046, 4 sheets. selected geohydrologic units in the Col1J11bia Plateau, Washington: U.S. Other Federal Agencies Geological Survey Water Resources lnves t igations Report 84-4326, 11 sheets, la Liberte, Patrice; Harris, W. M., compil scale 1 :500,000. ers, 1987, Federal offshore statistics-- Gerin, Marybeth; Stevenson, A. J., compil 1985; leasing, exploration, production, ers, 1979, Equal-area base map of the and revenues, with Tables 5, 9, and 11 north Padfic Ocean, northeast section; abridged: U.S. Minerals Management Albers equal-area projection: U.S. Service MMS-87-0008, 75 p. Geological Survey Open-File Report Lavelle, J. W.; Davis, W.R., 1987, Meas 79-856, 1 sheet, scale 1 :2,500,000. urements of benthic sediment erodibility in Ger in, Marybeth; Stevenson, A. J • , compi l Puget Sound, Washington : U. S • Nat ion a I e rs, 1979, Equal-area base map of the Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration northeast Pacific Ocean; Albers equal-area Technical Memorandum ERL PM EL-61, projection: U.S. Geological Survey 43 P• Open-File Report 79-857, 1 sheet, scale U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 1987, 1 :5,000,000. Spokane resource management plan, record Lum, W. E., 1986, Reconnaissance of the of decision, Rangeland Program Summary water resources of the 1--k>h Indian ( RPS) : U.S. Bureau of Land Management Reservation and the Hoh River Basin, [Spokane, Wash.], 62 p. Washington; with a section on f luvial Zak, J. A., 1978, Geology of Fort Lewis sediment t ransJX) rt in the Hoh River, by and Yakima firing center: U.S. Army, L. M. Nelson: U.S. Geological Survey Fort Lewis Environmental and Energy Water-Resources Investigations Report Control Office, 21 p. 85-4018, 56 p. Rowley, P. D.; Miller, D. M.; Miller, PUBLICATIONS OF STATE F. K., compilers, 1986, An overview of AND LOCAL AG ENC I ES geologic mapping needs in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Mount St. Helens and other volcanoes ReJX)rt 86-573, 82 p. Turney, G. L.; Dion, N. P.; Sumioka, Eichelberger, John; Keady, C. J.; Wright, S. S., 1986, Water quality of selected Donald, 1975, Mt. Baker, 11 April to 1 lakes in Mount Rainier National Park , July, 1975: EG&G Los Alamos Opera Washington, with respect to lake acidifi tions, 31 p. cation: U.S. Geological Survey Water Keller, S. A. C., editor, 1986, Mount St. Resources Investigations Report 85-4254, Helens--Five years later: Eastern Wash- 45 p. ington University Press, 441 p. Vallier, T. L.; Brooks, H. C., editors, Sneva, F. A.; Britton, C. M.; Mayland, 1986, Geology of the Blue Mountains H.F.; and others, 1982, Mt. St. region of Oregon, Idaho, and Washing Helens ash--Considerations of its fallout ton--Geologic implications of Paleozoic on rangelands: Oregon State University and Mesozoic paleontology and biostrati Agricultural Experiment Station Special graphy, Blue Mountains province, Oregon Report 650, 27 p. and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Sorensen, J. H., 1981, Emergency response Professional Paper 1435, 93 p. to Mount St. Helens' erupt ion- -March 20 Whiteman, K. J., 1986, Ground-water levels to April 10, 1980: University of in three basalt hydrologic units underlying Colorado Natural Hazards Research and the Columbia Plateau in Washington and Applications Information Center, Working Oregon, spring, 1984: U.S. Geological Paper 43, 63 p. 18 Marine and Coastal Geology Rasmussen, J. J., 1976, Soil survey of Yakima Indian Reservation irrigated area, Phillabaum, S. D., 1973, A geomorphic in- Washington, part of Yakima County: U.S. ventory of Whatcom County marine Soil Conservation Service, 51 p., 36 shoreline with considerations for its plates. management : Western Washington State Raver, M. L., 1974, Soil survey of Garfield College Institute for Freshwater Studies County area, Washington: U.S. Soil Con Technical Report 20, 176 p. servation Service, 71 p., 50 plates. Sutton, G. H.; Lewis, B. T. R.; Ewing, Zulauf, A. S.; Starr, W. A., 1979, Soil J.; Duennebier, F. K.; lwatake, B.; survey of north Ferry area, Washington, Tuthill, J. o., 1980, Lopez Island ocean pa rt s of Ferry and Stevens Counties: bottom seismometer intercomparison ex U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 118 p., periment; final report: Hawaii Institute 7 3 plates. of Geophysics Report H IG-80-4, 