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Stable Isotopes Analysis of Caribou Antlers As Ecological Indicators

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Stable Isotopes Analysis of Caribou Antlers As Ecological Indicators Stable Isotopes Analysis of Caribou Antlers as Ecological Indicators By Matthew Brenning A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Earth Science Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario ©2020 Matthew Brenning Abstract This study aims to determine whether Rangifer tarandus (caribou) antlers provide a unique isotopic signal relative to other hard tissues such as bone and teeth using stable isotopes of oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Variation in the rate and timing of tissue development should create different stable isotope profiles for each tissue. Tissue from fifteen male specimens housed at the Canadian Museum of Nature were sampled. Stable isotope analysis was conducted along the length of the antler, on the third molar, and the mandible. Isotopic differences were found between the three tissues, with the carbonate carbon (δ13C) and collagen nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes showing significant patterns of variation along the length of the antlers. Isotopic variation along the antler length could potentially reflect ecological or physiological changes within the male caribou. Addition testing with plant samples, including mixing models with antler values, may provide deeper insight into this isotopic variation. ii Acknowledgements Dr. Danielle Fraser is an outstanding supervisor, she has provided me with support both in the lab and on the page. I am so grateful that I have had such an encouraging mentor in my corner. I would not have been able to complete this project without her and I owe so much of this thesis to her. I would also like to acknowledge my amazing committee who have been both teachers and critics helping me shape this project. My work has been greatly improved through the advice of Dr. Joyce Lundberg. Dr. Clément Bataille and Dr. Hillary Maddin were also fantastic teachers during my two years as a master’s student, they both taught me a great deal about evolution and stable isotopes. I would also like to thank Dr. Fred Longstaffe for processing the stable isotopes, without the work of him and his team there would literally be no thesis. He provided so much helpful feedback especially when the oxygen isotopes would not produce any results. I thank my family and all my classmates who have helped me through this experience, going through the highs and lows of a massive project. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge the Algonquin people as Carleton University is situated within the unceded traditional territory of the Algonquin people. iii Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Environmental Impacts of Climate Change...................................................................... 2 1.2 Canadian Rangifer tarandus ............................................................................................ 6 1.2.1 Qamanirjuaq Population .......................................................................................... 9 1.3 Canadian Wildlife Services Study ................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Range and Habitat .................................................................................................. 11 1.3.2 Migration Pattern................................................................................................... 14 1.3.3 Seasonal Dietary Changes ...................................................................................... 16 1.4 Stable Isotopes ............................................................................................................... 19 1.4.1 Carbon: δ13C ........................................................................................................... 22 1.4.2 Nitrogen: δ15N ........................................................................................................ 25 1.4.3 Nitrogen: δ15N - Carbon: δ13C ................................................................................. 27 1.4.4 Oxygen: δ18O .......................................................................................................... 29 1.5 Tissue Development ....................................................................................................... 31 1.5.1 Bone ....................................................................................................................... 32 1.5.2 Teeth ...................................................................................................................... 34 1.5.3 Antler ..................................................................................................................... 35 1.6 Thesis Objective ............................................................................................................. 38 2.0 Methods ............................................................................................................................. 40 2.1 Samples .......................................................................................................................... 41 2.2 Isotope Sampling............................................................................................................ 42 2.2.1 Carbonate chemical pre-preparation .................................................................... 43 2.2.2 Collagen chemical pre-preparation ....................................................................... 44 2.2.3 Statistical analysis .................................................................................................. 45 3.0 Results ................................................................................................................................ 46 3.1 Carbonate Isotope Results ............................................................................................. 46 3.2 Collagen Isotope Results ................................................................................................ 58 4.0 Discussion........................................................................................................................... 73 4.1 Antler Trends ................................................................................................................. 73 4.1.1 Carbonate – Carbon isotopes................................................................................. 73 4.1.2 Carbonate – Oxygen isotopes ................................................................................ 76 iv 4.1.3 Collagen – Carbon Isotopes ................................................................................... 79 4.1.4 Collagen – Nitrogen Isotopes ................................................................................. 82 4.2 Tissue Comparison ......................................................................................................... 84 5.0 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 88 5.1 Future Implications ........................................................................................................ 89 6.0 References ......................................................................................................................... 91 v List of Tables Table 1: Percentage of occurrence of plants in caribou rumen samples ...................... 16 Table 2: List of samples ………………………………………………………………………………………….... 41 Table 3: Carbonate – δ13C & δ18O Values ...................................................................... 57 Table 4: Collagen – δ13C & δ15N Values ......................................................................... 72 List of Illustrations Figure 1: Barren-Ground Caribou populations within Canada ..................................... 7 Figure 2: Ecozones and ecoregions within the Beverly and Qamanirjuaq caribou ...... 13 Figure 3: Spring migration pattern and Fall migration pattern .................................... 15 Figure 4: Major forage items found in caribou rumen samples ................................... 18 Figure 5: Distribution of C3 and C4 plants throughout the globe .................................. 23 Figure 6: Trophic level and base plant diet impact on stable isotopes …...................... 29 Figure 7: Pedicle bone ……………………………………………………………………………………..………. 35 Figure 8: Tooth development and process ……………………………………………………………….. 37 Figure 9: Antler structure and nomenclature ……………………………………………….....………. 42 Figure 10: Carbonate – Antler Carbon δ13C Values ………………………..................………….. 48 Figure 11: Carbonate – Antler Oxygen δ18O Values ....................................................... 49 Figure 12: Carbonate Stable Isotope Repeatability Values …………....……………………....... 52 Figure 13: Carbonate – Carbon δ13C Tissue Values ........................................................ 53 Figure 14: Carbonate – Oxygen δ18O Tissue Values ....................................................... 55 Figure 15: Collagen – Antler Carbon δ13C Values ........................................................... 61 Figure 16: Collagen – Antler Nitrogen δ15N Values ........................................................ 64 Figure 17: Collagen – Antler δ13C/δ15N Values ............................................................... 67 Figure 18: Antler Carbon δ13C Values: Carbonate/Collagen ........................................... 70 Figure 19: Review of the plant isotopes within the boreal
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