1 v. Coa I M ine Hazards Soil Surveys Mclucas and Associates, Inc., 1987, Evalua Beieler, V. E., 1975, Soil survey of Chelan tion of coal mine hazards associated with area, Washington, parts of Chelan and the underground ~rkings of the Green Kittitas Counties: U.S. Soil Conserva River coal mine as they pertain to tion Service, 104 p., 50 plates. property contained in Lots 10 and 11 Hallo in, L. J., 1987, Soi I survey of Clallam owned by Cascade Security Bank of County area, Washington: U.S. Soil Enumclaw situated within the Remolif Conservation Service, 213 p., 67 plates. addition, section 36, T. 21 N., R. 6 Harrison, E.T.; McCreary, F. R.; Nelson, E., W.M., King County, Washington: F. L., 1973, Soil survey of Columbia Mclucas and Associates, Inc., 1 v., County area, Washington : U.S. Soi I 1 plate. Conservation Service, 88 p., 50 plates. Lenfesty, C. D.; Reedy, T. E., 1985, Soil Other Reports survey of Yakima County area, Washing ton: U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 345 Engineering Geology and Soils Engineering P•, 87 plates. Symposium, 23rd, 1987, Proceedings, Pringle, R. F., 1986, Soil survey of Grays 1 v. Harbor County area, Pacific County, and Hill, M. L., editor, 1987, Cordilleran sec Wahkiakum County, Washington: U.S. Soi I t ion of the Geological Society of America: Conservation Service, 296 p., 165 plates. Geological Society of America DNAG Centennial Field Guide 1, 490 p. FACULTY AND STUDENT GEOLOGIC RESEARCH PROJECTS, WASHINGTON COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 1987 University of Washington Petrology of the Chiwaukum Schist and re lated rocks, central Washington--Bernard Department of Geological Sciences W. Evans Faculty Projects Student Projects Kinematic history of the Pasayten fault in Paleomagnetism of Upper Jurassic elastic Washington and southern British rocks, San Juan Island, Washington--Scott Columbia--Darrel Cowan Bogue and John Carver (with Darrel Kinematics of the Late Cretaceous Rosario Cowan) thrust zone, San Juan lsland--Darrel A theoretical model for bedload transport Cowan of sand grains by wind--Susan R. Calder 19 Depositional environments, basin evolution, Marine sediment transport--J. Dungan Smith and tectonic significance of the Eocene Agassiz Ice Cap survey--Edwin D. Waddington Chumstick Formation, Cascade Range- Earthquake education--Linda L. Noson James E. Evans Seismic structure--Robert S. Crosson (David Stratigraphy, depositional setting and tec Lapp, Steve Wyne ken) tonic significance of the elastic cover to the Fidalgo ophiolite, San Juan Islands- Washington Mining and Mineral John T. Garver Resources Research Institute Geochronology and geochemistry of Archaean ( Selected geologic projects) basement rocks, Kangerdlugssuaq region, East Greenland--Sarah E. Hoffman A process for utilization of natural de Progressive deformation of the Orea Group posits of limestone for lime refractor and its bearing on the Paleogene ies--Richard C. Bradt (Univ. of Washing accretionary history of southern Alaska- ton) Kevin J • Kveton In-situ infra-red studies of coal char re Epithermal Au-Ag mineralization, Wenatchee activity; effects of mineral composition- Heights, Washington--Jacob Margolis Barbara Krieger-Brockett (Dept. of Multicomponent diffusion in silicate li- Chemical Engineering, Univ. of Washing quids--William Minarik and Mark Ghiorso ton) Chemical variation in isofacial blueschists Fractal geometry and the quantification of and greenschists from the Shuksan suite, surface changes during sintering of iron Washington; evidence for primary magmatic oxides--K. C. Lindell (Dept. of Chemical differentiation trends and subsequent al Engineering, Washington State Univ.) teration--Claudia Owen The electrokinetic dewatering of mines, Petrology of mafic stocks in the Chilliwack slurries, and tailings--E. J. Davis (Dept. Composite Batholith, North Cascades, of Chemical Engineering, Univ. of Washington--Jeffrey H. Tepper Washington) The kinetics of water-rock interaction in The Witwatersrand Basin, depositional or mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems- p reservation a I ; The ju st if icat ion for ex - James T. Wells ploring for new Au/U districts--Eric S. Cheney (Univ. of Washington) Geophysics Program Gold in skarn deposits--L. D. Meinert (Wash ington State Univ.) Faculty Projects Distribution of immobile trace elements in [Abbreviated titles; student collaborators in hydrothermally altered rocks associated parentheses J with various types of gold deposits- Mohammed lkramuddin ( Eastern Washington Hanford net\\Ork--Stephen D. Malone and An Univ.) thony Qamar Ladle desulfurization with alkali carbon Debris flows--J. Dungan Smith (Guy Gelfen ate/lime mixtures--Y. K. Rao (Dept. of baum) Materials Science and Engineering, Univ. Geothermal seismicity--Stephen D. Malone and of Washington) Anthony Qama r ( Peggy Brown , Robe rt Leet) Central Washington University Earthquakes in the Pacific North~st--Rob e rt S. Crosson (Jonathon Lees, Li Ma) Faculty Projects Earthquake hazards--Robert S. Crosson Columbia Glacier--Robert S. Crosson and An Stratigraphy and geology of the Columbia thony Qamar River basalts in the ~stern Columbia Glacier structures--Charles F. Raymond (Tad Plateau ( Filey Road-Priest Rapids, Whiskey Pfeffer) Dick, Yakima Canyon areas, Black Rock Glacier comparison--Charles F. Raymond quadrangle)- -Robert D. Bentley and John Hydrogen in metals--J. Michael Brown E. Powell Domain structure--Ronald T. Merrill Deep crustal transect, 117th meridian, Ore DAC geophysics--Yosiko S. Sorenson gon and Washington (in cooperation with 20 .. International Lithosphere Program and Study of groundwater flow in the unconfin Institute for the Study of Continents, ed aquifer at t~ 10-mi2 study sites Cornell University)--Steven E. Farkas and north of Lynden, Washington, on the Don Ringe Sumas outwash plain--H. M. Kelsey (K. Study of ( 1 ) methods to transfer geologic C reahan) map information to a Geographic lnforma Coastal geomorphology of Baltic Finland and t ion System with public-domain software, Estonia--M. L. Schwartz and (2) computer-assisted petrography for Accurate dating of Quaternary sediments real-time color image analysis--James by thermoluminescence methods--G. W. Hinthorne Berger and D. J. Easterbrook Dating marine terrace deformation north of Student Projects the Mendocino triple junction--G. w. Berger and D. J. Easterbrook Geology of the proposed Grant County Waste Dating and correlation of early Pleisto Management Facility--James Peterson cene tephra and paleomagnetism of early Sediment trans po rt di rec:t ions in the Van Pleistocene sediments in the Puget Low t age and Squaw Creek Members of the land- -D. J. Easterbrook (with John West Ellensburg Formation in the vicinity of gate, Nancy Naese r, John Roland, and Bob Yakima Canyon and Hog Ranch anticline- Carson) Suzanne Skvarek Geologic history of Kitt itas County (poster Student Projects for display at County Fair)--Geology Club members The petrology, stratigraphy, and basin his tory of the Montesano Formation, south Western Washington University western Washington and southern Olympic Peninsula--P. K. Bigelow Faculty Projects Structure and petrology of the Lookout Moun [ Names of collaborators in parentheses J tain-Little Devil Peak area, north Cas cades, Washington--]. A. Cary Geochemistry of the central and northern Shore stabilization in Singapore--A. Dold Cascades--R. S. Babcock The structural and metamorphic history of the Geochemistry of Tertiary igneous rocks of Sibley Creek area, north Cascades-- the Olympic Peninsula-· -R. S. Babcock ]. D. Dragovich Paleomagnetism of the Midnight Peak Forma Petrography and tectonic significance of tion, Methow Valley, Washington; north the Blue Mountain unit, Olympic Peninsu ward transport or mid-folding remagneti la, Washington--]. M. Einarsen zation? - -M • E. Beck , J r. , and R • F. Paleomagnetism and tectonic interpretation Burmester (0. R. Bazard) of the Crescent and Blakely Format ions on Petrology and structure in the northwestern Kitsap Peninsula, Washington--]. w. Purdy Cascades, Washington and British Colum Mid-Tertiary volcanic rocks of the Timber- bia - - E • H • Brown \\Olf Mountain area, south-central Cas Possible terrane trajectories for mid- cades, Washington--]. M. Schultz Cretaceous plutons of the north Cascades, The sedimentation and tectonics of the brec Washington and British Columbia-- D. C. cia at Cape Flattery, the Lyre Formation, Engebretson (J. A. Carey, J. o. Drago northwest Olympic Peninsula, Washing vich) ton--A. B. Shilhanek Sediment transport, sediment storage, and Sediment transport at the intersect ion of sediment budget studies in the Deer Creek the foreshore and the water table- basin (tributary to the N<'·th Fork R. J. Turner Stillaguamish) with special reference to Quantification of the net shore-drift rates the DeForest Creek landslide--H. M. in Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Kelsey (J. N. Thompson, J. A. Maloy) Fuca--R. S. Wallace 21 Eastern Washington University Geochemistry of volcanic rocks and its re lationship to gold-silver mineralization- Faculty Projects Mohammed lkramuddin Geochemistry of gallium--Mohammed lkra Mineralogy of the Golden Horn batholith, muddin North Cascades, Washington--Russell C. Glacial and catastrophic flood history of Boggs eastern Washington--Eugene P. Kiver Mineralogy of the Sawtooth batholith, Ida Geology of the national parks--Eugene P. ho- -Russel I C. Boggs Kiver Mineralogy of the Wind Mountain lacco- Quaternary map of northeastern Washington 1ith- -Russel I C. Boggs east of the Okanogan River--Eugene P. Mathematical modeling of small drainage ba Kiver s in behavior- -John P. Buchanan Structure and st rat ig raphy of the Middle Sedimentation in sand-bed braided rivers- Paleozoic Antler orogen in north~stern John P. Buchanan Nevada- -Linda B. McCol lum Sedimentology of the Cretaceous-age Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and paleon- coarse-elastic deposits in Washington and tology of the Cambrian System of the Nevada - -John P. Buchanan Great Basin- -Linda B. Mccollum Hydrologic study of Chamokane Creek, north Paleozoic paleoecology and the Lower to eastern Washington--John P. Buchanan Middle Cambrian extinctional event--Linda Permian bryozoans of the carbonate units B. Mccollum of the Mission Argillite, northeastern Paleozoic continental margin sedimentation Washington--Ernest H. Gilmour in western u.s.--Linda B. Mccollum Bryozoans and paleoecology of the Otter For Mesozoic transcurrent faulting and suspect mation, Little Belt Mountains, Montana- terranes in the Great Basin--Linda Ernest H. Gilmour B. Mccollum Biostratigraphic studies of Pennsylvanian Alkaline igneous rocks and related precious and Permian bryozoans in North American metal deposits--Felix E. Mutschler and Pakistan--Ernest H. Gilmour Epithermal precious metal deposits--Felix Carbonate petrology of the Antler Peak E. Mutschler Limestone, northeastern Nevada--Ernest H. Compilation of computer data base of whole Gilmour rock chemical analyses of igneous rocks- Rare earth elements geochemistry of gold Felix E. Mutschler deposits--Mohammed lkramuddin Major and trace element chemistry of 'por Distribution of immobile trace elements in phyry" molybdenum, tin-tungsten, and hydrothermally altered rocks associated copper systems--Felix E. Mutschler with various types of gold deposits- Laramide and younger tectonics and magma Mohammed lkramuddin t ism in the eastern Rocky Mountains--Felix Thal lium--a potential guide to mineral de E. Mutschler posits--Mohammed lkramuddin Stylolites in ore deposits--James R. Snook Geochemistry of sediment-hosted precious Thrust faulting in northeastern Washington- metals deposits--Mohammed lkramuddin James R. Snook Development of new analytical methods by Petrology of the Quartz Hill molybdenum inductively coupled argon plasma and deposit, Alaska- -James R. Snook electro-thermal atomic absorption--Mo Paleomagnetic investigation of glacial Lake hammed lk ramuddin Missoula flood deposits--William K. Chemical composition of sediments from Steele archaeological sites in central Washing Use of rernanent magnetization direct ion to ton- -Mohammed lkramuddin correlate air-fall ash deposits from Geochemistry of granitic rocks of north Cascade volcanoes- -Wi 11 iam K. Steele eastern Washington--Mohammed lkramuddin Mechanism of acquisition of remanent mag Hydrogeochemical methods of exploration for netization by air-fall ash--William K. gold and silver--Mohammed lkramuddin Steele Geochemistry of platinum group elements- Mohammed lkramuddin 22 Student Projects Depositional model of catastrophic flood bars in the Pine Creek Channel, eastern Gold deposits in the alkaline rock igneous Washington - -Robe rt A. Pinott i centers of Colorado--Daniel W. Fears The geochemical characterization of a part Geology of the southwest quarter of the of the Stillwater Complex, Montana, with Aeneas Valley 15' quadrangle, Okanogan particular reference to the platinum-group County, Washington--Charles W. Gulick elements--M ichael W. Knoper Geochemical characteristics of tin-bearing Geology of the Mccollough Creek area, Doug granites--Fred T. Langston las County, Oregon- -Allen V. Ambrose Gold deposits associated with alkaline plu- Bryozoan biostratigraphy of the Phosphoria tons and \Olcanics; selected trace ele- Formation, southeastern ldaho--Robert ment geochemistry--Robbin W. Finch C. Walker ·' Vertical geochemical variations in grano Induced polarization-direct current resis- diorite associated with the molybdenum tivity methods in the exploration for pa copper porphyry deposit at Mount Tolman, leodrainage channels--John S. McBeth Ferry County, Washington- -Dane I le D. Petrology and mineralization of the Will Elder iam Henry Bay zinc prospect--Stanley A. Reconnaissance trace element geochemistry EII ison of the Loon Lake batholith, northeastern Economic geology of the Sherman molybde Washington- -Adolphus A. Afema ri num prospect, Okanogan County, Washing Granite molybdenite systems--North American ton- -Grant R. Newport Cordillera--Curtis A. Hughes Geochemistry of alaskite and quartz mon Petrography of carboniferous dolomites, zon ite of Mount Spokane, northeastern Springdale area, Washington--Mehemed S. Washington, and its relation to uranium Gheddida mineralization- -Roy Bongiovanni Economic geology and production cost anal Biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy of the ysis of the Golden Sceptre Mine, Boundary late Devonian-early Mississippian Pilot County, ldaho--T. Michael Sweeney Shale of eastern Nevada and \'\€Stern Sedimentology of the Winthrop Sandstone, Utah- -Mark E. Jones north-central Washington--Robert L. Rau Geochemistry and petrography of veins and Geology of the Gold Hill-Mica Mountain wall rocks associated with gold-silver area, Latah County, ldaho--Gary D. mineralization in the Republic District, Walker Ferry County, Washington- -Walter M. Paleomagnetism of Lake Missoula flood depos Martin its in the Sanpoil River valley of north Sedimentation and mineralogical composi- eastern Washington--Russel I G. Mitchel I tion of the Latah Format ion (Miocene) , Biogeochemical methods of exploration for eastern Washington--John D. Robinson gold deposits- -Richard B. Lest ina Geology and mineral deposits of the t'ii'ght The geochemistry of precious metal miner ning Mountain-Rattle Creek area, eastern alization in post-emplacement ophiolitic Bonner County, ldaho- - John E. Etienne terrains, Ingalls Ophiolite Complex, Wash F ERROS--A computerized data base for Pre ington--Phillip C. Nisbet cambrian auriferous banded iron-formations Pegmatites in northeastern Washington-- and related rocks--Glen R. Carter John W. Aiken Giant lode gold camps of North America- Paleoecology of the Ferdelferd fossil beds, Mark J. Mihalaskv Diamond Peak Formation (Mississippian), Halogens as pathfinder elements for petro EI ko County , Nevada - -W • Gregory Goodwin leum exploration--Tony L. Gordon Geologic map of the Boulder Mountain 7-1/2' Geochemistry of igneous rocks from Newport quadrangle, northeastern Utah- -Andrew R. and adjacent areas, northeastern Washing Mork ton--L. Christine Russell Depositional processes in the magnetiza Upper Cambrian carboniferous section in the tion of air-fall ash--James E. Garman Toano Range near Wendover, Nevada- Clay formation of rocks under humid tropi Joseph Drumheller cal climatic condition in east Ji\\() Hi I ls, Java--Aryono S. Salehdanu 23 Surficial geology and basin stability of Volcanic rocks of the Republic graben- the Lightning Creek drainage basin, Clark Grace and Wade Holder Fork County, ldaho--Charles C. Cacek Intrusive rocks northeast of Republic, Washington--Charles Knaack Washington State University Faculty Project Crays Harbor College Studies of the Columbia River Basalt Faculty Project Group--Peter R. Hooper Seismic stratigraphy and Holocene changes in Student Projects sea level, Grays Harbor estuary--James B. Phipps Southern limits of the Colville batholith G race and Wade Holder ~, WASHJNGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF BULK RATE ....,. Natural Resources U.S. POSTAGE PAID Division ol Geology and Earth Resources Mail Stop PY-12 Tacoma, WA Olympia, WA 98504 Permit 899